Radio Frequency Electronics (RFE) by Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Dr.h.c. Manfred Thumm 5th Edition: 2011 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz - Gemeinschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Research University founded 1825
Your Teacher Manfred Thumm Leading Scientist at Novosibirsk State University (NSU) Head of the Laboratory of Advanced Research on Millimeter and Terahertz Radiation (Grant No. 11.G34.31.0033 of the Government of the Russian Federation) thumm@nsm.nsu.ru Emeritus Professor () and Emeritus Director of the Institut für Hochleistungsimpuls- und Mikrowellentechnik (IHM), Campus North, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Since 1990 at the University Interests: RF, microwaves, mm-waves, high power microwaves, plasma physics, microwave materials processing manfred.thumm@kit.edu 2 Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz - Gemeinschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Research University founded 1825
Radio Frequency Systems by Manfred Thumm and Werner Wiesbeck Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz - Gemeinschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Research University founded 1825
Radio Frequency Applications Typical Communication Applications: Radio Television Satellite Communications Mobile Communications... Typical Radar and Sensor Applications: Air Traffic Control Automotive Radar Door Opening Sensor Home Security Remote Sensing Robotics Industrial Sensors... 4
The Radio Spectrum 5
Frequency Bands, Dominant Propagation Mechanisms VLF 3kHz LF 30kHz MF 300kHz HF 3MHz VHF 30MHz UHF 300MHz SHF 3GHz EHF 30GHz 300GHz waveguide effects propagation on earth propagation in space quasi optical (diffraction, reflection, refraction) refraction index profile (effective earth radius) duct, troposcatter absorption and scattering due to rain, fog, snow, clouds etc. absorption in the atmosphere (resonance absorptions) Primary Radar and Communication Frequencies 6
Attenuation by the Atmosphere: O2 and H2O Resonance - Rain and Fog fog 0,1g/m3 visibility 50m trop. rain 150 mm/h rain 25 mm/h light rain 0,25 mm/h 7
Application Spectrum of Various RF Semiconductors D. Barlas et al., Microwave Journal, June 1999, page 22 8
Communication Systems Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz - Gemeinschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Research University founded 1825
Satellite TV (DVB-S) LNB 10.7 GHz 11.8 GHz Rx-Antenna Coupler (3dB) PIN-Modulator LNA Filter Transistor Oscillator+ Down Converter 10
Super Heterodyne Receiver PreselectFilter ImageRejection Filter A IFFilter BaseBandFilter Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) LO1 D AnalogDigitalConverter 90 A D LO2 Components: Antenna Filter Amplifier 2 Oscillators Mixer Power Divider 11
Receiver with Direct IF-Conversion PreselectFilter ImageRejection Filter IFFilter AnalogDigitalConverter A Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA) LO1 D Digital Signal Processing 90 LO2 Components: Antenna Filter Amplifier 1 Oscillator Mixer 12
Direct Conversion Receiver Advantages: Selectivity can be controlled with a simple low-pass baseband filter Gain may be spread through the RF and base band stages Simpler and less costly than super heterodyne receivers Since there is no base band amplifier, band pass filter, or local oscillator no image frequency Disadvantage: LO must have a very high degree of precision and stability 13
Radar and Sensors Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz - Gemeinschaft Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Research University founded 1825
24GHz CW Doppler Radar Coupler (3dB) Tx-Antenna PIN-Modulator Dielectric Resonator Oscillator Transistor Balanced Mixer 1 (6xλ/4) Rx-Antenna Coupler (3dB) for 2 Balanced Mixer PowerDivider Rx Low Noise amplifier 5.5cm Balanced Mixer 2 (6xλ/4) DC Supply 7.8cm Courtesy Tyco 15
FM-CW Radar (Range and Doppler) FM Generator Doppler Range fif(t) Modulator f0(t)+ fif(t) PA Switched Freq. Counter LO Average Freq. Counter Video Amps fo I ADC, Signal Processor, Display fb±fd I/Q Demod. Q LNA IFA (f0+fif)(t- t)+fd fif(t- t) +fd 16
Coherent Pulse Doppler Radar - Full Range and Doppler Capability Sideband Filter Pulsed Transmitter COHO Coherence Oscillator Frequency Synthesizer Pulse Modulator Receiver Protector STALO Stable Local Oscillator COHO Video Amps To Display Sideband Filter I A/D Converter Pulse Processor I/Q Q Detector LNA 17
mm-wave FM-CW Radar (Surface & Subsurface Sensing) Low frequency circuits High frequency circuits Harmonic Mixer Power divider LPF VCO Amp. Circulator Antenna Power Divider Loop Filter Divider LNA Amp. Amp. PD TCXO Amp. 2 X LPF Amp. Synthesizer Quad. Demod. I Harmonic Mixer Q Data acquisition Computer f in GHz: 29.72 37.70 Resolution in mm: ± 1 18
Contents of the Lecture I 1 Lecture Overview 2 Planar Transmission Lines Types of Planar Transmission Lines Microstrip Line Waves, Modes and Fields Characteristic Impedance and Permittivity Attenuation of the Microstrip Line Waveguide Transitions 3 Components in Microstrip Technology The Open Circuit Short-circuit Reflection-free Termination Symmetrical Line Width Step Symmetrical Branching Couplers Discrete Lumped Elements Filters 4 Amplifiers Two-Port Amplifiers Stability and Power Matching Amplifier Noise Large Signal Properties and Nonlinear Distortion Matching Networks Broadband Amplifiers 5 Oscillators Low Frequency Oscillators Two-Port Oscillators LC Oscillators Quartz Crystal Oscillators Dielectric Resonator Oscillators Resonator Frequency Multipliers 19
Contents of the Lecture II 6 Receivers Front-Ends Mixer Detector Noise 7 Antennas Antenna Basics Mono- and Dipoles Small Antennas 8 Summary RF Systems 20