Analog Circuis For EC / EE / IN By www.hegaeacademy.com
Syllabus Syllabus for Analog Circuis Small Signal Equivalen Circuis of Diodes, BJTs, MOSFETs and Analog CMOS. Simple Diode Circuis, Clipping, Clamping, Recifier. BIASING and Bias Sabiliy of Transisor and FET Amplifiers. Amplifiers, Single-and Muli-Sage, Differenial and Operaional, Feedback, and Power. Frequency Response of Amplifiers. Simple Op-Amp Circuis. Filers. Sinusoidal Oscillaors, Crierion for Oscillaion, Single-Transisor and Op-Amp Configuraions. Funcion Generaors and Wave-Shaping Circuis, 555 Timers. Power Supplies. Analysis of GATE Papers Year ECE EE IN 205 8.00 6.00 3.00 204 8.50 5.60 3.00 203 5.00 8.00 8.00 202 6.00 5.00 5.00 20 0.00 5.00 5.00 200 9.00 4.00 9.00 2009 2.00 8.00.00 2008 8.67 3.00.00 2007 6.00 9.00 28.00 2006 0.67 8.00 8.00 Over All Percenage 0.38% 7.6% 4.% :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com
Conens Conens Chapers Page No. #. Diode Circuis-Anaylsis & Applicaion 3 Wave Shaping Circui Linear Wave Shaping Circuis 9 Non Linear Wave Shaping Circuis 9 3 Recifiers and Power Supplies 4 7 Zener olage Regulaor 8 Solved Examples 8 20 Assignmen 2 25 Assignmen 2 25 27 Answer Keys & Explanaions 28 3 #2. AC & DC Biasing-BJTs & FET 32 67 Inroducion 32 33 Operaing Poin 33 38 BIAS Sabilizaion 38 46 Compensaion Techniques 46 55 Assignmen 56 60 Assignmen 2 60 62 Answer Keys & Explanaions 63 67 #3. Small Signal Modeling Of BJT & FET 68 06 Inroducion 68 BJT Transisor Modeling 68 74 The Hybrid Equivalen Model 74 78 Characerisics of Amplifiers 78 84 FET Small Signal Model 84 86 Solved Examples 86 92 Assignmen 93 97 Assignmen 2 97 00 Answer Keys & Explanaions 0 06 #4. BJT & JFET Frequency Response 07 32 Inroducion 07 09 Low Frequency Response BJT Amplifier 09 2 Low frequency Response FET Amplifier 3 7 :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com i
High Frequency Response BJT Applfier 7 9 High Frequency Response -FET Amplifier 9 23 Assignmen 24 27 Assignmen 2 27 29 Answer Keys & Explanaions 30 32 Conens #5. Feedback & Oscillaor Circuis 33 63 Classificaion of Amplifier 33 35 Feedback Amplifiers 35 36 Feedback Connecion Types 36 39 arious Types of Oscillaors 39 43 Tuned Oscillaor Circui 43 49 Solved Examples 50 54 Assignmen 55 58 Assignmen 2 58 6 Answer Keys & Explanaions 6 63 #6. Operaional Amplifiers & Is Applicaions 64 226 Differenial Amplifiers 64 65 Analysis of Differenial Amplifier 65 66 Common Mode Rejecion Raio (CMRR) 66 74 Pracical Op-Amp Circuis 74 90 Asable Mulivibraor (Square Wave Generaor) 90 93 Zero-Crossing Deecor 93 203 The 555 Timer 203 208 Solved Examples 208 22 Assignmen 23 27 Assignmen 2 28 220 Answer Keys & Explanaions 22 226 #7. Power Amplifiers 227 250 Inroducion 227 229 Series Fed Class Amplifer 229 DC Bias Operaion 230 AC Operaion 230 233 Transformer Coupled Amplifier 233 234 Push Pull Amplifier 234 235 Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circui 235 236 :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com ii
Complemenary Symmery Circui 236 239 Toal Hormonic Disrion 239 240 Assignmen 24 243 Assignmen 2 244 245 Answer Keys & Explanaions 245 247 Conens Module Tes 248 263 Tes Quesions 248 257 Answer Keys & Explanaions 257 263 Reference Books 264 :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com iii
Live as if you were o die omorrow. Learn as if you were o live forever.. M. K. Gandhi CHAPTER Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion Learning Objecives Afer reading his chaper, you will know. Wave Shaping Circui 2. Clippers and Champers 3. Recifiers and Power Supplies 4. Efficiency, Regulaion, Ripple Frequency, Form Facor, Ripple Facor Wave Shaping Circuis Wave shaping circuis are of wo ypes (A) Linear wave shaping circuis (B) Non linear wave shaping circuis Linear Wave Shaping Circuis The process by which he wave form of non-sinusoidal signal is alered by passing i hrough he linear nework is called he linear wave shaping. High Pass Circui C + + i R o High Pass Circui This circui is called he high pass filer because i passes he high frequency componens and aenuaes he low frequency componens. For low frequency, he reacance of he capaciance is large. (a) Sinusoidal Inpu: o R = i R + /jωc = j ωrc :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com
o i = j ( f f ) Where, f = 2π RC o i =, + ( f f ) 2 o i = an ( f /f) = an (f /f) o / i Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion 0.707 (b) Sep Inpu: Gain-Frequency Plo of High Pass Circui i () f f Sep Inpu i () = c () + o (),... () i () = /C i d + o () = ir,.. (2) So i () =/RC o () d + o () = u().. (3) For sep inpu i () = { for 0 0 oher wise I is a single ime consan circui and a firs order equaion is obained. The general soluion of any single ime consan circui can be wrien as, o () = f + ( i f )e /τ,... (4) Here, f = 0; i =, o () = e τ Where τ = /RC For he circui in high pass circui fig, f = 0 and i = subsiuing in E.q., (4), we have o () 0 Oupu olage of High Pass Circui When Inpu is a Sep olage :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com 2
Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion (c) Pulse Inpu: i () = [u() u( p )]. o = e /τ, p = e p/τ 2. o = 2 e ( p)/τ, 2 = p i () O p Pulse Inpu Signal τ large Slow response and τ small Fas response e /RC p = e p/rc o () o i p p (a) ( p )e ( p)/rc (b) o () i o p (c) Oupu of High Pass Filer, When Inpu is a Pulse For a low ime consan he peak o peak ampliudes will be double. The process of convering pulses ino spikes by means of a low ime consan is called peaking. In high pass RC circui, he average level of he oupu is always zero. The area above he zero axis should be equal o he area below he zero axis, A = A 2. :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com 3
Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion (d) Square Wave Inpu: i ϕ T T 2 T (a) Square Wave Inpu dc A square wave is a waveform as shown in fig (a) which is periodic wih ime period T such ha i mainains a level for ime T and for ime T 2 where T = T + T 2. Figure (b) (c) (d) and (e) show oupu wave forms of he high pass RC circui under seady-sae condiions for he cases (i) RC>>T (ii) RC>T (iii) RC=T and (iv) RC<<T Case (i): For arbirarily large ime consan value, he oupu is same as ha of inpu bu wih zero dc level. i, o o 0 A A 2 Zero olage T T 2 T (b) Oupu When RC is ery Large Case (ii): When RC>T, he oupu is in he form of a il. e /RC 0 2 2 2 e ( T ) / RC T T 2 (c) Oupu When RC>T :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com 4
Diode Circuis - Analysis and Applicaion Case (iii): When RC is comparable o T, he oupu rises and falls exponenially. e /RC i o 2 2 e ( T )/RC T T 2 T (d) Oupu When RC is Comparable o T Case (iv): When RC<<T, he oupu consiss of alernaive posiive and negaive spikes. o i T T T 2 (e) Oupu When RC <<T More generally he response o a square wave mus have he appearance shown below: The four levels,, 2, 2 can be deermined from (refer below figure) = e T /τ, 2 = 2 = 2 e T 2/τ, 2 = For symmerical square wave T = T 2 = T/2 = 2, = 2 and he response is shown below in Fig. (b) Percenage il P is defined by P = /2 00 T 2τ 00 % = πf f Where f = 00 % 2πτ and f = T :080-67 66 222, info@hegaeacademy.com Copyrigh reserved. Web:www.hegaeacademy.com 5