Spectral Signatures. Vegetation. 40 Soil. Water WAVELENGTH (microns)
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3 Spectral Signatures % REFLECTANCE VISIBLE NEAR INFRARED Vegetation Soil Water.5. WAVELENGTH (microns).
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5 Spectral Reflectance of Urban Materials 5 Parking Lot 5 (5=5%) Reflectance Wavelength (nm) 5 Roof5 (Vons) Roof6 (Vons) (5=5%) Reflectance Wavelength (nm) 5 5 Road (CalleReal) Road (Fairview) Reflectance (5=5%) 5 Red Green Blue = 6 nm = 6 nm = 65 nm Wavelength (nm) 5
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7 Reflectance Numbers
8 Band Band
9 Satellite Image
10 Pixels Picture elements (square/ rectangular) represent a single brightness value or digital number in single band. The pixel value is a function of: Spectral resolution, spatial resolution, radiometric resolution and temporal resolution.
11 Spatial Resolution Landsat TM has m pixels ( pixel = m by m or 9m in area on ground). SPOT has m pixels ( pixel = m by m = m in area on ground).
12 Spatial resolution is a function of the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of the sensor. IFOV is narrowest at the nadir and expands with increasing distance offnadir. But spatial resolution of pixels are forced to be all the same (beware of accuracy loss at extreme off-nadir).
13 Spectral Resolution Energy (reflected or emitted) is measured at different portions of the electro-magnetic spectrum. Satellites have various sensors, designed to measure different parts of the electro-magnetic spectrum. E.g. Landsat TM has seven bands, therefore the spectral resolution is ; Landsat ETM has six bands and the spectral resolution is 6.
14 Radiometric Resolution Sensitivity of a sensor to differences in signal strength as it records the amount of reflected or emitted energy from the object. Defines the number of just-discriminable signal levels (grey levels). E.g. bits = 56 values ( - 55) min 55 max
15 Radiometric Resolution -bit ( - 55) 9-bit ( - 5) -bit ( - ) Signal-to-noise ratio is the relationship between reflectance signal (good) to noise (bad). Noise includes sensor distortions and atmospheric distortions. High S/N is a clearer signal than low S/N
16 6 5 5 white 55 C 5 Bands Picture b g Lines lack ray olumns Associated Brightness orelement (k )( j)value (pixel) at location X axis Line rows gray-scale, (i)column range, in Band has a Brightness (typically Value bit) of, i.e., BV,, =.
17 9 9 9 original data -bit radiometric resolution Assume:,, =, = 5,6, =,9 = -bit radiometric resolution
18 original data coarse spatial resolution coarser spatial resolution
19 Temporal Resolution Comparing images taken at different times (days, months, years) of the same area. Good for time series analysis, change detection. Remote Sensor Data Acquisition June, June, 6 days July,
20 Stages of Development
21 Remote Sensor Resolution Spatial - the size of the field-of-view (e.g. x m) m m B G R NIR Temporal - how often the sensor acquires data, e.g. every 6 days. Jan Feb Spectral - the number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data in, e.g. blue, green, red, near-infrared thermal infrared, microwave (radar). 55 Radiometric - the sensitivity of detectors to small differences in electromagnetic energy.
22 Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellites Launched Sensor Altitude Coverage Band Band Band Band Band 5 Band 6 Band - Landsat & 5 - July 6, 9; March, 9 - Thematic Mapper (TM) - 5 km - 5 km Wavelength Electromagnetic Resolution (micrometers) Region (meters).5-.5 blue.5-.6 green red.6-.9 near-infrared mid-infrared.-.5 thermal.-.5 mid-infrared
23 Landsat Extended Thematic Mapper Satellite - Landsat Launched - April 5, 999 Sensor - Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) Altitude - 5 km Coverage - 5 km Instrument partially failed in July Wavelength Band Band Band Band Band 5 Band 6 Band Band Electromagnetic Resolution (micrometers) Region (meters).5-.5 blue.5-.6 green red.6-.9 near-infrared mid-infrared.-.5 thermal mid-infrared.5-.9 (pan.) visible to nir 5
24 Ikonos Satellite Launched Altitude Coverage Band Band Band Band Band 5 - IKONOS - September, km - km Wavelength Electromagnetic Resolution (micrometers) Region (meters).5-.9 (pan.) visible to nir.5-.5 blue.5-.6 green red.6-.9 near-infrared
25 Summary of selected RS systems
26 Summary of selected RS systems
27 RS data costs Sensor Cost per square km Landsat TM $. SPOT-5 $. Ikonos $9. AVIRIS $5.
28 TerraServer
29 Global Land Information System Landsat TM August, 99
30 EarthExplorer October, 999 ETM+
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32 Check out this interesting case study for integrating GIS and RS in studying Archeology ( ) RS frequently asked questions ASPRS s RS Core Colloquium
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