Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions A udy on nefeence Analysis based on Rec. TU-R P.1546 wih Geogahic nfomaion * K.W. UH, * J.. JANG, * J.H. Ahn, ** C.W. LEE, **.. HN, and ** Y.C. JEON * Eleconic Engineeing, ** Join Modeling and imulaion Diecoae * Kangnam Univesiy, ** Agency fo Defense Develomen * 111, Gugal-Dong, Giheung-Gu, Yongin-Ciy, 446-702 ** onga P.O Box 132, eoul, 138-600 KOREA kwsuh @kangnam.ac.k h://www.kangnam.ac.k Absac: - By using adio oagaion edicions of Rec. TU-R P.1546 combined wih geogahic infomaion, fomulaions fo field calculaion and inefeence analysis ae esened in he VHF and UHF bands. To illusae some comuaional esuls, geogahic infomaion daa ae geneaed viually fo he given aea. Pefomance and oecion aio including he ne file disciminaion ae also eviewed fo fixed wieless sysem inefeed wih ada oeaed a a co-channel fequency. The develoed mehodology can be acually alied o evaluae he ineoeabiliy beween wieless sysems unde he ne-cenic wafae envionmen. Key-Wods: - Rec. TU-R P.1546, inefeence, oecion aio, ne file disciminaion, anenna aen 1 noducion The adio secum is a vial bu limied naual esouce which ovides he means o convey audio, video o ohe infomaion conen ove disances [1]. n geneal VHF/UHF and micowave bands ae much efeed due o bee oagaion chaaceisics and ae geing moe secum uiliies comaed wih ohe ones. As ime goes, hese ends ae gadually acceleaed in commecial as well as miliay alicaions. o each naion has a basic incile of fequency use, dividing secum esouces ino commecial and miliay bands [2,3]. Recenly he changes in he miliay fequency ae eflecing 3 asecs in ems of oeaion, echnology, and egulaion [4]. The fis asks fo highe bandwidh, geae mobiliy, and geae agiliy unde a ne-cenic wafae (NCW). The second enails he gowing secum equiemen, caused by advance of wieless echnologies in he as 10 yeas and exlosive demands in mobile communicaions, which is gadually exending encoachmen o miliay bands. And egulaions equie fequency shaing and hamonizaion including imacs of hos naion soveeigny and Wold Radiocommunicaion Confeence. Along wih hese ends, nowadays he bale fields ae shifing he individual cenic lafom o he comehensive combinaion wih vaious bale elemens, enabling each one o shae infomaion in eal ime by ne-cenic envionmen. To obain he effecive fequency use and equied efomance, i is essenial o kee ineoeabiliy houghou eesial, sace, saellie, and sense newoks. The basic incile, he exclusive fequency assignmen o is e-use in ime o sace domain indeendenly, can be alied o mee hese equiemens [5,6]. Howeve, o assue muual oeaion fo vaious weaon sysems unde he NCW envionmen, wih consain in limied miliay seca, in advance, i is necessay o sudy inefeence o comaibiliy analysis fo he balefield scenaios. Recen sudies in civil alicaions have been esened in ems of fequency coodinaion ove adio elay sysems, fixed saellie, fixed wieless access, and WiMAX sysems [2,7-9]. Bu sudies in miliay bands ae aely esened due o miliay secialy. Theefoe he mehodology of inefeence analysis and is imlemenaion ae essenial o claify ineoeabiliy in VHF/UHF bands whee secum uiliy is geing moe and moe. n his ae, o ovide one of soluions fo esablishing fequency coodinaion ools unde he NCW envionmen, fomulaions fo field calculaion and inefeence analysis ae esened based on Rec. TU-R P.1546 combined wih viually geogahic infomaion, and efomance degadaion caused by inefeence is also evaluaed beween ada and fixed wieless sysem (FW) unde a viual co-channel fequency band. 2 ignal and Poecion Raio BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 223
Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions The Recommendaion TU-R P.1546 exlains a mehod fo oin-o-aea adio oagaion edicions fo eesial sevices in he fequency ange of 30 MHz o 3000 MHz [10]. can be used fo calculaing field sengh values ove land ahs, sea ahs and/o mixed land-sea ahs beween 1.0 ~ 1000 km fo effecive ansmiing anenna heighs less han 3000 m. Fig. 1 shows he field sengh vesus disance cuves fo a fequency of 600 MHz. The oagaion cuves in his Recommendaion means he elecic field sengh fo 1kW effecive adiaed owe (ERP) a nominal fequencies of 100, 600, and 2000 MHz, esecively. Fo any ohe fequencies, ineolaion o exaolaion of he values obained fo hese nominal fequency values should be used o ge field sengh values by viue of he mehods given in his Recommendaion. angle beween wo lines can be eadily deived by he inne oduc of wo vecos, which is given by cos (2) ( x x ) x ( y y ) y ( z z ( x x ) x ( y y ) y ( z z ) z ) z (3) (4) whee Tx and oins ae given by x, y, z ) ( and x, y, z ), esecively, inefee oin is ( ( x, y, z denoed by ), and ˆx, ŷ, and ẑ mean a uni veco of each diecion. nfomaion of each oin has laiude, longiude, and heigh. Fig. 2 Geomey of Tx- and -Rada. Fig. 1 Field sengh vesus disance cuves. The eceived owe P (dbm) fom he Fiis fomula can be exessed by [11] P P G G L L L (1) whee P is he ansmiing owe (dbm), means he ansmiing anenna gain (dbi), eceiving anenna gain (dbi), L and G is he L ae he oal inseion loss of ansmie and eceive (db), esecively, and L sands fo he oagaion loss beween ansmie and eceive (db). Fig. 2 shows he geomey of he FW and Rada, whee he eceive () of FW may be inefeed wih ada. Le s define wo vecos, fom o Tx and fom o Rada. Then one may have a - lane wih a uni nomal veco of a, and he G Accoding o Rec. TU-R P.1546, he basic ansmission equivalen o a given field sengh is given by L.3 E 20log f (5) 139. 1546 whee L is he basic ansmission loss (db), E P. 1546 means he elecic field value ( db( V / m)) obained fom Fig. 1 fo 1 kw ERP, and f is he fequency (MHz). Consideing he fileing effec of eceive seleciviy fo aenuaing unwaned signal fo Fig. 2, he eceived inefeence owe P (dbm) of (1) combined wih (5) is exessed by [2] P EP. 1546 P G GV L LV 20log10 f (6) 139.3 NFD BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 224
Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions whee P is he eak owe of inefeing sysem (dbm), G is he anenna gain of he inefeing sysem in he diecion of he vicim eceive (dbi), G is he anenna gain of he vicim eceive in he V diecion of he inefeing sysem (dbi), L and L V ae he inseion losses of inefeing sysem and vicim eceive (db), esecively, and NFD is he ne file disciminaion (db) deending uon ansmie secum mask and oveall eceive file chaaceisics. The definiion of NFD is given by [12] P c NFD 10 log (7) 10 Pa P c 2 G( f ) H ( f ) df (8) 0 P a 2 G( f f ) H ( f ) df (9) 0 whee P is he oal owe eceived afe co-channel c RF, F, and baseband fileing, and P is he oal a owe eceived afe offse RF, F, and baseband fileing. The funcion of G ( f ) and H( f ) ae ansmie secum mask and oveall eceive file esonse, esecively, and f denoes he fequency seaaion beween a desied signal and an inefeence signal. Theefoe i can be lainly execed ha NFD yields 0 db fo he co-channel inefeence wih f 0. n ode o calculae NFD numeically, a discee fom of Eq. (7) may be wien by n1 Tci Rci n1 ToiRci 10 10 NFD 10log 10 10 / 10 (10) i0 i0 whee n denoes numbe of samles, 2 H( f ) R ( db) is he eceive mask samled a a ci defined se fequency in co-channel, G( f ) Tci( db) means he ansmission mask samled a a defined se fequency in co-channel, and G( f f ) Toi( db) is he ansmission mask samled a a defined se fequency in offse. Fig. 3 illusaes he FW inefeed wih oenially mulile inefees aound such as 1, 2,..., n. Each inefee has is own osiion veco wih esec o and oduces each - lane beween wo vecos and like Fig. 2. i Then he angle i beween wo vecos can be obained by he inne oduc, and he anenna gain fo can be easily found. i Fig. 3 Geomey of Tx- and mulile inefees. The degadaion of eceived signal caused by mulile inefees assumed he whie Gaussian noises is exessed by [13] ( N / C) ( / C) 1 ( C / N) (11) ( 1 2 n C / C) ( / C) ( / C),..., ( / ) (12) whee ( C / N) is he oal degaded ( C / N) due o mulile inefeences, and ( i / C)( i 1,2,..., n) is he i-h inefeence-o- caie aio. n ode o daw a oecion aio (PR), i defines he minimum owe aio of waned o unwaned signals a he inu o of he vicim eceive fo a given link [9]. f one elaes he calculaed ( C / ) link wih PR equivalen o minimum equied ( C / ) eflecing maximum allowable inefeence, he following equaion is obained as ( C / ) ( C / ) min ( PR) (13) link n consequence, Fig. 4 deics he conce of PR including he ( / N) and minimum equied ( C / N). qd Fig. 4 Conce of oecion aio. BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 225
Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions 3 imulaion and Resuls To ge some esuls fom fomulaions above, geogahic infomaion of laiude, longiude, and heigh was geneaed viually fom he combinaions of 10 diffeen Gaussian funcions, 2 whee he aea in Fig. 5-(a) is equal o 40 54[ km]. Fo abiay Tx- locaions in Fig. 5-(a), is ah ofile wih 1 s Fesnel zone is deiced in Fig. 5-(b). fom (11) BER efomances ae gadually degaded as inefeence inceases. Table 1 Poecion aio fo FW Paamees Calculaed values Remaks Tx owe 27 dbm Feq. 2.7 GHz An. Gain 40 dbi Tx= (C/N) qd 26.3 db @ BER 10-6 w/o coding N -99.5 dbm BW= 28 MHz C -73.2 dbm -105.5 dbm /N= -6.0 db PR(C/) +32.3 db (a) Tx- locaions (b) Pah ofile Fig. 5 Geogahic infomaion and ah ofile. Fig. 6 shows he field sengh values fo disance 19 km beween Tx- locaions, obained a fequency of 300 MHz, eceive heigh of 10 m wih vaiaions of 50 % locaion and 30 % ime. Fig. 7 BER efomance fo C/. Fig. 6 Field sengh values fo Tx-. Fis of all, i was assumed ha fo he sake of simliciy, he sysem aamees of FW and ada, esecially fo ansmiing fequency, owe, and bandwidh ae aken viually o show he ocedue fo inefeence analysis. The FW is he adio elay sysem used fo ansmiing daa of TM-1 level, and is oeaing fequency is chosen a 2.7 GHz wih occuied bandwidh of 28 MHz and channel bandwidh of 29.65 MHz. Table 1 shows he calculaed oecion aio of FW unde 64-QAM and maximum allowable / N 6. 0 db. The equied PR yields 32.3 db which is equal o he minimum equied C /. Nex, in ode o see he effec of inefeence a, Fig. 7 shows BER cuves as a funcion of C / fo FW shown in Fig. 5. Fo he cuve of ( C / ) db, is esul is equivalen o he BER cuve of C / N wihou inefeence. is clea ha n addiion o examine he fileing of eceive seleciviy by NFD, fo insance, he cuve noed by he solid line (a) in Fig. 8 was aken fo a ansmie secum mask (db/mhz), which can be used as he ansmiing secum mask fo FW o ada, and he cuve (c) was chosen fo he eceive seleciviy, 2 whee H( f ) Rci( db) means he squae of he oveall eceive file esonse [14]. Fig. 8 Tx secum mask and eceive seleciviy. BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 226
Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions Fig. 9 indicaes he calculaed NFD as a funcion of fequency offse f and gives 1.9 and 35.9 db a he offse of 10 and 30 MHz, esecively. Even hough he inegal ange fo comuing NFD is fom 0 o Hz, he inegaion was acually efomed fom f0 40 MHz o f0 40 MHz, whee f is he fequency of channel cene, because he 0 cumulaive owe beyond ha bandwidh is negligible. Table 2 summaized he minimum equied PR of FW including NFD wih esec o fequency offse o he channel cene of FW. Fig. 10 shows he locaions of Tx- and - Rada on he ma wih geogahic infomaion, whee he angle beween wo sysems can be obained by scala oduc of wo vecos, esuling in 20 degees on he - lane. Fig. 11 deics he ah ofiles fo Tx- and -Rada, esecively. Fig. 10. Geomey of Tx- and -Rada. Fig. 11. Pah ofiles of Tx- and -Rada. Fig. 9 Calculaed NFD wih offse fequency. Table 2 Requied PR wih fequency offse f (MHz) NFD (db) PR (db) 0 0 32.3 10 1.9 30.4 20 6.0 26.3 30 35.9-3.6 On he ohe hand, o calculae ada inefeence a, he case of ada inefeing wih of FW was consideed. Table 3 illusaes he assumed chaaceisics of ada. The cene fequency of ada and is eak owe ae 2.7 GHz and 40 dbm, esecively, wih L L V 0 db, and ada is oeaed in he ange of fequency offse fom 0 o f wih esec o channel cene of. Also, a oaionally symmeical anenna aen was exloied by Rec. TU-R M.1652 fo ada and F.699 fo FW wih D / 18 whee D and ae he maximum size of anenna and he wavelengh of fequency, esecively [15,16]. Table 3 Assumed ada sysem Cene fequency 2.7GHz Peak owe 40 dbm (10 Was) Main beam gain 40 dbi (G =G ) Disance fom 50 km Rada aliude Abou 70 m lowe han Figs. 12 and 13 illusae he inefeence owe of oeaed a he co-channel wih ada. The azimuh angle of 0 in Fig. 12 is se o he diecion of main beam of ada on he - lane in Fig. 2, and i was shown ha he ange of azimuh angle fo less han -105.5 dbm is geae han abou 7.5. Fig. 12. nefeence owe of in azimuh. n he simila way, he elevaion angle in Fig. 13 vaies fom -90 o +90. The angle of 0 is se o he diecion of main beam of ada on he - lane as shown in Fig. 2. The ange of elevaion angle wih geae han -105.5 dbm is equal o fom - 7.5 o +7.5, which can no saisfy he oecion aio of 32.3 db fo he given /N of -6 db. Theefoe, i is concluded ha fo he given geomey of Fig. 10 and sysem aamees of able BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 227
Laes Advances in nfomaion cience and Alicaions 1 and 3, if he off-axis angle fom main beam is ou of ange fom -7.5 o +7.5 angle, can ovide he qualified efomance fo he given /N. Ohewise, he fequency coodinaion is ineviably needed in ems of changing sysem aamees and is locaions. Fig. 13. nefeence owe of in elevaion. 4 Conclusion n his ae, by using adio oagaion edicion of Rec. TU-R P.1546 wih geogahic infomaion, he comehensive fomulaions fo eceived signal, inefeence analysis, and oecion aio wih ne field disciminaion ae esened and eviewed by numeical comuaion in he VHF and UHF bands. To examine he effec of inefeence, fo insance, geogahic infomaion was aken viually fo he given aea. ome esuls fo fixed wieless sysem inefeed wih ada wee illusaed and discussed in ems of efomance degadaion and oecion aio including ne file disciminaion. The develoed fomulaion and mehod fo inefeence analysis can be used o evaluae ineoeabiliy and fequency coodinaion beween wieless sysems unde he ne-cenic wafae envionmen in he VHF and UHF bands. Refeences: [1] J.D. Lase and J.H. Reed, nefeence ejecion in wieless communicaions, EEE Commun. Mag., Vol. 14, May 1997,.37-62. [2] N.H. Jeong, J.H. Lee, and K.W. uh, Analysis of fequency shaing beween mobile sysems and adiolocaion adas in VHF band, The 12h CACT, Koea, Febuay 2010,. 1179-1183. [3] K.W. uh, H. Jung, and J.H. Lee, The calculaion of field sengh fo DTV eceive by Rec. TU-R P.1546, Poceedings of 2010 EEE APACE, Malaysia, Novembe 2010. [4] U-PACOM, ecum Managemen Confeence, Hawaii, July 2009. [5] TU-R M.337, Fequency and disance seaaions, wizeland, 1997. [6] TU-R M.1461-1, Pocedue fo deemining he oenial fo inefeence beween ada oeaing in he adiodeeminaion sevice and sysems in ohe sevices, wizeland, 2003. [7] WiMAX Foum, Comaibiliy of sevices using WiMAX echnology wih aellie sevices in he 2.3-2.7 GHz and 3.3-3.8 GHz bands, 2007. [8] K.W. uh, A genealized fomulaion of he oecion aio alicable o fequency coodinaion in digial adio elay newoks, Radio cience, Vol. 42, R1007, doi:10.1029/2006r003470, 2007. [9] L.F. Abdulazak, Z.A. hamsan, and T.ABD. Rahman, Poenial enaly disance beween F eceive and FWA fo Malaysia, WEA Tans. on Communicaions, Vol. 7, June 2008,. 637-646. [10] TU-R P.1546-3, Mehod fo oin-o-aea edicions fo eesial sevices in he fequency ange 30 MHz o 3 000 MHz, wizeland, 2007. [11] A.A.R. Townsend, Digial line-of-sigh adio links: A handbook, Penice Hall, Ue addle Rive, N. J., 1988. [12] ET TR 101 854, Deivaion of eceive inefeence aamees useful fo lanning fixed sevice oin-o-oin sysems oeaing diffeen equimen classes and/o caaciies, ohia Aniolis, Fance, 2005. [13] R. L. Feeman, Radio sysem design fo elecommunicaion, 2nd ed., John Wiley & ons, nc. 1997. [14] ET EN 301 127, Fixed adio sysems; oino-oin equimen; high caaciy digial adio sysems caying DH signals (u o x 2 TM- 1) in fequency bands wih abou 30 MHz channel sacing and using co-ola aangemens o co-channel dual olaized oeaion, ohia Aniolis, Fance, 2002. [15] TU-R F. 699, Refeence adiaion aens fo fixed wieless sysem anennas fo use in coodinaion sudied and inefeence assessmen in he fequency ange fom 100 MHz o abou 70 GHz, wizeland, 2006. [16] TU-R M. 1652, Dynamic fequency selecion in wieless access sysems including adio local aea newoks fo he uose of oecing he adiodeeminaion sevice in he 5 GHz band, wizeland, 2011. BN: 978-1-61804-092-3 228