Microwave Circuit Analysis and Amplifier Design SAMUEL Y. LIAO Professor of Electrical Engineering California State University, Fresno PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
Contents PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1-0 Microwave Frequencies 1 1-1 Microwave Circuits 2 Microwave Circuit Elements, 5 Microwave Network Matching and Power Combining, 5 1-2 Microwave Amplifier and Oscillator Design 6 2 MICROWAVE TRANSMISSION LINES AND MATCHING TECHNIQUES 2-0 Introduction 8 2-1 Transmission Lines 9 Transmission-Line Equations and Solutions, 10 Reflection Coefficient and Transmission Coefficient, 15 Line Impedance and Admittance, 20 2-2 Standing Wave and Standing-Wave Ratio 26 Standing Wave, 26 Standing-Wave Ratio, 29
vi Contents 2-3 Coaxial Lines and Impedance Transformation 30 Coaxial Lines, 31 Coaxial Connectors, 34 Impedance Transformers, 36 2-4 Smith Chart and Compressed Smith Chart 37 Smith Chart, 37 Compressed Smith Chart, 52 2-5 Impedance-Matching Techniques 54 Series and Shunt Element Matching, 55 Open- and Short- Stub Matching, 60 Single- and Double-Stub Matching, 63 References 73 Problems 73 3 S-PARAMETER THEORY AND APPLICATIONS 78 3-0 Introduction 78 3-1 S-Parameter Matrix 79 3-2 Properties of S Parameters 81 Symmetry Property, 81 Unity Property, 84 Zero Property, 85 Phase-Shift Property, 86 3-3 Mason's Signal-Flow Rules 87 3-4 Power-Gain Equations 89 Transducer Power Gain, 89 Available Power Gain, 92 Operating Power Gain, 94 3-5 Amplifier Stability 96 Types of Amplifier Stability, 96 Stability Circles, 96 3-6 Constant-Gain Circles 102 Unilateral Case, 102 Unilateral Figure of Merit, 104 Bilateral Case, 106 3-7 Constant Operating Power-Gain Circles (Bilateral Case) 107 Unconditionally Stable, 107 Potentially Unstable, 112 3-8 Constant-Noise-Figure Circles 115 Problems 119 4 SMALL-SIGNAL AND NARROWBAND AMPLIFIER DESIGN 123 4-0 Introduction 123
Contents vii 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 de-biasing Circuits 126 de-biasing Circuits for Microwave GaAs MESFETs, 126 de-biasing Circuits for Microwave Silicon Transistors, 131 Biasing-Circuit Design, 135 Small-Signal Amplifier Design 136 High-Gain Amplifier Design 139 Low-Noise Amplifier Design 145 Narrowband Amplifier Design 149 Narrowband Amplifier Design for Maximum Power Gain, 149 Narrowband Amplifier Design for Minimum-Noise Figure, 152 Problems 155 5 BALANCED AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND POWER-COMBINING TECHNIQUES 161 5-0 Introduction 161 5-1 Lange Couplers 161 Basic Equations of Lange Couplers, 162 164 5-2 Balanced Amplifier Design 166 Design Example, 5-3 Chip Characterization 169 5-4 Power-Combining Techniques 171 Binary Combiner/Divider Structures, 174 Nonbinary Combiner/Divider Structures, 179 Resonant-Cavity N-Way Combiners/Dividers, 181 Nonresonant-Cavity N-Way Combiners /Dividers, 183 5-5 Power-Combining/Dividing Design Examples 186 Power Combiner with W-Hybrid Couplers, 186 16-Way TM 010 -Mode Symmetric Combiner, 188 References 191 Problems 192 6 MICROWAVE STRIPLINES AND STRIPLINE-TYPE AMPLIFIER DESIGN 6-0 Introduction 197
viii Contents 6-1 Microstrip Lines 197 Dielectric Substrates, 199 Characteristic Impedance, 200 Losses in Microstrip Lines, 202 Quality Factor Q, 208 Microstrip-Line Realization, 209 6-2 Stripline-Type Amplifier Design 211 Design of a Narrowband Amplifier with Stripline Matching Networks, 211 Design of a Minimum-Noise Amplifier with Stripline Matching Networks, 214 6-3 Coplanar Striplines 217 6-4 Parallel Striplines 218 Distributed Parameters, 218 Characteristic Impedance, 219 Attenuation Losses, 219 6-5 Shielded Striplines 220 6-6 Slot Striplines 222 Slot-Mode Wavelength, 223 Field Intensities, 223 Characteristic Impedance, 224 6-7 Planar Lumped Elements 225 Planar Resistors, 225 Planar Inductors, 227 Planar Capacitors, 229 References 231 Problems 231 7 LARGE-SIGNAL AND BROADBAND AMPLIFIER DESIGN 236 7-0 Introduction 236 7-1 Large-Signal Amplifier Design 236 Large-Signal Measurements, 237 Design Example, 239 7-2 High-Power Amplifier Design 244 Gain Compression Point, 245 Design Example, 246 7-3 Low-Noise Amplifier Design 250 Minimum Detectable Power, 251 Design Example, 252 7-4 Broadband Amplifier Design 255 Bandwidth and Quality Factor, 256 Design Example, 259 7-5 Feedback Techniques 268 References 271 Problems 271
Contents ix 8 MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDES AND REFLECTION AMPLIFIER DESIGN 275 8-0 Introduction 275 8-1 Rectangular Waveguides 276 Solutions of Wave Equations, 277 ТЕ Modes in Rectangular Waveguides, 279 TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguides, 284 Characteristics of Standard Rectangular Waveguides, 288 8-2 Circular Waveguides 290 Solutions of Wave Equations, 290 ТЕ Modes in Circular Waveguides, 293 TM Modes in Circular Waveguides, 298 ТЕМ Modes in Circular Waveguides, 300 Characteristics of Standard Circular Waveguides, 302 8-3 Resonant Cavities 303 Rectangular Cavity, 304 Circular Cavity, 305 Quality Factor of a Cavity, 307 8-4 Reflection Amplifier Concept and Design 308 Coaxial-Cavity Reflection Amplifier Design, 308 Reduced- Height Waveguide Reflection Amplifier Design, 311 Circulator Reflection Amplifier Design, 313 Hybrid-Coupler Reflection Amplifier Design, 314 References 315 Problems 315 9 MICROWAVE OSCILLATOR CIRCUITS AND OSCILLATOR DESIGN 320 9-0 Introduction 320 9-1 Oscillation Conditions 320 9-2 Oscillator-Circuit Configurations 323 Oscillator Circuits for High Microwave Frequencies, 324 Oscillator Circuits for Low Microwave Frequencies, 327 9-3 Oscillation-Tuning Circuits 329 Fixed-Tuning Circuits, 329 YIG-Tuned Circuits, 329 Varacter-Tuned Circuits, 330 Cavity-Tuned Circuits, 330 9-4 One-Port Oscillator Design 334 9-5 Two-Port Oscillator Design 336 Maximum Efficient Power Gain, 336 Design Example, 338
x Contents 9-6 High-Power Oscillator Design 343 9-7 Broadband Oscillator Design 346 Oscillation Conditions, 347 YIG Resonator, 347 Load- Matching Circuit, 349 Design Example, 352 Spurious Oscillation Considerations, 352 9-8 Gunn-Diode Oscillator Design 353 Tuning Mechanisms, 356 Low-Temperature Performance, 357 9-9 Waveguide-Cavity IMP ATT Oscillator Design 357 Waveguide-Cavity Oscillator, 357 Single-Tuned Single- Device Oscillator, 357 Single-Tuned Multiple-Device Oscillator, 359 References 360 Problems 361 10 OPTICAL-FIBER WAVEGUIDES AND LIGHT MODULATOR DESIGN 364 10-0 Introduction 364 10-1 Optical-Fiber Waveguides 364 Materials and Fabrications, 365 Physical Structures, 366 Losses, 367 Characteristics, 369 10-2 Operational Mechanisms of Optical-Fiber Waveguides 370 Wave Equations, 371 Wave Modes and Cutoff Wavelengths, 373 Total Internal Reflection and Numerical Aperture, 376 Light-Gathering Power, 379 10-3 Step-Index Fibers 381 Monomode Step-Index Fibers, 381 Fibers, 382 Multimode Step-Index 10-4 Graded-Index Fibers 383 Refractive-Index Profiles, 384 Wave Patterns, 386 10-5 Optical-Fiber Communication Systems 387 Light Sources, 388 Light Detectors, 389 Applications, 389 Design Example, 390 10-6 Light Modulator Design 392 Electrooptic Modulator, 392 Magnetooptic Modulator, 397 Traveling- Wave Electrooptic Modulator, 399 References 401
Contents xi Suggested Readings 402 Problems 402 11 DIELECTRIC PLANAR WAVEGUIDES AND FILM COATING DESIGN 406 11-0 Introduction 406 11-1 Parallel-Plate Waveguide 406 TM Waves along the Plates, 408 ТЕ Waves along the Plates, 409 Attenuations and Intrinsic Impedance, 410 11-2 Dielectric-Slab Waveguide 412 ТЕ Waves along Dielectric-Slab Waveguide, 412 along Dielectric-Slab Waveguide, 417 11-3 Coplanar Waveguide 421 Characteristic Impedance, 421 Design Example, 423 Radiation Losses, 424 Applications, 424 11-4 Thin Film-on-Conductor Waveguide 425 TM Modes in Dielectric Thin Film, 425 ТЕ Modes in Dielectric Thin Film, 426 TM Waves 11-5 Thin Film-on-Dielectric Waveguide 428 ТЕ Waves along Thin Film, 428 TM Waves along Thin Film, 429 11-6 Gold-Film-Coating Design 430 Surface Resistance of Gold Film, 430 Optical Properties of Plastic Substrates, 431 Optical Attenuation of Gold-Film Coating on Plastic Substrate, 432 Light Transmission of Gold-Film Coating on Plastic Substrate, 436 Design Example, 438 References 441 Problems 442 12 MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUATIONS 446 12-0 Introduction 446 12-1 Measuring Units 446 12-2 Microwave Amplifier Test 450
xii Contents 12-3 Microwave Oscillator Test 451 12-4 Microwave Electronic System Measurements 451 Conversion of Transmitting Power to Electric Field Intensity, 453 Conversion of Receiving Power to Electric Field Intensity, 456 Conversion of Receiving Voltage to Electric Field Intensity, 457 12-5 Measurement and Microwave Analysis 459 12-6 Electromagnetic Compatibility Tests 461 References 462 Problems 462 BIBLIOGRAPHY 464 APPENDICES A Constants of Materials 466 В Characteristic Impedances for Coupled Microstrip 468 С Parameter Conversion Table 470 D Elliptic Integral Tables 473 E Commercial LASER and LED Sources 474 F Television-Channel Frequencies 475 G First-Order Bessel Function Values 477 H Characteristics of Transmission Lines at Radio Frequency 479 I Hankel Functions 480 INDEX 481