Geology, Exploration, and WorldView-3 SWIR Kumar Navulur, PhD

Agenda 1. Uluru Rock, Australia 2. Theory: a. Reflectance b. SWIR c. WV-3 and CAVIS 3. Applications: a. Cuprite, USA b. Nunavut, Canada c. Lisbon Valley, USA DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 2

Uluru Rock, Australia DEM + spectral analysis = useful data fusion! Uluru Rock, AU Digital Elevation Model 2 m WorldView 1 and 2 6 perspectives DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 3

Uluru Rock, Australia Legend Conglomerate Arkose Folded Proterzoic sedimentary rocks Igneous and metamorphic rocks Palaeozoic rocks Alluvial sediments Graphic Source: Uluru Rock, AU Geologic Map and Cross Section DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 9

The fine print: Why Reflectance? radiance vs reflectance - Reflectance has a lot of moving parts - Sun-Earth distance. - Sun-Target-Sensor geometry. - Atmospheric effects. - Calibration. - BRDF - etc, etc. DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 10

What is SWIR? (Short Wave Infrared) Visible (V) Near Infrared (NIR) Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) Picture Veg Iron Man made Rocks Landsat 8 (30 m) ASTER (15/30 m) WV 2-3 (1.2 / 3.7) WV 3 only 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 11

Sensor Introduction AVIRIS: Imaging Spectrometer: 224 bands VNIR-SWIR. Pixels vary: 2 to 20 m. Used to generate WV3 simulated spectra. ASTER Multispectral: 10 bands VNIR - SWIR. Pixels: 15, 30 m. SWIR failed. Landsat (8) Multispectral: 8 bands VNIR - SWIR. Pixels: 30 m. WorldView 3 Multispectral: 16 bands VNIR-SWIR. Pixels: 1.2, 3.7 m. CAVIS instrument for atmospheric retrievals. DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved.

CAVIS Reflectance Atmospheric Retrievals on WorldView3 CAVIS Band Names Desert Clouds Aerosol-1 Green Aerosol-2 Water-1 Water-2 Water-3 NDVI-SWIR Cirrus Snow Aerosol-3 Aerosol-3 CAVIS retrieves atmospheric Aerosol and Water Vapor at the same time as the image, making reflectance calculations easier. DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 13

Spectral reflectance of rocks AVIRIS resampled to WV2, WV3 response these are remote sensing minerals Calcite Alunite Jarosite Kaolinite Calcite-Kaolinite-Alunite-Jarosite Calcite-Kaolinite-Alunite-Jarosite 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Reflectance 0.4 0.3 0.2 Reflectance 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 400 900 1400 1900 2400 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) 0.1 WV 2 WV 2 & 3 WV 3 new bands WV2: Similar in VNIR WV3: Differentiated in VNIR-SWIR Cuprite, Nevada USA AVIRIS 3.7 m WorldView 2 and 3 Simulations DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 15

Ore Deposit! Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Model Typical for acid-sulfate systems Note patterns of: Alunite, Calcite, Illite, and Kaolinite. Understanding patterns can help us find the ore deposit! Graphic Source: Livo, et al., USGS PP 1717 Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Model DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 16

Zonation aids in predicting location of precious metals. Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Model Clay Zones Kaolinite Alunite Graphic Source: Taranik, et al., 2010. Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Model DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 17

Hydrothermal Ore Deposits Cuprite, Nevada, USA. True Color: R, G, B WV3: S7, S5, S4 WV3: Mineral Classification Classification Source: Kruse and Perry, 2012. Cuprite, Nevada USA DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 18

Spectral reflectance of rocks Alunite Cuprite, Nevada, USA WV3, AVIRIS and Laboratory AVIRIS WV 3 WV3: S3, S5, S7 Alunite USGS Cuprite, Nevada USA AVIRIS 3.7 m WorldView 3 Simulation DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 20

Spectral reflectance of rocks AVIRIS resampled to WV3 response Alunite Calcite 1 1 0.8 0.8 Reflectance 0.6 0.4 Reflectance 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 400 900 1400 1900 2400 0 400 900 1400 1900 2400 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Jarosite Kaolinite 1 1 0.8 0.8 Reflectance 0.6 0.4 Reflectance 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 400 900 1400 1900 2400 0 400 900 1400 1900 2400 Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Cuprite, Nevada USA AVIRIS 3.7 m WorldView 3 Simulation DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 21

Red un-altered surface rock Hydrocarbon Alteration Lisbon Valley, Utah USA Bleached surface rock, higher Calcite, Hematite, Kaolinite reduced Sources: Kruse and Perry, 2012; and Petrovic et al., 2012. Hydrocarbon Leakage Rock Alteration Model DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 25

Hydrocarbon Alteration Lisbon Valley, Utah USA AVIRIS Flight Lisbon Valley Anticline 20 km To Update Footer, Find Header & Footer in Insert Tab and Apply to All DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 26

Hydrocarbon Alteration Method Canyon Lands, Utah USA Search Method: 1. Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) for minerals of interest. 2. Gradient (angle) images in RGB. 3. Merge with high resolution Pan. 4. Drape over elevation model. 5. Study perspectives! Canyon Lands, Utah USA AVIRIS 3.3 m False Color IR DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 28

Hydrocarbon Alteration Method Canyon Lands, Utah USA Calcite Mixture: Calcite + Kaolinite Canyon Lands, Utah USA AVIRIS 3.3 m Spectral Angle Map for Calcite & Kaolinite Kaolinite DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 29

Summary WV-3 has ASTER-like SWIR bands at high spatial resolution. Reflectance is Crucial! CAVIS helps calculate reflectance. SWIR tells us about rock type and materials. High resolution DEMs can be made from 1+ satellite passes. DEM + spectral analysis = useful data fusion. - Texture - Structure - Vertical and horizontal relationships - Rock categories or types - Alteration assemblages - Remote field logistics DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 30

Acknowledgements Chad Bleiler Chuck Chaapel Jennifer Johnson Milan Karspeck Ozy Sjahputera

References 1. http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/uluru/nature/geology.html 2. Kruse, F.A. and S.L. Perry, 2012, Mineral Mapping using Simulated Short-Wave-Infrared bands planned for DigtalGlobe WorldView-3, Presented at Optical Remote Sensing of the Environment (ORS), 24-28 June 2012, Monterey, California, United States. 3. Livo, K.E., F.A. Kruse, R.N. Clark, R.F. Kokaly, and W.C. Shanks, III, year?, Hydrothermally Altered Rock and Hot Spring Deposits at Yellowstone National Park Characterized Using Airborne Visible-and Infrared-Spectroscopy Data, in Integrated Geoscience Studies in the Greater Yellowstone Area-Volcanic, Tectonic, and Hydrothermal Processes in the Yellowstone Geoecosystem, Edited by Lisa A. Morgan, U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1717. 4. Taranik, J.V., W.M. Calvin, and F.A. Kruse, 2010, Reflectance Spectroscopy Applied to Exploration for Mineral Deposits and Geothermal Systems, and to the Remediation of Mined Lands in the Great Basin of the Western United States. Proceedings of ASD and IEEE GRS; Art, Science and Applications of Reflectance Spectroscopy Symposium, Vol. II, 38pp, Boulder, CO. 5. Shannon, A.J., 2008, Volcanic framework and geochemical evolution of the archean Hope Bay greenstone belt, Nunavut, Canada. Master s Thesis, University of British Columbia. 6. Petrovic, A., S.D. Khan, and A.K. Thurmond, 2012, Integrated hyperspectral remote sensing, geochemical and isotopic studies for understanding hydrocarbon-induced rock alterations, Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 35, p. 292-308. DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 33

Reference Slides 1. DigitalGlobe satellite constellation 2. Spectra and satellite band details 3. SWIR smoke penetration To Update Footer, Find Header & Footer in Insert Tab and Apply to All DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 34

The Current DigitalGlobe Constellation QuickBird Launched October 2001 4 band multispectral 65 cm resolution WorldView-1 Launched September 2007 Panchromatic 50 cm resolution GeoEye-1 Launched September 2008 4 band multispectral 41 cm resolution(1) WorldView-2 Launched October 2009 8 band multispectral 46 cm resolution(1) IKONOS Launched September 1999 4 band multispectral 82 cm resolution DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 35

MODIS (250+ m) Satellite Spectral Comparison ASTER (15/30 m) 2 (R) 4 (NIR) backward Stereo 5 (SWIR 1) 7 (SWIR 3) 9 (SWIR 5) WV-3 (1.2 / 3.7) Blue 1 (G) Yellow Red Edge 3 (NIR) nadir NIR 2 SWIR 2 SWIR 4 6 (SWIR 2) SWIR 6 8 (SWIR4) SWIR 8 10 (SWIR 6) Coastal Green Red NIR 1 SWIR 1 SWIR 3 SWIR 5 SWIR 7 CAVIS (30 m) Desert Cloud Aerosol 1 Green Aerosol 2 Water 1 Water 2 Water 3 NDVI -SWIR Cirrus Snow Aerosol 3 Aerosol 3 Cloud Height Parallax 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 Wavelength in nanometers DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved. 36

Smoke Penetration in SWIR Station Fire, Los Angeles National Forest, CA Advanced Land Imager (ALI) 03 SEP 2009 True color SWIR-6 (2215 nm) Cloud Cloud Smoke Active Fire Station Fire, Los Angeles, CA ALI Image WV3 Simulation 30 m DigitalGlobe Proprietary. DigitalGlobe. All rights reserved.