RADIO-FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS

RADIO-FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS

RADIO-FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION CIRCUITS Analysis and Design Second Edition Devendra K. Misra University of Wisconsin Milwaukee A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

Copyright 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Misra, Devendra, 1949 Radio-frequency and microwave communication circuits : analysis and design / Devendra K. Misra. 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-47873-3 (Cloth) 1. Radar circuits Design and construction. 2. Microwave circuits Design and construction. 3. Electronic circuit design. 4. Radio frequency. I. Title. TK6560.M54 2004 621.384 12 dc22 2003026691 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321

CONTENTS Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Microwave Transmission Lines 4 1.2 Transmitter and Receiver Architectures 8 2 Communication Systems 11 2.1 Terrestrial Communication 12 2.2 Satellite Communication 13 2.3 Radio-Frequency Wireless Services 16 2.4 Antenna Systems 18 2.5 Noise and Distortion 33 Suggested Reading 52 Problems 52 3 Transmission Lines 57 3.1 Distributed Circuit Analysis of Transmission Lines 57 3.2 Sending-End Impedance 67 3.3 Standing Wave and Standing Wave Ratio 80 3.4 Smith Chart 85 Suggested Reading 95 Problems 95 v

vi CONTENTS 4 Electromagnetic Fields and Waves 104 4.1 Fundamental Laws of Electromagnetic Fields 104 4.2 The Wave Equation and Uniform Plane Wave Solutions 114 4.3 Boundary Conditions 119 4.4 Uniform Plane Wave Incident Normally on an Interface 123 4.5 Modified Maxwell s Equations and Potential Functions 126 4.6 Construction of Solutions 130 4.7 Metallic Parallel-Plate Waveguide 133 4.8 Metallic Rectangular Waveguide 137 4.9 Metallic Circular Waveguide 142 Suggested Reading 145 Problems 145 5 Resonant Circuits 151 5.1 Series Resonant Circuits 151 5.2 Parallel Resonant Circuits 160 5.3 Transformer-Coupled Circuits 164 5.4 Transmission Line Resonant Circuits 170 5.5 Microwave Resonators 177 Suggested Reading 184 Problems 184 6 Impedance-Matching Networks 189 6.1 Single Reactive Element or Stub Matching Networks 190 6.2 Double-Stub Matching Networks 202 6.3 Matching Networks Using Lumped Elements 207 Suggested Reading 226 Problems 226 7 Impedance Transformers 234 7.1 Single-Section Quarter-Wave Transformers 234 7.2 Multisection Quarter-Wave Transformers 237 7.3 Transformer with Uniformly Distributed Section Reflection Coefficients 239 7.4 Binomial Transformers 244 7.5 Chebyshev Transformers 248 7.6 Exact Formulation and Design of Multisection Impedance Transformers 255 7.7 Tapered Transmission Lines 263 7.8 Synthesis of Transmission Line Tapers 270 7.9 Bode Fano Constraints for Lossless Matching Networks 280

CONTENTS vii Suggested Reading 281 Problems 281 8 Two-Port Networks 283 8.1 Impedance Parameters 284 8.2 Admittance Parameters 289 8.3 Hybrid Parameters 296 8.4 Transmission Parameters 298 8.5 Conversion of Impedance, Admittance, Chain, and Hybrid Parameters 304 8.6 Scattering Parameters 304 8.7 Conversion From Impedance, Admittance, Chain, and Hybrid Parameters to Scattering Parameters, or Vice Versa 323 8.8 Chain Scattering Parameters 325 Suggested Reading 325 Problems 326 9 Filter Design 333 9.1 Image Parameter Method 334 9.2 Insertion-Loss Method 353 9.3 Microwave Filters 380 Suggested Reading 389 Problems 389 10 Signal-Flow Graphs and Their Applications 392 10.1 Definitions and Manipulation of Signal-Flow Graphs 396 10.2 Signal-Flow Graph Representation of a Voltage Source 401 10.3 Signal-Flow Graph Representation of a Passive Single-Port Device 402 10.4 Power Gain Equations 410 Suggested Reading 417 Problems 418 11 Transistor Amplifier Design 422 11.1 Stability Considerations 422 11.2 Amplifier Design for Maximum Gain 429 11.3 Constant-Gain Circles 439 11.4 Constant Noise Figure Circles 457 11.5 Broadband Amplifiers 466 11.6 Small-Signal Equivalent-Circuit Models of Transistors 469 11.7 DC Bias Circuits for Transistors 472

viii CONTENTS Suggested Reading 475 Problems 476 12 Oscillator Design 479 12.1 Feedback and Basic Concepts 479 12.2 Crystal Oscillators 492 12.3 Electronic Tuning of Oscillators 494 12.4 Phase-Locked Loop 497 12.5 Frequency Synthesizers 516 12.6 One-Port Negative Resistance Oscillators 520 12.7 Microwave Transistor Oscillators 523 Suggested Reading 538 Problems 538 13 Detectors and Mixers 543 13.1 Amplitude Modulation 544 13.2 Frequency Modulation 555 13.3 Switching-Type Mixers 559 13.4 Conversion Loss 565 13.5 Intermodulation Distortion in Diode-Ring Mixers 567 13.6 FET Mixers 571 Suggested Reading 577 Problems 577 Appendix 1 Decibels and Neper 580 Appendix 2 Characteristics of Selected Transmission Lines 582 Appendix 3 Specifications of Selected Coaxial Lines and Waveguides 588 Appendix 4 Some Mathematical Formulas 590 Appendix 5 Vector Identities 593 Appendix 6 Some Useful Network Transformations 596 Appendix 7 Properties of Some Materials 599 Appendix 8 Common Abbreviations 601 Appendix 9 Physical Constants 609 Index 611

PREFACE Wireless technology continues to grow at a tremendous rate, with new applications still reported almost daily. In addition to the traditional applications in communications, such as radio and television, radio-frequency (RF) and microwaves are being used in cordless phones, cellular communication, local area networks, and personal communication systems. Keyless door entry, radio-frequency identification, monitoring of patients in a hospital or a nursing home, cordless mice or keyboards for computers, and wireless networking of home appliances are some of the other areas where RF technology is being employed. Although some of these applications have traditionally used infrared technology, RF circuits are taking over, because of their superior performance. The present rate of growth in RF technology is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. These advances require the addition of personnel in the areas of radio-frequency and microwave engineering. Therefore, in addition to regular courses as a part of electrical engineering curriculums, short courses and workshops are regularly conducted in these areas for practicing engineers. This edition of the book maintains the earlier approach of a presentation based on a basic course in electronic circuits. At the same time, a new chapter on electromagnetic fields has been added, following several constructive suggestions from those who used the first edition. It provides the added option of using the book for a traditional microwave engineering course with electromagnetic fields and waves. Or, this chapter can be bypassed so as to follow the approach used in the first edition: that is, instead of using electromagnetic fields as most microwave engineering books do, the subject is introduced via circuit concepts. Further, an overview of communication systems is presented in the beginning to provide the reader with an overall perspective of various building blocks involved. ix

x PREFACE This edition of the book is organized into thirteen chapters and nine appendixes, using a top-down approach. It begins with an introduction to frequency bands, RF and microwave devices, and applications in communication, radar, industrial, and biomedical areas. The introduction includes a brief description of microwave transmission lines: waveguides, strip lines, and microstrip line. An overview of transmitters and receivers is included, along with digital modulation and demodulation techniques. Modern wireless communication systems, such as terrestrial and satellite communication systems and RF wireless services, are discussed briefly in Chapter 2. After introducing antenna terminology, effective isotropic radiated power, the Friis transmission formula, and the radar range equation are presented. In the final section of the chapter, noise and distortion associated with communication systems are introduced. Chapter 3 begins with a discussion of distributed circuits and construction of a solution to the transmission line equation. Topics presented in this chapter include RF circuit analysis, phase and group velocities, sending-end impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, insertion loss, experimental determination of characteristic impedance and the propagation constant, the voltage standing wave ratio, and impedance measurement. The final section in Chapter 3 includes a description of the Smith chart and its application in the analysis of transmission line circuits. Fundamental laws of electromagnetic fields are introduced in Chapter 4 along with wave equations and uniform plane wave solutions. Boundary conditions and potential functions that lead to the construction of solutions are then introduced. The chapter concludes with analyses of various metallic waveguides. Resonant circuits are discussed in Chapter 5, which begins with series and parallel resistance inductance capacitance circuits. This is followed by a section on transformer-coupled circuits. The final two sections of the chapter are devoted to transmission line resonant circuits and microwave resonators. Chapters 6 and 7 deal with impedance-matching techniques. Single reactive element or stub, double-stub, and lumped-element matching techniques arediscussed in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 is devoted to multisection transmission line impedance transformers, binomial and Chebyshev sections, and impedance tapers. Chapter 8 introduces circuit parameters associated with two-port networks. Impedance, admittance, hybrid, transmission, scattering, and chain scattering parameters are presented, along with examples that illustrate their characteristic behaviors. Chapter 9 begins with the image parameter method for the design of passive filter circuits. The insertion-loss technique is introduced next to synthesize Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters. The chapter includes descriptions of impedance and frequency scaling techniques to realize high-pass, bandpass, and bandstop networks. The chapter concludes with a section on microwave transmission line filter design. Concepts of signal-flow-graph analysis are introduced in Chapter 10, along with a representation of voltage source and passive devices, which facilitates formulation of the power gain relations that are needed in the amplifier design discussed in Chapter 11. The chapter begins with stability considerations using

PREFACE xi scattering parameters of a two-port networkfollowedbydesigntechniquesof various amplifiers. Chapter 12 presents basic concepts and design of various oscillator circuits. The phase-locked loop and its application in the design of frequency synthesizers are also summarized. The final section of the chapter includes the analysis and design of microwave transistor oscillators using S-parameters. Chapter 13 includes the fundamentals of frequency-division multiplexing, amplitude modulation, radio-frequency detection, frequency-modulated signals, and mixer circuits. The book ends with nine appendixes, which include a discussion of logarithmic units (db, dbm, dbw, dbc, and neper), design equations for selected transmission lines (coaxial line, strip line, and microstrip line), and a list of abbreviations used in the communication area. Some of the highlights of the book are as follows: ž The presentation begins with an overview of frequency bands, RF and microwave devices, and their applications in various areas. Communication systems are presented in Chapter 2, including terrestrial and satellite systems, wireless services, antenna terminology, the Friis transmission formula, the radar equation, and Doppler radar. Thus, students learn about the systems using blocks of amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, filters, and so on. Students response has strongly supported this top-down approach. ž Since students are assumed to have only one semester of electrical circuits, resonant circuits and two-port networks are included in the book. Concepts of network parameters (impedance, admittance, hybrid, transmission, and scattering) and their characteristics are introduced via examples. ž A separate chapter on oscillator design includes concepts of feedback, the Hartley oscillator, the Colpitts oscillator, the Clapp oscillator, crystal oscillators, phased-locked-loop and frequency synthesizers, transistor oscillator design using S-parameters, and three-port S-parameter description of transistors and their use in feedback network design. ž A separate chapter on detectors and mixers includes amplitude- and frequency-modulated signal characteristics and their detection schemes, single-diode mixers, RF detectors, double-balanced mixers, conversion loss, intermodulation distortion in diode-ring mixers, and field-effecttransistor mixers. ž Appendixes include logarithmic units, design equations for selected transmission lines, and a list of abbreviations used in the communication area. ž There are 153 solved examples with a step-by-step explanation. Therefore, practicing engineers will find the book useful for self-study as well. ž There are 275 class-tested problems at the ends of chapters. Supplementary material is available to instructors adopting the book.

xii PREFACE Acknowledgments I learned this subject from engineers and authors who are too many to include in this short space, but I gratefully acknowledge their contributions. I would like to thank my anonymous reviewers, instructors here and abroad who used the first edition of this book and provided a number of constructive suggestions, and my former students, who made useful suggestions to improve the presentation. I deeply appreciate the support I received from my wife, Ila, and son, Shashank, during the course of this project. The first edition of this book became a reality only because of enthusiastic support from then-senior editor Philip Meyler and his staff at Wiley. I feel fortunate to continue getting the same kind of support from current editor Val Moliere and from Kirsten Rohstedt. DEVENDRA K. MISRA