Remote Sensing Part 3 Examples & Applications

Review: Spectral Signatures

Review: Spectral Resolution

Review: Computer Display of Remote Sensing Images Individual bands of satellite data are mapped to the three color guns Color guns red, green, blue At most, 3 bands can be displayed at once Displaying multispectral (mulitiple bands) data: Different color gun (red, green, or blue) assigned to each band Combination of red + green + blue for each pixel produces color image Displaying panchromatic (single band) data: Single band sent to the each of the red/green/blue color guns produces greyscale image

Review: Color Composites 432 Composite Color Infrared 321 Composite True Color

Severe Weather

Dust Storms

Polar Ozone Hole TOMS: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer South Polar ozone hole image Centered on Antarctica

Snow And Ice Assessment Band 5 Clouds Snow & Ice

Mining / Extraction Industries

Minerals Map The presence of alunite on the surface of a portion of the imaged area was an indicator of subsurface gold deposits. Cuprite, Nevada

Finding Fossils from Space LandSat Image Red: band 7 (shortwave infrared) Green: band 4 (near infrared) Blue: band 1 (blue) Vegetation & different rock types stand out clearly in this image target potential fossil sites http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=188

Vegetation Analysis Deciduous trees Coniferous trees

Crop Identification Mapping of planted acres Identify boundaries of various crops Storm loss adjustment Future modeling Crop Classification

Crop Analysis Center Pivot Irrigation Image provided courtesy of CNES/SPOT Image

Detecting Stress In Crops 2 1 2 3 Improper Seeding 3 Pipe Irrigation Water Stress 1 Frost Damage 3 Center Pivot Irrigation

Precision Agriculture Water Deficit Index (WDI): Indicates rate of evaporative water loss from cropped fields Determined from measurements of field temperature and the spectral vegetation index measured by Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) Tool for water conservation can be used to monitor the efficacy of irrigation and identify fields where evaporative water loss is greatest.

Wildlife Habitats The bright sandy patches are deposits from stream meanders that provide trout spawning beds. Canyon Creek Trout Spawning Beds Both ant hills and prairie dog mounds display a similar and distinct appearance in the imagery Positive Systems, Inc. Shell Canyon Ant Hills Double Crossing Prairie Dog Colony

Noxious Weed Maps The figure at left is an example of a mapping project in the Northwestern United States. The purple pixels represent the values that are within the spectrum of spotted knapweed.

Deforestation Evidence of Tropical Forest Change Rondonia Brazil MSS (80 m) 19 June 1975 MSS (80 m) 1 August 1986 TM (30 m) 22 June 1992

Monitoring Deforestation 1975 1986 Light blue: Deforested land & urban areas Red: Healthy vegetation 1992

Mt. Saint Helens 1973 1983 1988 1992 Eruption: May 18, 1980 eruption Images before and after can be used to assess forest regrowth

Change Detection Mount St. Helen s National Monument Park Landsat TM 9/30/87 IRS LISS-2 9/6/94 The two left images (one from 1987 and the other from 1994) were merged for Change Detection, to show revegetation patterns since the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helen. The resulting image (above) shows places where revegetation has taken place (in green) and places where timber has been harvested (in red). Gray areas indicate no change.

1999 Landsat Image Yellowstone Park Boundary plainly visible in this 1999 Graphically represents differences in managerial policies among governmental agencies of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Wetlands Analysis Landsat 1 MSS, Dec 1972 (bands 4-2-1) Landsat 5 MSS, Oct 1987 (bands 4-2-1) Lake Chad, West Africa

Coastal Zone Management

Bathymetry Coast or Iran

Land Use Monitoring Phoenix, AZ

Monitoring Urban Growth LandSat image Urban growth in the Washington D.C. metropolitan region 1973-1996 Red areas: New urban infrastructure built 1973-1985 Yellow: 1985-1990 Blue 1990-1996

Impervious Surface Mapping Baltimore/Washington area Shows extent of impervious surfaces. Red represents high concentrations of impervious surfaces. Blue represents moderate concentrations and green represents low concentrations of impervious surfaces. Base image: LandSat Impervious surface mapping: Derived from both LandSat & IKONOS satellite data http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1792

Heat Island Effect: Atlanta, GA Issue: Atlanta regularly exceeds the temperature of the surrounding environment by as much as 10 degrees. This extreme difference causes thunderstorms to be generated and promotes ground level ozone. Measuring the effect the city has on its environment: Landsat TM Land use classification (bottom) Temperature map (top) computed from thermal band http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/landsat/atlanta_heat.html

Industrial Analysis Oil Refinery

Industrial Analysis Processing Plants and Facilities Thermal Power Plant Iron & Steel Factories Aluminum Plant Coal Production Weapons Production

Water Treatment

Transportation Surveys Land Cover Classification Used to Select the Best Routes.

Utility Corridor Surveys

Burning Oil Fields True Color LWIR, SWIR and Green Visible

Assessing and Monitoring Grass and Forest Fires ASTER image (7/2001) 13 years after fires burned > 1.6 million acres in Yellowstone National Park, the scars are still evident. Burned areas appear gray, unburned forests dark green. http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery-detail.asp?name=yellowstonepark

Fire Damage Assessment Burn Areas Los Angeles, CA

Flood Monitoring Landsat TM Pre- Flood ERS-1 Radar Post-Flood Sacramento, CA

Flood Assessment Landsat TM (SWIR, bands 7-4-2) St. Louis, MO

Damage Assessments Extent of damage is assessed from imagery tornado path in yellow Buildings with structural damage are identified and outlined

Damage Assessments Mechanicsville, N.Y