A SURVEY OF SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE ROBOTS Terrence Fong, Illah Nourbakhsh, Kerstin Dautenhahn Presented By: Mehwish Alam
INTRODUCTION
History of Social Robots Social Robots Socially Interactive Robots Why Socially Interactive Robots?
HISTORY OF SOCIAL ROBOTS Group Oriented Social Robots Individual Social Robots task performance through collective actions Insect Society Inspiration Individual do not matter Examples: Ant- like robot, distributed robotic group etc. Individual Society (birds, human etc.) Individual matters Individuals live in group form relationship and social networks Take into account social norms and conventions
SOCIAL ROBOTS Definition: Recognize each other Engage in social interaction Posses history (interpret world from their own experience) Communicate and learn from each other Possible Interactions: Robot robot Interaction Robot human Interaction AIBO Robot Robot Interaction
FOUR CLASSES OF SOCIAL ROBOTS BY BREAZEAL Socially evocative Like human beings Anthropomorphic having feelings like human beings Social Interface Provide natural interface through human like cues. cues gaze, anger etc. Socially Receptive Learning skills by imitation Sociable Proactively engage with humans to satisfy internal social aims (emotions etc)
SOCIAL ROBOTS (CONT..) Three added classes Socially situated Distinguish between other social agents and other objects in environment Socially Embedded Structurally Coupled with social environment Partially aware of human interactional structure Socially Intelligent Aspects of human style social intelligence R2-D2 and C-3PO from Star Wars
SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE ROBOTS Peer-to-peer Human-Robot Interaction (not like teleoperation) Human Social characteristics in robots: Express and perceive emotion Communicate with high level dialogue Establish/maintain social relationships Use natural cues (gaze, gestures etc.) Purposes of socially interactive robots: Pets, assistants, educational tools.
WHY SOCIALLY INTERACTIVE ROBOTS? Solving specific tasks Socially interact with people To change the behavior, feelings or attribute of humans (autism therapy) Robot as Avatar robot functions as representative for human. Roomba vacuum cleaner Xbox-NXE-Avatar Serving Robot Seoul Obiquitous
METHODOLOGY
METHDOLOGY Design Approaches Design Issues Embodiment Emotion Dialogue Personality
1. DESIGN APPROACHES Design Anthropomorp hic Zoomorphic Functionality Faces, Speech Recognition, Lip reading Human Social Expectation Enjoyable, feeling empowered, competent
DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..) (a) Biologically Inspired Create robots that mimic the social behaviour and intelligence found in living creatures Theories Ethology Structure of Interaction Theory of Mind Developmental Psychology
DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..) Ethology Observational study of animals in natural setting Play, comfort seeking etc. Structure of Social Interaction Analysis of interactional structure Focus: Design of perception Cognition Systems by identifying key interaction patterns
DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..) Theory of mind Joint attention selective attention to the object of mutual interest e.g., gaze or pointing gestures. Developmental Psychology Effective mechanism for creating robots that engage in natural social exchanges Design of Kismet s synthetic nervous system Perception and behaviour inspired by human infants
DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..) (b) Functionally Inspired To create the impression of an artificial social agent driven by beliefs and desires, we do not necessarily need to understand how the mind really works. Techniques: Human Computer Interaction (HCI) System Engineering Iterative Design
DESIGN APPROACHES (CONT..) Human Computer Interaction Robots are being developed using HCI Cognitive Modelling, heuristic evaluation, empirical user testing System Engineering Development of functional requirements Iterative Design The process of revising a design through a series of test and redesign cycles.
2. DESIGN ISSUES Design Problems: Cognition Planning and Decision making Perception navigation and environment sensing Action mobility and manipulation Human robot interaction user interface, input devices, feedback display Architecture control electromechanical system
DESIGN ISSUES - SOCIAL INTERACTION ISSUES Human Oriented Perception Detecting and organizing gestures Monitoring and classifying activity Natural HRI Believable behavior Keep up with social norms
DESIGN ISSUES - SOCIAL INTERACTION ISSUES Readable Social Cues Useful for expression and easy interaction Social cues should be easy to understand Expression, gestures or voice could be adopted Real Time Performance Should operate at human interaction rate
3. EMBODIMENT The more the robot perturbs the environment and be perturbed by it, the more it is embodied. (AIBO vs KHEPERA) Morphology Anthropomorphic Zoomorphic Functional
EMBODIMENT (CONT..) Morphology Form and expectations are important because it establishes social expectations Forexample: dog like robot would be treated differently. Anthropomorphic It is the tendency to attribute human characteristics to objects. Zoomorphic Toy robots designed to imitate living creatures. Functionality Embodiment should reflect the task to be performed Health care robots will have handles and carriage space
Design Tells functionality Anthorpomorphic RoboScience RoboDog
EMBODIMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS (CONT..)
UNCANNY VALLEY People are heading towards designing human like robots. Failure to achieve the target, increases dislikeness among the people for the robot
4. EMOTION Artificial Emotion Emotions as Control Mechanism Speech Facial Expression Body Language
5. DIALOGUE What is a dialogue? Sharing of information with other party Types of dialogue: Low level Robot learn simple words name of objects, body parts, behaviours Non verbal Body positioning, gesturing, physical action Natural Language High level dialogue Nowadays limited query response
6. PERSONALITY What is personality? Set of distinctive qualities that distinguish individuals. Personality in Social Robots Tool like Pet Cartoon Artificial Being Human Like
CONCLUSION In near future the robots could be sent to the space for achieving different tasks. It is not necessary to build robots for specific task, rather they must also be able to interact with human beings. They must be able to understand the cues and feelings of human beings not just do there own work.
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