Science A 52 Lecture 7 Feb. 27, 2006 A Bit More on Windmill Drive Pumps + The Beginning of the Industrial Age - the Industrial Revolution The Mechanization of the Textile Industry Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 1
Archimedes Pump Last time I mentioned that the windmills in Holland were used to pump the water from the low lands and were doing is for hundreds of years. The windmills turned Archimedes screw pumps. Your questions led me to look on the web; I found many useful illustrations. Let us take a look. Archimedes Screw http://www.math.nyu.edu/~crorres/archimedes/screw/applications.html#farmer Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 2
Archimedes Born in 287 B.C., in Syracuse, a Greek seaport colony in Sicily, Archimedes was the son of Phidias, an astronomer. Except for his studies at Euclid's school in Alexandria, he spent his entire life in his birthplace. Read more about him at this web site: http://web01.shu.edu/projects/reals/history/archimed.html We can take a look. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 3
Note about the geometry Mathematical notes: The slope of the outside of the screw's helical blades with respect to its sides is 2. This requires that the slope the screw makes with respect to a horizontal line be less that 2 (an angle of 63.435 ) in order for the buckets or pockets of water to form. In the profile of the screw the projection of each helical blade consists of two sinusoidal curves with the same periods and phases. One has an amplitude equal to the radius of the outer cylinder and the other has an amplitude equal to the radius of the inner cylinder. The horizontal water level of each full bucket of water is tangent to the inner sinusoidal curve. Thus, if the equation on the inner sinusoidal curve is y = sin x, then the water level is tangent to it at x = arccos(-3/4) = 138.59. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 4
What to take away from the illustrations That the screw pump is widely used even today. It is used where you want to lift water through a only moderate elevation. Moderate because the screw must be inclined to the horizontal to carry the water up. Delivers the water at atmospheric pressure. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 5
Textile production in England in the 18th Century o At the beginning of the 18th Century textile production work was done in the home, it was called the putting-out system or the Domestic System. The work was put out in the home. othe merchant bought the raw wool and owned the product through the various stages of production. The merchant made the profit but carried the risk and made the investment. o Each home/cottage did just one step in the process, but by the end of the Century the factory system was in place - with all of the disadvantages that Dickens wrote about. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 6
Steps in Cotton Textile Production Cotton is picked in the field - not in England by the way, - and the seed are removed and the fiber separated from most of the plant material. Packed in bales and delivered to thoe doing the spinning. Seed removal was a very labor intensive operation in the 18th Century. A slave in the US was able to pick the seeds from only 1 pound of cotton per day The next step is to card the cotton - opening the fibers and separate out the fine debris sand and dirt from the field and foreign material. This is done as the first step in getting ready to spin yarn. Today a carding machine has a large revolving drum - 1 m in diameter - with metal spikes similar to that on a comb for combing the fur on a dog or a cat. The outputs from several carding operations are then combined and drawn together to increase the uniformity of the fiber rope and to align the cotton fibers along the length of the continuous puffy strand of fibers - called sliver. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 7
Textile Operation Continued With the fibers aligned, the sliver is then spun into yarn. The steps in cotton or wool spinning are similar and are essentially the same today. The difference is that in a mill today the spinning of yarn is highly automated. In 1999 a modern spinning mill in the US had a capital investment of about $250K/every worker in the plant. Early in the 18 century all of spinning was done in the home - cottages really - using a spinning wheel. Children did the carding of either cotton or wool before the mothers did the spinning. Women with children helping did the spinning. The industrial organization used in the 18th century was called the Domestic System. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 8
Understanding the steps necessary to mechanize a task In the 18th century the textile operations of spinning and weaving were mechanized, and at the end of the century water and/or steam power was used to power the spinning frames and looms in factories. The age of textiles as a cottage industry was over. Mechanization of textile production in England followed a technological development path that is still followed today. Let us explore this path of technological improvement and invention - it has important implication for the future of the US economy as production moves to South Asia. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 9
Mechanizing Textile Production Before you can imagine replacing a craftsperson with automation an operation you first must minimize the worker s skill needed to do the operation - an operation called deskilling the task. Since most people today have never seen yarn spun either using a spinning wheel or in a modern automated factory, let us look first at the mechanization of a familiar task. Think about all of the steps and years necessary to create a power mower at the time when fields were cut with a hand sickle. First you would need to be familiar with doing the task by hand and then begin to think about how it might be made easier. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 10
Mechanizing Textile Production o First you will likely ask what is a sickle or a scythe? Let us take a look at each of them. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 11
First a Hand Sickle Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 12
A Scythe Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 13
Mechanizing an Operation Your first step might be to improve the hand sickle method of cutting by developing the scythe. That allowed the harvester to stand and use a sweeping body motion to cut the grain or grass. This technique was used for centuries. There are many painting of people harvesting grain that way in the past centuries I saw grain being cut at harvest time with a scythe in Bavaria, Germany when I was a student there in 1957. Men cut the grain and women tied the cut grain into bundles. Horse drawn wagons were still used in the fields - the major improvement was to use rubber auto tires for the wheels on the cart. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 14.
A possible next step Knowing what we know today we might think of inventing a rotating blade mounted on a shaft. Some what similar to the typical power mower of today. But that would not work because there was no way in the 18th or 19th century to drive the rotating cutting blade out on a farm. They needed a another idea. Cutting! Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 15
Next step in deskilling Think of cutting! Two blades sweeping over each other. A big scissors would not due since it would not maintain the cutting surfaces at a fixed height above the field. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 16
The next step in deskilling Grain harvesting involved cutting the grain and collecting it and binding it into sheaves. To begin to mechanize the cutting operation you needed to maintain cutting height in the field and power the cutting knives. McCormick did all of this in 1831, let us take a look. http://www.vaes.vt.edu/steeles/mccormick/harvest.html Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 17
Step in deskilling to Mechanization You could not go from a scythe to a power lawn mower in one step. Especially since neither the electrical motor nor the IC engine did not yet exist. The development goes in steps, minimize the work,mechanize, then power or automate. The McCormick reaper was powered by the horse pulling the rig across the field. Animal power replaced human power and farm productivity dramatically increased. Instead of 90 percent of the population farming to meet the nation's needs, as was the case in 1831, today fewer than 2 percent of the US population are directly involved in farming. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 18
Cutting grass at home The landed English let grazing sheep on their lawns. For most of us, we need a simple version of the McCormick harvester for the suburban lawn. Before the power mowers of the 1960tys we had push mowers with human power driving the cutting surfaces. The advent of 4-5 Hp IC engines allowed mowers with rapidly rotating blades. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 19
Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 20
Short History of Textile Development in the IR http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577952_2/industrial_revolution.html The first important invention in textile production came in 1733. British inventor John Kay created a device known as the flying shuttle, which partially mechanized the process of weaving. By 1770 British inventor and industrialist James Hargreaves had invented the spinning jenny, a machine that spins a number of threads at once,and British inventor and cotton manufacturer Richard Arkwright had organized the first production using water-powered spinning. These developments permitted a single spinner to make numerous strands of yarn at the same time. By about 1779 British inventor Samuel Crompton introduced a machine called the mule, which further improved mechanized spinning by decreasing the danger that threads would break and by creating a finer thread. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 21
Textile Development in the IR The story of textile development is nicely told with drawing at: http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/index.html You can read of the entire sequence of development. 1733 John Kay invented the flying shuttle that greatly increased the rate of production. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 22
Developments in Weaving What Kay did was to mechanize the process. The shuttle was flung from side to side mechanically, from spring-loaded boxes placed either side of the loom, using what he termed a fly cord and a picking stick. It needed just one hand to achieve this, freeing up the other to operate the reed comb which, besides separating the warps, also compacted the weft threads to complete the weaving process. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 23
More on weaving Even before Kay's invention, a weaver could use the output of four spinners - the workers who used spinning wheels to produce the cotton thread required by the loom. These were often members of his immediate family. Now, using the flying shuttle, a good operative needed up to 16 spinners to keep him occupied and, consequently, he was forced to spend much time tramping his district trying to buy thread, and was often idle for long periods. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 24
Weaving continued So immediately, the search began to find a way of removing the spinning bottleneck, by mechanizing that job, too. It was a search which was to lead, eventually, to the complete mechanization of the cotton manufacturing process and the introduction of the factory system. Improvement in spinning productivity did not come until 1763 or 64 with John Hargreaves spinning jenny. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 25
James Hargraves Spinning Jenney Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 26
More on spinning A spinner takes the cotton roving - the rope of parallel but lightly-twisted fibers from which cotton is spun and spins it into yarn. Spinning is a relatively simple process in which cotton fibers are stretched and twisted together to form a single, strong thread. The problem lay in mechanizing the process to make it faster and more labor-efficient. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 27
More on spinning A talented spinner stretched the raw cotton and twisting the fibers by just the right amount. The spinster did it by touch and experience, knowing just how much tension to put on the roving as it passed through her fingers. A machine would require a different method.within six years of the flying shuttle's invention, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt came up with what was to prove the eventual solution - differential rollers. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 28
More on spinning 1738: Lewis Paul and John Wyatt took out a patent for their drafting rollers and the flyer-and-bobbin system, enabling the production of finer, more even yarns. In their machine, the roving was passed between two sets of twin rollers, the second set turning faster than the first. So the cotton was held back by one set and pulled and stretched by the next, before finally passing to the flyer and bobbin. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 29
More on spinning A quality problem of spinning is to produce a yarn of uniform diameter. The finer the yarn - smaller diameter- requires a much move uniform roving along its length and cotton of longer fibers than does thicker yarn. A pin-point oxford shirt has 80s two ply yarn. One pound of 80s cotton yarn is 28.3 miles long. The 4 grams used in the demonstrations would produce 1,776 feet of 80s yarn. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 30
More on spinning Samuel Crompton assembled his machine in 1779- later dubbed the Mule because it was a cross combining the jenny's twist action and the water frame's draw rollers - and began to operate it. As soon as the productivity of his machine were known machine breaking riots smashed his machine. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 31
More on spinning Crompton had intended to use it to provide yarn for his own weaving, but he soon discovered it paid better to spin for other weavers. He earned 70p a pound for what was known as 40s - the figure represented the amount of thread that could be spun from a pound of cotton - and, as his skill increased, he produced 60s at 1.25. Soon, he was producing 80s - a count that had been considered impossible to achieve in Britain - and was obtaining the staggering sum of 2.10 a pound. It meant he was earning four or five times as much as he could by weaving. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 32
Textile Mechanization Today there are several ways of making yarn - ring spinning with the finished yarn wound on spindle- there is open end spinning and jet spinning which is faster but less smooth to the touch with the yarn wound into a large cylindrical package Basic yarn is woven into fabric. The basic mechanics of weaving involves winding many warp yarn onto a beam - a cylinder - a bit greater than the desired width of the fabric - each warp yarn is threaded through heddles so that alternate warp yarns can be lifted to create a weft cavity for the shuttle to pass through with the weft or fill yarn. Today in a fine woolen suiting material there can be 10,000 or more warp yarns. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 33
Mechanization of Weaving In 1785 the great machine inventor of the Industrial Revolution Edmund Cartwright patented his first version of a power loom. It was only later that Cartwright decided to actually check how handloom weavers actually worked. That opened his eyes,and he had a fresh look at the problem. His second attempt at loom-building was far better. He patented it in 1787 and the same year built himself a weaving shed that was ultimately financially unsuccessful. Over the next 20 or 30 years, the clattering power loom all but wiped out the home weaver. By 1818, there were 14 weaving mills in the Manchester region containing 2000 looms. Three years later, the total was 32 mills with 5,732 looms, a figure that had passed 10,000 by 1823. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 34
The beginning of the textile factory http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/irarkwright.htm Richard Arkwright's employees worked from six in the morning to seven at night. Although some of the factory owners employed children as young as five, Arkwright's policy was to wait until they reached the age of six. Two-thirds of Arkwright's 1,900 workers were children. Like most factory owners, Arkwright was unwilling to employ people over the age of forty. Richard Arkwright died in 1792. The Gentleman's Magazine claimed that on his death, Arkwright was worth over 500,000. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 35
Brief story of the mechanization -continued Throughout the textile industry, specialized machines powered either by water or steam appeared. Row upon row of these innovative, highly productive machines filled large, new mills and factories. Soon Britain was supplying cloth to countries throughout the world. This industry seemed to many people to be the embodiment of an emerging, mechanized civilization. The most important results of these changes were enormous increases in the output of goods per worker. A single spinner or weaver, for example, could now turn out many times the volume of yarn or cloth that earlier workers had produced. This marvel of rising productivity was the central economic achievement that made the Industrial Revolution such a milestone in human history. Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 36
The End Spring 2006 Science A 52 FHA + MBM Lecture 7 37