Figure Geometry for Computing the Antenna Parameters.
|
|
- Milo Shields
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Spheical Coodinate Systems Definitions Figue Geomety fo Computing the Antenna Paametes. Antenna Radiation Patten: The distibution of adiated enegy fom an antenna ove a suface of constant adius centeed upon the antenna. Fa-Field: Field egion of the antenna whee > 2D 2 /λ, povided D > λ o, moe geneally, the antenna adiation patten at =. Nea-Field: Field egion of antenna whee < 2D 2 /λ. Click hee fo a supplemental undestanding of antennas - a quick oveview. In this lectue, we ae going to begin to study antenna fundamentals and some vey impotant definitions. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 1
2 Figue shows a spheical coodinate system. At the oigin thee is an antenna. On the spheical coodinate system we have a sphee of adius,. Imagine this as a hypothetical spheical suface enclosing the antenna. We can identify a point on the sphee by adius, angle 2, and angle φ. At the indicated point, f, thee is some electic and magnetic field intensities ceated by the antenna. At the point of inteest, maked as f, we want to measue the electic field intensity o the magnetic field intensity as a function of position on the sphee, that is, as we vay 2 and φ keeping the distance,, to the cente of this antenna constant. A plot of the magnitude of the electic field intensity o the magnetic field intensity gives what we call the adiation patten. The adiation patten is a measue of how the electic o magnetic field intensities vay with angula positions 2 and φ fo a fixed ange,. This will be a mathematical calculation, as we will show when we study a dipole. We will be able to compute exactly how the field vaies ove the sphee. In a pactical system, one can actually measue the electic field intensity o magnetic field intensity as a function of position. This would be done in an antenna test ange. If we vay 2 by keeping φ constant, we ae moving along a line which would look like the longitudinal lines on a globe. If we ae keeping 2 constant and vay φ we ae moving along what looks like latitudinal lines on the globe. So we have an option of vaying 2 by keeping φ constant o vaying φ by keeping 2 constant. When we study a simple antenna, like a dipole, we will see that the electic field is made up of seveal tems. One is called the fa-field; the othe is called the nea-field. When you ae close to the antenna, the nea-field tem will dominate the fa-field tem. When you ae fa away fom the antenna, the fa-field tem will dominate the nea-field. In othe wods, the nea-field will die off vey apidly as is made lage, leaving pimaily the fa-field component. But close to the antenna, the nea-field is much stonge then the fa-field and it dominates. Now, what is the dividing line when the nea-field ends and the fa-field begins? We need to define a fa-field egion and we need to define a nea-field egion. This is impotant when we measue antenna pattens; we measue the antenna patten in the fa-field. Now it can be shown that the fa-field of an antenna is whee the ange, exceeds twice D 2 divided by the opeating wavelength. As the fomula states hee, must be geate that two times D 2 divided by 8. When we make some mathematical calculations of the antenna adiation patten in the fafield, we will actually mathematically let become vey lage, appoaching 4. It tuns out that ou calculation becomes vey easy thee, and this will be evident late when we study an actual antenna. But suppose you want to make a measuement of the adiation patten of this antenna. You have to make sue that you ae in the fa-field. Let us take a pactical example. In the pevious lesson you wee asked to click on the ICON which showed a view of the Aecibo spheical eflecto antenna. That antenna was appoximately 1, feet in diamete, o exactly 3 metes. The antenna is used fo adio astonomy puposes and its beam is essentially upwad. If you wee EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 2
3 going to fly an aicaft ove some imaginay sphee enclosing this antenna, how fa should we be to make sue we ae in the fa-field? Well, D would be the lagest dimension of the antenna stuctue which is given as 3 metes. Fo adio astonomy puposes that facility sometimes opeates at 43 Mhz, theefoe, the fee space wavelength is.698 metes. You can check that out youself. Plugging some numbes into the fomula tells us that to be in the fa-field must exceed 257,879 metes o appoximately 16 miles. 16 miles is the dividing egion between fafield and nea-field; actually we should be much futhe than 16 miles to be consideed in the fa-field. Thee is no aicaft that we can fly ove that antenna that can each the altitude of 16 miles, so we ae peplexed on how to measue the adiation patten of this antenna. Unfotunately, we ae confined to make the measuements in the nea-field, that is, when is less than 2 times D 2 divided by 8. Fotunately, we have mathematics which allows us to tansfom nea-field data into fa-field data, and that is exactly how it can be done. Thee ae many instances whee antennas ae tested in antenna test anges in the nea-field because one can always convet nea-field data to fa-field data. With the Aecibo antenna thee is anothe possibility. Conside a adio sta as a souce. Radio stas emit vast amounts of electomagnetic enegy in cetain adio bands. So instead of thinking of the Aecibo antenna as a tansmitting antenna, and tying to measue the field intensity ove a sphee, let s view it as a eceiving antenna. The enegy fom the distant sta is in the fa-field. We can stee this antenna. You notice fom the pictue of the Aecibo Reflecto that thee ae feeds above the eflecto dish and they ae moveable, theefoe we can stee the antenna to scan though the adio sta and make a plot of the measuement of the eceived antenna signal as a function of 2 and φ. So we do have a way, at least with the Aecibo obsevatoy, of measuing tuly a fa-field. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 3
4 Pola Plot Figue 1.2.2a Pola Plot of a Radiation Patten. Usually the nomalized *E* field patten is plotted fo the adiation patten. P " *E* 2 powe patten *E* db = 2 log *E* PdB = 1 log P Now that we will be able to detemine the electic field intensity ove the sphee and that we ae in the fa-field, how do we pesent this data? Antenna enginees plot data in pola plots o in ectangula plots. So shown on Figue 1.2.2a is a pola plot and we see that we have plotted the magnitude of the field intensity, as you would in a pola plot, along the adial diection as a function of 2. This is how we constuct a pola diagam. We note a geneal chaacteistic of antennas; they have a main beam, some side lobes, mino lobes, possibly a back lobe, and thee ae seveal nulls. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 4
5 Figue 1.2.2b Rectangula Plot of a Radiation Patten. Figue 1.2.2b is a ectangula plot of the patten instead of a pola plot. We plot the field intensity along the z axis vetically, and we plot the angle 2 along the hoizontal axis. Both plots display the same infomation. We see a vey clea cut main beam, diminishing side lobes, in this case, a back lobe and seveal distinct nulls. We have a choice of plotting the magnitude of the electic field, which was measued, o as some enginees do, the squae of the magnitude which is popotional to the Poynting vecto, and that we would call a powe patten. You must be vey caeful when you see a adiation patten. Is it a plot of the electic field o a plot of the electic field squaed? Is it a field patten o is it a powe patten? Usually we nomalize the patten. You can see the main beam has a maximum, in this case a 2 =. Whateve the value of the electic field intensity was at that paticula point, we divide all measuements by the maximum, so now the maximum would have stength unity. This is a nomalized plot. Antenna enginees pefe to plot not only the magnitude of the electic field, but the decibel equivalent. In othe wods, 2 times the log of the magnitude of the electic field intensity. O 1 times the log of the powe patten. Both ae acceptable foms. Now one impotant paamete on a adiation patten is the half-powe beamwidth, identified by the symbol HPBW. This is whee the electic field intensity equals.77 of the mainbeam maximum field intensity.also shown is the angula diffeence between the nulls on each side on the main beam giving the beamwidth measued between the fist nulls, FNBW. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 5
6 Figue 1.2.2c Half-Powe Beamwidth Definition. Look at Figue 1.2.2c which shows two points on the adiation patten identified as having stength one ove the squae oot of two. These ae the half-powe points. If the electic field is one ove the squae oot of two, the powe is ½. We have shown the patten as nomalized, when 2 is ; the main beam is identified as unity, that is full powe density. Thee ae two angles on eithe side of the main beam at which the electic field will diminish to one ove the squae oot of two of the maximum and the maximum was one. These ae called the half-powe points because powe density is popotional to the squae of the magnitude of the electic field intensity. The angula spead between those two maked half-powe points, defines the halfpowe beamwidth. This convenient measue tells us how naow the beam is. Is the beamwidth 4 degees wide o is it 1/1th of a degee wide? If we made some calculations on the Aecibo spheical eflecto we would find that the beamwidth is about a few tenths of a degee. It is like a seach light which could have a vey naow beam of enegy, o the aveage flash light which could have a wide beam of enegy. The beamwidth is then a measue of how well the enegy has been concentated in a fixed egion, that is the half-powe egion. Within the half-powe beamwidth, the powe density vaies between one and down to ½. Outside the half-powe beamwidth, the powe density will be ½ o less, so half-powe is a convenient dividing point. Sometimes it is easie to calculate the beamwidth between the fist nulls, identified at FNBW. Thee is a null on each side of the main beam. Obviously, FNBW exceeds HPBW but sometimes it is moe convenient to calculate FNBW, as you will see late on. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 6
7 Powe Density and Radiated Powe The Poynting Vecto 1 P = E H 2 P * is defined as: which is a powe density with units of W/m 2. (1.2.1) P ds Figue The w/m 2 Vaies with Position on the Suface of a Sphee. The total complex powe flowing out though a closed suface S is: * ( ) Pc = P ds 1 = E H ds 2 s s = nds $ whee ds $n = unit nomal diected outwad fom the suface. (1.2.2) Click on the icon fo explanation by D. Feao. Text of audio is povided below. We now continue to calculate the total adiated powe fom an antenna; we have aleady eviewed the Poynting vecto, which is epeated in Equation (1.2.1). It is the numbe of watts EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 7
8 pe squae mete that happens to be at a given point and the diection of the vecto is the diection of the powe flow. We show in Figue 1.2.3, that the antenna is suounded by this imaginay o hypothetical enclosue, a spheical suface, with an element of aea, ds, on the sphee. We want to compute the total complex powe which flows out though the entie enclosed suface, S. As we have aleady discussed on Figue , this equies one to integate the dot poduct of the complex powe density, P a vecto, with the element of aea as shown by Equation (1.2.2). The element of aea ds, a vecto, is diected outwad fom the sphee. The unit nomal is outwad. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 8
9 Powe Density and Radiated Powe Note that P { } { P } Re = Aveage eal powe density Im = Aveage eactive (stoed) powe density. In the fa-field of an antenna the powe density is mostly eal. Hence, the aveage powe adiated by an antenna is P ad = 1 { } 2 Re P ds s 1 { } 2 Re * E H ds (1.2.3a) = (1.2.3b) s Fo a spheical suface ds Whee n$ = a$ = nds $ n$ = $ a ds Figue Element of Aea fo Powe Calculations. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 9
10 Click on the icon fo explanation by D. Feao. Text of audio is povided below. We continue with what we have aleady discussed that the eal pat of the Poynting vecto is the aveage eal powe density and the imaginay pat of the Poynting vecto is the aveage eactive powe density. We will show, and you will have to wok on faith at this paticula time, that when you ae in the fa-field of an antenna, the powe density is mostly eal. Hence, the aveage total powe adiated by an antenna is found by integating the eal pat of the powe density ove this lage sphee because we ae in the fa-field. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 1
11 Assignment #1 On the spheical suface of Figue show that * ( ) 1 E H a$ = E + E η θ 2 2 φ Wheeη is the intinsic impedance of fee space. EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 11
12 Powe Density and Radiated Powe 2π π 1 2 P = Re ( E H * ) a d d ad $ sinθ θ φ 2 Hence, (1.2.4) The esults of lesson assignment #1 may be used to show that 2 2π π P = ( E + E ) 2 2 ad θ dθ dφ θ φ sin 2η =( Pad ) + ( Pad ) whee ( P ) θ 2 2π = 2η φ E ad θ θ ( P ) π 2 2π = 2η E ad φ φ π 2 2 sinθdθdφ sinθdθdφ Now suppose we define the adiation intensity fo a given antenna to be 2 U( θφ, ) = 2 2 Eθ + E φ Watts 2η = U + U θ φ 2π π ( ) P = U d d ad θ, φ sinθ θ φ Then we may wite: : (1.2.5) We wish to pefom the integation shown in Equation (1.2.4). You fist assignment was to show that the E H dotted into the unit vecto, which is in the adial diection, is made up of two pats, involving the tems *E 2 * 2 and *Eφ * 2. Remembe, in geneal can have 2 and φ H E E components and can have φ and 2 components because the and fields ae othogonal in the fa-field. is the intinsic impedance of fee space. Assuming that you have shown what the assignment equested, we will use that infomation in Equation (1.2.4) to obtain H EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 12
13 the expession fo the powe adiated by the antenna, which is witten as two tems (P ad ) 2 and (P ad )φ. The powe adiated due to the 2 component of the field and the powe adiated due to the φ component of the field can be computed as shown in the expession fo (P ad ) 2 and (P ad )φ. We make a change of vaiable hee. Instead of woking diectly with the Poynting vecto, some authos pefe to wok with the adiation intensity, U. The adiation intensity as shown is found by taking the Poynting vecto tems and multiplying by the squae of the adius. Theefoe, thee ae two tems to the adiation intensity, a 2 value and a φ value, and. The adiation intensity is a convenient way of witing some of the tems which appea in the integals. Theefoe, we can wite the total powe adiated in tems of the adiation intensity as shown in Equation (1.2.5). We ae now to a point that if we know the electic field components, that is E 2 and Eφ adiated by a given antenna stuctue, and expess the adiation intensity, the integal in Equation (1.2.5) gives us the total adiated powe though a hypothetical sphee enclosing an antenna. Whee did that powe come fom? It came fom the antenna. Theefoe, we have an expession fo the total powe adiated by an antenna. U θ U φ EE 438: Antenna Engineeing 13
Antenna fundamentals: With answers to questions and problems (See also Chapter 9 in the textbook.)
adio Technology Metopolia/A. Koivumäki Antenna fundamentals: With answes to questions and poblems (See also Chapte 9 in the textbook.) 1. a) Make up a definition fo the tem "antenna". Answe: One definition:
More informationSchool of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University. ECE 303: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves. Fall 2007
School of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Conell Univesity ECE 303: Electomagnetic Fields and Waves Fall 007 Homewok 1 Due on Nov. 8, 007 by 5:00 PM Reading Assignments: i) Review the lectue notes. ii)
More informationONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION
ONE-WAY RADAR EQUATION / RF PROPAGATION The one-way (tansmitte to eceive) ada equation is deived in this section. This equation is most commonly used in RWR o ESM type of applications. The following is
More informationVTU NOTES QUESTION PAPERS NEWS VTU RESULTS FORUM BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP UNIT-4
NTENN & PROPGTION 6EC6 1EC6 UNIT- Unit : Loop and Hon ntenna: Intoduction, small loop, compaison of fa field of small loop and shot dipole, loop antenna geneal case, fa field pattens of cicula loop, adiation
More informationRadiation resistance
Radiation esistance Antennas ae designed fo effective adiation of electomagnetic enegy. Equivalent cicuit of an antenna I in R input adiation esistance R Repesents adiated enegy input loss esistance R
More informationSmall Loop Antenna and Duality Theorem
Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Page 1 Small Loop Antenna and Duality Theoem Having studied the ideal electic dipole we now tun ou attention to an inteesting antenna closely elated to the electic
More informationWireless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3)
COMPUCOM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, JAIPUR (DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION) Notes Wieless Communication (Subject Code: 7EC3) Pepaed By: LOKESH KUMAR ARYA Class: B. Tech. IV Yea, VII
More information18.01 Single Variable Calculus Fall 2006
MIT OpenCouseWae http://ocw.mit.edu 8.0 Single Vaiable Calculus Fall 006 Fo infomation about citing these mateials o ou Tems of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/tems. Lectue 3: Pola Co-odinates, Aea in Pola
More informationNear-field Computation and. Uncertainty Estimation using Basic. Cylindrical-Spherical Formulae
Nea-field Computation and Uncetainty Estimation using Basic Cylindical-Spheical Fomulae Poject... IEC 63 Subject... Basic Nea-Field Computation Document numbe... N/A Revision... 3 Autho... F.D. du Plessis
More informationS11 PHY114 Problem Set 8
S11 PHY114 Poblem Set 8 S. G. Rajeev Apil 4, 2011 Due Monday 4 Ap 2011 1. Find the wavelength of the adio waves emitted by the Univesity of Rocheste adio station (88.5 Mhz)? The numbe of bits pe second
More informationIntroduction to Antenna principles
What is an antenna? Intoduction to ntenna pinciples n antenna is a passive stuctue that seves as tansition between a tansmission line and ai used to tansmit and/o eceive electomagnetic waves. D. Sanda
More informationN2-1. The Voltage Source. V = ε ri. The Current Source
DC Cicuit nalysis The simplest cicuits to undestand and analyze ae those that cay diect cuent (DC). n this note we continue ou study of DC cicuits with the topics of DC voltage and cuent souces, the idea
More informationwhere and are polynomials with real coefficients and of degrees m and n, respectively. Assume that and have no zero on axis.
function whee is an unknown constant epesents fo the un-modeled dynamics The pape investigates the position contol of electical moto dives that can be configued as stuctue of Fig 1 This poblem is fomulated
More informationDiscrepancies Between Euclidean and Spherical Trigonometry. David Eigen
Discepancies Between Euclidean and Spheical Tigonomety David Eigen 1 Non-Euclidean geomety is geomety that is not based on the postulates of Euclidean geomety. The five postulates of Euclidean geomety
More informationChamber Influence Estimation for Radiated Emission Testing in the Frequency Range of 1 GHz to 18 GHz
Chambe Influence Estimation fo Radiated Emission Testing in the Fequency Range of 1 GHz to 18 GHz Alexande Kiz Electomagnetic Compatibility and RF-Engineeing ARC eibesdof eseach GmbH eibesdof, Austia alexande.kiz@acs.ac.at
More informationECE 6640 Digital Communications
ECE 6640 Digital Communications D. Badley J. Bazuin Assistant ofesso Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing College of Engineeing and Applied Sciences Chapte 5 5. Communications Link Analysis. 1.
More informationUNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 650 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS
XIX IMEKO Wold Congess Fundamental and Applied Metology Septembe 6 11, 29, Lisbon, Potugal UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION OF SIZE-OF-SOURCE EFFECT MEASUREMENT FOR 65 NM RADIATION THERMOMETERS Fumihio Sakuma, Laina
More informationDiscussion #7 Example Problem This problem illustrates how Fourier series are helpful tools for analyzing electronic circuits. Often in electronic
Discussion #7 Example Poblem This poblem illustates how Fouie seies ae helpful tools fo analyzing electonic cicuits. Often in electonic cicuits we need sinusoids of vaious fequencies But we may aleady
More informationParameters of spinning AM reticles
Paametes of spinning AM eticles onald G. Digges, Cal E. Halfod, and Glenn D. Boeman A new method of obtaining amplitude modulation (AM) fo detemining taget location with spinning eticles is pesented. The
More informationA New Method of VHF Antenna Gain Measurement Based on the Two-ray Interference Loss
7 nd Intenational Confeence on Atificial Intelligence and Engineeing Applications (AIEA 7) ISBN: 978--6595-485- A New Method of VH Antenna Gain Measuement Based on the Two-ay Intefeence Loss ZHIEI YANG,
More informationHelical Antenna Performance in Wideband Communications
Helical Antenna Pefomance in Wideband Communications Maja Šekelja 1, Zoan Blažević, Maino Maslać 3 1,,3 Univesity of Split, Faculty of Electical Engineeing, Mechanical Engineeing and Naval Achitectue,
More informationFigure 1-1 Sample Antenna Pattern
1.0 ANTENNAS 1.1 INTRODUCTION In EE 619 we discussed antennas fom the view point of antenna apetue, beam width and gain, and how they elate. Moe specifically, we dealt with the equations and 4 Ae G (1-1)
More informationAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
ENGINEERING COMMITTEE Inteface Pactices Subcommittee AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/SCTE 48-1 2015 Test Method fo Measuing Shielding Effectiveness of Passive and Active Devices Using a GTEM Cell NOTICE
More informationOptimal Design of Smart Mobile Terminal Antennas for Wireless Communication and Computing Systems
Optimal Design of Smat Mobile Teminal Antennas fo Wieless Communication and Computing Systems Autho Lu, Junwei, Yang, Shiyou Published 2007 Confeence Title 2007 4th Intenational Symposium on Electomagnetic
More informationCHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF PLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ARRAYS AND MUTUAL COUPLING EFFECTS
CHAPTER DESIGN OF PLANAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ARRAYS AND MUTUAL COUPLING EFFECTS In patch antennas, chaacteistics such as high gain, beam scanning, o steeing capability ae possible only when discete patch
More informationIAS 2.4. Year 12 Mathematics. Contents. Trigonometric Relationships. ulake Ltd. Robert Lakeland & Carl Nugent
Yea 12 Mathematics IS 2.4 Tigonometic Relationships Robet Lakeland & al Nugent ontents chievement Standad.................................................. 2 icula Measue.......................................................
More informationInvestigation. Name: a About how long would the threaded rod need to be if the jack is to be stored with
Think Unit bout 6 This Lesson Situation 1 Investigation 1 Name: Think about the design and function of this automobile jack. Use the uto Jack custom tool to test ou ideas. a bout how long would the theaded
More informationECE 6640 Digital Communications
ECE 6640 Digital Communications D. Badley J. Bazuin Assistant ofesso Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing College of Engineeing and Applied Sciences Chapte 5 5. Communications Link Analysis. 1.
More informationAbsolute calibration of null correctors using twin computer-generated holograms
Absolute calibation of null coectos using twin compute-geneated hologams Poteep C.V. Mallik a, Rene Zehnde a, James H. Buge a, Alexande Poleshchuk b a College of Optical Sciences, The Univesity of Aizona,
More informationINVESTIGATION OF CLOSE-TO-WALL WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT USING 2D FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN MODELLING. Y. Wu and I. J.
2 nd Intenational Confeence on Wieless Communications in Undegound and Confined Aeas August 25-27, 2008 Val-d O - Québec - Canada INVESTIGATION OF CLOSE-TO-WALL WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT USING 2D FINITE-DIFFERENCE
More informationDiagnosis method of radiated emission from battery management system for electric vehicle
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Enegy Pocedia 88 (2016 ) 662 667 CUE2015-Applied Enegy Symposium and Summit 2015: Low cabon cities and uban enegy systems Diagnosis method of adiated
More informationN = R *! f p! n e! f l! f i! f c! L
Astonomy 330 Pesentations Raeed Chowdhuy: The Science of AVATAR Music: What s the Fequency Kenneth? REM We have a numbe! Outline What does it mean? Okay, now how to communicate with them? we can contact
More informationScienceDirect. Simplified Generation of Electromagnetic Field within EMC Immunity Test Area
Available online at www.sciencediect.com ScienceDiect Pocedia Engineeing 69 ( 014 ) 7 34 4th DAAAM Intenational Symposium on Intelligent Manufactuing and Automation, 013 Simplified Geneation of Electomagnetic
More informationChapter 5: Trigonometric Functions of Angles
Chapte 5: Tigonometic Functions of Angles In the pevious chaptes we have exploed a vaiety of functions which could be combined to fom a vaiety of shapes. In this discussion, one common shape has been missing:
More informationDetermination of The Winding Inductances Of A Two-Phase Machine.
IOSR Jounal of Engineeing (IOSRJEN) ISSN (e): 5-31, ISSN (p): 78-8719 Vol. 5, Issue 4 (Apil. 15), V1 PP 16- www.iosjen.og Detemination of The Winding Inductances Of A Two-Phase Machine. * I.K. Onwuka,
More information4 Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MATH983/954 Mathematics 0C/C. Geneal infomation fo the academic yea 0-03: Lectue: D Theodoe Voonov, Room.09, School of Mathematics, Alan Tuing Building, email: theodoe.voonov@mancheste.ac.uk. Lectues:
More information51. IWK Internationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium International Scientific Colloquium
51. IWK Intenationales Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium Intenational Scientific Colloquium PROCEEDINGS 11-15 Septembe 26 FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION SCIENCE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
More informationSynopsis of Technical Report: Designing and Specifying Aspheres for Manufacturability By Jay Kumler
OPTI 51 Synopsis (Gad Requiement #1) G. Desoches Synopsis of Technical Repot: Designing and Specifying Asphees fo Manufactuability By Jay Kumle Novembe 1, 007 Reviewed by: Gead Desoches Abstact Since asphees
More informationNikolova John H. Dunlavy Jr., US Patent 13,588,905: Wide range tunable transmitting loop antenna, 1967.
LECTURE 1: Loop Antennas (Radiation paametes of a small loop. Cicula loop of constant cuent. Equivalent cicuit of the loop antenna. The small loop as a eceiving antenna. Feite loops.) Equation Section
More informationAnalysis of a Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna
124 Analysis of a Factal Micostip Patch Antenna Vibha Rani Gupta and Nisha Gupta* Bila Institute of Technology, Mesa, Ranchi-835215, Jhakhand, India. vgupta@bitmesa.ac.in, ngupta@bitmesa.ac.in Abstact-
More informationAnalysis of the Radiation Resistance and Gain of Full-Wave Dipole Antenna for Different Feeding Design
Jounal of lectomagnetic Analysis and Applications, 01, 4, 35-4 http://dx.doi.og/10.436/jemaa.01.46033 Published Online June 01 (http://www.scirp.og/jounal/jemaa) 35 Analysis of the Radiation Resistance
More informationDESIGN OF PRINTED DIPOLE ANTENNA AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN UMTS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
DESIGN OF PRINTED DIPOLE ANTENNA AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN UMTS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Buak TOMBALOĞLU, Doğan DİBEKÇİ Kocaeli Univesity, Electonic and Communication Eng. Dept. Kocaeli. e-mail: buak.tombaloglu@tuktelekom.com.t,
More informationOptimization of the law of variation of shunt regulator impedance for Proximity Contactless Smart Card Applications to reduce the loading effect.
Optimization of the law of vaiation of shunt egulato impedance fo Poximity Contactless Smat Cad Applications to educe the loading effect. Catheine Maechal, Dominique Paet. Laboatoie LIT ESIGETEL, ue du
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Research-Online A Peer Reviewed International Journal Articles available online
A Pee Reviewed Intenational Jounal Aticles available online http://www.ijoe.in REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 2321-7758 GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA USING SQUARE ARRAY RAHUL GUPTA 1, BRIJESH DHAKKAR 2,GARIMA
More informationVariance? which variance? R squared effect size measures in simple mediation models
Vaiance? which vaiance? squaed effect size measues in simple mediation models M This is it? med di X de Heus, P. (01). squaed effect size measues and ovelap between diect and indiect effect in mediation
More informationDesign of Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Local Area Network
Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com Intenational Jounal of Compute Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Jounal of Compute Science and Infomation Technology IJCSMC, Vol. 4, Issue. 4, Apil 205, pg.36 365
More informationStudy and Design of Dual Frequency High Gain and Conformal Microstrip Patch Antenna
, pp.236-243 http://dx.doi.og/10.14257/astl.2017.147.33 Study and Design of Dual Fequency High Gain and Confomal Micostip Patch Antenna S. Auna 1, K. Sinivasa Naik 2, J. Ramesh 2 and D. Madhu 2 1 Andha
More informationOptic Cable Tracking and Positioning Method Based on Distributed Optical Fiber Vibration Sensing
08 5th Intenational Confeence on Electical & Electonics Engineeing and Compute Science (ICEEECS 08) Optic Cable Tacking and Positioning Method Based on Distibuted Optical Fibe Vibation Sensing Zhang Chao,
More informationDESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION
DESIGN AND PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR GSM APPLICATION RAHUL T. DAHATONDE, SHANKAR B. DEOSARKAR Dept. of E & TC, D. Babasaheb Ambedka Technological Univesity, Lonee,
More informationDesign of A Circularly Polarized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth for 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications
VNU Jounal of Science: Comp. Science & Com. Eng., Vol. 31, No. 2 (2015) 1-7 Design of A Ciculaly Polaized E-shaped Patch Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth fo 2.4 GHz WLAN Applications Hong Van Tam 1, Luong
More informationProposal of Circuit Breaker Type Disconnector for Surge Protective Device
Poposal of Cicuit Beake Type Disconnecto fo Suge Potective Device MASAO SHIBAYAMA, HITOSHI KIJIMA Polytechnic Univesity 2-32-1 Ogawanishi, Kodaia, Tokyo, 187-0035 JAPAN hkijima@uitec.ac.jp Abstact: - A
More informationThis article presents the
A Ciculaly Polaized 6 GHz Micostip Antenna Hee is a mm-wave antenna suitable fo WLAN systems By V. A. Volkov, M. D. Panes Asco, and V. D. Koolkov and R. G. Shifman Resonance This aticle pesents the design
More informationDesign and Characterization of Conformal Microstrip Antennas Integrated into 3D Orthogonal Woven Fabrics
Design and Chaacteization of Confomal Micostip Antennas Integated into 3D Othogonal Woven Fabics Xin Wang 1, Lan Yao 1, Fujun Xu 2, Dongchun Zhou 1, Yiping Qiu 1 1 College of Textiles, Donghua Univesity,
More informationEfficient Power Control for Broadcast in Wireless Communication Systems
Efficient Powe Contol fo Boadcast in Wieless Communication Systems A. T. Chonopoulos Compute Science Depatment Univesity of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX Email:atc@cs.utsa.edu P. Cotae Depatment
More informationERROR ESTIMATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL NEAR FIELD SYSTEM FOR LARGE RADAR ANTENNAS
ERROR ESTIMATIONS IN CYLINDRICAL NEAR FIELD SYSTEM FOR LARGE RADAR ANTENNAS S. Bugos (), F. Matín (), M. Siea-Castañe () and J.L.Besada () () Gupo de Radiación. Dpto. de Señales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones.
More informationcos s Presentation Layout HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT
HIGH ACCURACY REAL-TIME DAM MONITORING USING LOW COST GPS EQUIPMENT Pesentation Layout GPS in Engineeing Monitoing. GPS Caie Phase Multipath Eo Multipath Sideeal-day Coection Technique Poposed Technique
More informationDemosaicking using Adaptive Bilateral Filters
Demosaicking using Adaptive Bilateal Filtes Ekine Akuiyibo Timothy Atobatele EE 362, Winte 2006 0. Abstact Digital cameas sample the continuous spectum using an aay of colo filtes such that each pixel
More informationTrigonometry: Angles between 0 and 360
Chapte 6 Tigonomet: Angles between 0 and 360 Leaning objectives B the end of this chapte, the students should be able to:. Detemine the sine, cosine and tangent of an angle between 0 and 360.. Given sin
More information1 Performance and Cost
Pefomance and Cost Analysis and Reseach of Ai-Cooled Using Small Diamete Coppe Tubes Wu Yang, Li Changsheng and Deng Bin Abstact Replacing coppe tubes with aluminum tubes and using coppe tubes with smalle
More informationStatement of Works Data Template Version: 4.0 Date:
Statement of Woks Data Template Vesion: 4.0 Date: 16.08.17 This Statement of Woks (SoW) Data Template is to be completed by Distibution Netwok Opeatos (DNOs) in ode to povide National Gid the equied data
More informationJune 2012 Volume 1, Issue 3 Article #07
Scholas www.setscholas.og Knowledge is Powe June 2012 Volume 1, Issue 3 Aticle #07 IJASETR Reseach Pape ISSN: 1839-7239 Modeling of themal adiation in the intenal sections of a Thee-phase AC electical
More informationLow-Complexity Time-Domain SNR Estimation for OFDM Systems
Low-Complexity Time-Domain SR Estimation fo OFDM Systems A. jaz, A.B. Awoseyila and B.G. Evans A low-complexity SR estimation algoithm fo OFDM systems in fequency-selective fading channels is poposed.
More informationNICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW?
NICKEL RELEASE REGULATIONS, EN 1811:2011 WHAT S NEW? BACKGROUND: EN 1811 is the intenationally ecognised test method which was devised almost 12 yeas ago to detemine the ate of nickel elease fom jewelley,
More informationInvestigate Surface Area of Three-Dimensional Objects
2.2 Suface Aea Blackfoot Cossing Exhibit Hall Focus on solving poblems involving the suface aea of theedimensional objects finding an unknown dimension of a theedimensional object given its suface aea
More informationInvestigation and Analysis of Inception Voltage and Field Distribution in Power Cables with Internal Cavities in Dielectric
Investigation and Analysis of Inception Voltage and Field Distibution in Powe Cables with Intenal Cavities in Dielectic A. A. Hossam-Eldin Electical Eng. Depatment Faculty of Engineeing Alexandia Univesity,
More informationLAAS/GBAS Ground Reference Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of Ground Multipath
LAAS/BAS ound Refeence Antenna With Enhanced Mitigation of ound Multipath Alfed R Lopez, BAE Systems BIORAPHY Alfed R Lopez is a Life Fellow of the IEEE He is a Hazeltine Fellow and Engineeing Fellow with
More informationDesign of FIR Filter using Filter Response Masking Technique
Design of FIR Filte using Filte Response Masking Technique Sandeep Shivastava, Alok Jain, Ram Kuma Soni Abstact- In this pape autho is tying to implement Fequency esponse masking (FRM) technique. In this
More informationWIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
7th Euopean Wokshop on Stuctual Health Monitoing July 8-11, 2014. La Cité, Nantes, Fance Moe Info at Open Access Database www.ndt.net/?id=17296 WIRELESS SENSORS EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE Amal Abbadi 1 Phd Student,
More informationTECHNICAL REPORT: CVEL Maximum Radiated Emission Calculator: Power Bus EMI Algorithm. Chentian Zhu and Dr. Todd Hubing. Clemson University
TECHNICAL REPORT: CVEL-13-053 Maximum Radiated Emission Calculato: Powe Bus EMI Algoithm Chentian Zhu and D. Todd Hubing Clemson Univesity Octobe 12, 2013 Abstact The Maximum Radiated Electomagnetic Emissions
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. School of Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications
THE UNIESITY OF NEW SOUTH WAES School of Electical Engineeing & Telecommunications EE97 POWE EETONIS FO ENEWABE AND DISTIBUTED GENEATION EXAMINATION Session (Supplementay Exam) TIME AOWED: 3 hous TOTA
More informationTriple Band Microstrip Patch Antenna with I Slot For Radar Altimeter Applications
IOSR Jounal of Electonics and Communication Engineeing (IOSR-JECE) e-issn: 78-834,p- ISSN: 78-8735.Volume, Issue 3, Ve. I (May-Jun.6), PP 537 www.iosjounals.og Tiple Band Micostip Patch Antenna with I
More informationISSN: [Reddy & Rao* et al., 5(12): December, 2016] Impact Factor: 4.116
IJESRT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION COMPARISONS OF INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE WITH ESTIMATOR AND PLL V. Nasi Reddy *, S. Kishnajuna Rao*, S.Nagenda Kuma * Assistant
More informationNear-field emission prediction of CESAME
Nea-field emission pediction of CESAME E. Sicad, S. Ben Dhia, E. Lamoueux INSA-GEI, 135 Av de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Fance B. Vignon, L. Couau ST Micoelectonics, Cental R&D Colles, Fance Contact : etienne.sicad@insa-toulouse.f
More informationA cone is a solid formed by one circular base and a vertex.
Volume of Cones Lesson 4.7 A cone is a solid fomed by one cicula base and a vetex. EXPLORE! Rita is making snow cones fo he fiends. She has fou cylindical glasses that she is using to take the cushed ice
More informationFeasibility of a triple mode, low SAR material coated antenna for mobile handsets
Loughboough Univesity Institutional Repositoy Feasibility of a tiple mode, low SAR mateial coated antenna fo mobile handsets This item was submitted to Loughboough Univesity's Institutional Repositoy by
More informationChapter 2 Instrumentation for Analytical Electron Microscopy Lecture 6. Chapter 2 CHEM 793, 2011 Fall
Chapte Instumentation fo Analytical Electon Micoscopy Lectue 6 Chapte CHEM 793, 011 Fall Outline Electon Souces (Electon Guns) Themionic: La 6 o W Field emission gun: cold o Schottky Lenses Focusing Abeation
More informationSpace Leaky Waves Propagating along a Pair of CRLH SIW Lines
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 27, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2018 633 Space Leaky Waves Popagating along a Pai of CRLH SIW Lines Rihem NOUMI 1, Jan MACHAC 2, Ali GHARSALLAH 1 1 Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Sciences of
More informationWeek 5. Lecture Quiz 1. Forces of Friction, cont. Forces of Friction. Forces of Friction, final. Static Friction
Lectue Quiz 1 Week 5 Fiction (Chapte 5, section 8) & Cicula Motion (Chapte 6, sections 1-) You hae a machine which can acceleate pucks on fictionless ice. Stating fom est, the puck taels a distance x in
More informationCORNER TRUNCATED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
CORNER TRUNCATED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA Nazia Hasan 1, D.S.C.Gupta 2 1 Student ECE Deptt. UTU Dehadun,Uttaakhand Technical Univesity, Dehadun(India) 2 ECE Deptt. DIT Dehadun,Dehadun Institute of Technology
More informationTopic 3. Fundamental Parameters of Antennas. Tamer Abuelfadl
Topic 3 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas Tamer Abuelfadl Electronics and Electrical Communications Department Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 3 ELC
More informationPublished in: International Journal of Material Forming. Document Version: Peer reviewed version
A Vitual Inspection Technique fo Assessing the Dimensional Accuacy of Foged Compesso Blades Using FE Modeling and CMM Inspection Makem, J., Ou, H., Amstong, C., Rennie, A., & Nikov, S. (2008). A Vitual
More informationMinimizing Ringing and Crosstalk
Minimizing Ringing and Cosstalk By Glen Dash, Ampyx LLC, GlenDash at alum.mit.edu Copyight 1998, 26 Ampyx LLC When viewed on a schematic, a wie is just a wie. Howeve, when isetimes shink to a few nanoseconds
More informationExperimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destructive Testing by Form of Eddy Current Sensor Probe
Expeimental Investigation of Influence on Non-destuctive Testing by Fom of Eddy Cuent Senso Pobe Fengyun Xie * and Jihui Zhou School of Mechanical and Electonical Engineeing, East China Jiaotong Univesity,
More informationLow Profile MIMO Diversity Antenna with Multiple Feed
2011, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-424X Jounal of Basic and Applied Scientific Reseach www.textoad.com Low Pofile MIMO Divesity Antenna with Multiple Feed Waqas Ahmad, Muhammad Wasif Nisa, Ehsan Ullan
More informationAnalysis of the optimized low-nonlinearity lateral effect sensing detector
Jounal of hysics: Confeence Seies Analysis of the optimized low-nonlineaity lateal effect sensing detecto To cite this aticle: Saeed Olyaee et al J. hys.: Conf. Se. 76 4 Related content - Neual netwok
More informationGAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC
GAMMA SHAPED MONOPOLE PATCH ANTENNA FOR TABLET PC Islam Md. Rafiqul, Mohammad Shawkat Habib and Khaizuan Abdullah Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Intenational Islamic Univesity Malaysia,
More informationAnti-Forensics of Chromatic Aberration
Anti-Foensics of Chomatic Abeation Owen Maye and Matthew C. Stamm Dept. of Electical and Compute Engineeing, Dexel Univesity, Philadelphia, PA, USA ABSTRACT Ove the past decade, a numbe of infomation foensic
More informationNoise Attenuation Due to Vegetation
Noise Attenuation Due to Vegetation Vasile BACRIA Politehnica Univesity of Timisoaa, Bd. M.Viteazu,1, 300222 Timisoaa, bacia@mec.upt.o Nicolae HERISANU Politehnica Univesity of Timisoaa, Bd. M. Viteazu,
More informationJournal of Applied Science and Agriculture
Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue, 9(16) Octobe 214, Pages: 1-15 AENSI Jounals Jounal of Applied Science and Agicultue ISSN 1816-9112 Jounal home page: www.aensiweb.com/jasa A Design of New Bluetooth
More informationA Gain Measurement in the Liquid Based on Friis Transmission Formula in the Near-Field Region
A Gain Measuement in the Liquid Based on Fiis Tansmission Fomula in the Nea-Field Region # Takuhei Akagawa 1, Nozomu Ishii 2,3, Ken-ichi Sato 4, Lia Hamada 3 and Soichi Watanabe 3 1 Gaduate School of Science
More informationOptimal Eccentricity of a Low Permittivity Integrated Lens for a High-Gain Beam-Steering Antenna
EuCAP 2011 - Convened Papes Optimal Eccenticity of a Low Pemittivity Integated Lens fo a High-Gain Beam-Steeing Antenna Aki Kattunen #, Juha Ala-Lauinaho #, Ronan Sauleau +, Antti V. Räisänen # # Aalto
More informationMicrowave Finite Element Modeling Applications to Coupled Electromagnetic-Thermal Problems and Characterization of Dielectric Materials
Micowave Finite Element Modeling Applications to Coupled Electomagnetic-Themal Poblems and Chaacteization of Dielectic Mateials Hulusi Acikgoz, Yann Le Bihan, Olivie Meye, and Lionel Pichon Laboatoie de
More informationA Modified Bow Tie Antenna for RFID Application
SEI 9 5 th Intenational Coneence: Sciences o Electonic, echnologies o Inomation and elecommunications Mach -6, 9 UNISIA A Modiied Bow ie Antenna o FID Application Abdelhak FECHICHI*, Noueddine SBOUI* and
More informationOPTIMUM MEDIUM ACCESS TECHNIQUE FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS
9 th Febuay. Vol. 3 No. 5 - JATIT & LLS. All ights eseved. ISSN: 99-5 www.jatit.og E-ISSN: 7-395 OPTIMUM MEDIUM ACCESS TECHNIQUE FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS N.AMUTHA PRABHA, V.MANIANDAN VIT UNIVERSITY,
More informationExperiments with the HoloEye LCD spatial light modulator
Expeiments with the HoloEye LCD spatial light modulato HoloEye model LC00 spatial light modulato The HoloEye (http://www.holoeye.com/spatial_light_modulato_lc_00.html) LC 00 Spatial Light Modulato (SLM)
More informationSliding Mode Control for Half-Wave Zero Current Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter
Sliding Mode Contol fo Half-Wave Zeo Cuent Switching Quasi-Resonant Buck Convete M. Ahmed, Student membe, IEEE, M. Kuisma, P. Silventoinen Abstact This pape focuses on the pactical implementation of sliding
More informationInstant Active Positioning with One LEO Satellite
Instant Active Positioning with One LEO Satellite NADAV LEVANON el Aviv Univesity, el Aviv, Isael Received Decembe 997; Revised June 999 ABSRAC: Autonomous position detemination in the Globalsta satellite
More informationIEEE Broadband Wireless Access Working Group < Modifications to the Feedback Methodologies in UL Sounding
Poject Title Date Submitted IEEE 802.16 Boadband Wieless Access Woking Goup Modifications to the Feedback Methodologies in UL Sounding 2008-01-14 Souce(s) Fed Vook, Jeff Zhuang,
More informationA Study Of a Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Array Based On a High-Impedance Surface Ground Plane
1 A Study Of a Wide-Angle Scanning Phased Aay Based On a High-Impedance Suface Gound Plane Tian Lan, Qiu-Cui Li, Yu-Shen Dou, Xun-Ya Jiang axiv:1901.04895v1 [physics.app-ph] 15 Jan 2019 Abstact This pape
More informationHexagonal Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Satellite and Military Applications
Intenational Jounal of Engineeing and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 49 8958, Volume-7 Issue-5, June 08 Hexagonal Shaped Micostip Patch Antenna fo Satellite and Militay Applications Jayaenjini N, Unni
More information