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3 TABLE OF CONTENTS "PAPER AND PAPER MANUFACTURE" I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF PAPER... 1 ~ A. Overview B. Raw Materials and Early Development C. Use of Wood and the Chemical Process D. The Impact of Paper Manufacture 11. MODERN PAPER TECHNOLOGY....5 A. Overview B. Pulp Making Processes: Facts and Figures C. The Complete Chemical Pulping Process D. Wood Residues E. Recovered Paper F. Cotton Fibers G. By-products of the Kraft Pulping Operation 111. ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT CONCERNS... io A. Energy B. Environment IV. THE MANY USES OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD....i5 V. AMERICAN FOREST & PAPER ASSOCIATION: THE INDUSTRY'S VOICE... 16

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5 A. OVERVIEW People have always sought to improve ways to communicate their thoughts and to record their ideas. Thousands of years ago, pictures and symbols were laboriously etched on stones, bones, and cave walls. Later, other surfaces were used: beeswaxed boards, palm leaves, bronze, silk and clay tablets, to name just a few. It was the Egyptians some 4,000 years ago who discovered a more efficient writing surface: papyrus, a crosswoven mat of reeds which was pounded into a hard thin sheet. The word "paper" actually comes from the term "papyrus." The ancient Greeks also contributed to the advancement of writing technology by using a parchment made from animal skins. Paper, as we know it today, was invented in 105 A.D. by Ts'ai Lun, a Chinese court official. It is believed that Ts'ai mixed mulberry bark, hemp and rags with water, mashed it into a pulp, pressed out the liquid and hung the thin mat to dry in the sun. Unbeknownst to him, Ts'ai's predominantly wood mixture set off mankind's greatest revolution in communications. In his own homeland, this revolution carried the Chinese to a higher cultural level. One emperor had a library of 50,000 books at a time when most of the great leaders of Europe couldn't even write their own names! The Chinese were able to keep the new papermaking process a secret for several hundred years. During the 8th century, however, the secret was discovered by the Muslims when they captured a Chinese mill at Samarkand in 751. The Muslims carried the secret with them through Europe on their path of invasions. The first mill was located at Xativa, Spain, in The Spanish shared the technology with Central America when Cortes invaded in The first paper mill in the new world was founded in Culhuacan, near Mexico City, in Meanwhile, in Europe, the manufacture of paper was spreading quickly, from Italy (1276), to France (1320), to Germany (1390). England was engaged in large-scale paper manufacturing by the 16th century. The colonists carried the process with them to America soon thereafter. The first paper mill in America was built in Philadelphia, in The first cylinder machine was installed close by, in 1817.

6 ~ ~ ~ B. RAW MATERIALS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT Until only a few centuries ago, a limited number of people could read and write, therefore, the demand for paper was very low. Wom-out clothing, which was largely linen (cellulose from flax) and cotton fiber provided sufficient raw material for papermaking. As literacy increased, and particularly after Johann Gutenberg's invention of the printing press with movable type (about 1450), the demand for paper grew. As a result of this, and the invention of mechanical pulpers or beaters, supplies of rag fibers (both linen and cotton) became inadequate. Paper was first made in America in 1690 at a mill owned by William Rittenhouse and William Rrarlfntd at Wissahickon Creek, near Philadelphia. With both imagination and hard work, they collected, separated, cleaned and recycled -- by hand -- old cloth rags to make writing papers. - Despite the faults of this process, the Western world was making paper from rag fibers until the early 1800s. Each sheet was individually tumed out by dipping a screen into a vat of watersuspended fibers and filtering the water away from the fibers. A good worker could produce no more than 750 sheets a day. It was an expensive, tedious process that couldn't answer the growing demand for paper. The demand for paper was so great, and the supply so lacking, that during the Revolutionary War, soldiers had to tear up old books to make wadding for their barrel-loading guns. George Washington's generals sent him messages on mere scraps of paper. John Adams, in a letter to his wife, wrote: "I send you now and then a few sheets of paper; this article is as scarce here as it is With you." In desperation, Washington ordered the discharge of some paper makers and sent them back to the mills, unaware that the trees all around them would one day become the prime and renewable source of paper. In 1798, paper production went from the hand to the machine. Nicholas Louis Robert, a clerk at a papermaking mill in Essenay, France, devised a plan for a machine that replaced handdipping and produced paper in a continuous roll. The hand-cranked machine was basically a large, endless wire screen which filtered pulp, a mixture of fibers that had been ground-up and was suspended in water. Due to political unrest in France, as well as Robert's inability to secure financial backing, the patent was sold to the Fourdrinier brothers in London. They made improvements and additions to the original device, developing a relatively practical machine which was the forerunner of the modem papermaking machine. The newly developing paper industry was, however, still restricted by its raw materials -- rags -- which were expensive and limited in quantity. I 2

7 C, USE OF WOOD AND THE CHEMICAL PROCESS Human ingenuity has always found sources of supply for specific human needs. The problem presented by the scarcity of rags, together with the increasing demand for paper, was solved around the middle of the 19th century by the invention of several processes for the manufacture of papermaking pulps from wood. In fact, nearly one hundred years earlier, Rene de Reaumur, a French scientist, had pointed to a solution to the fiber shortage. Reaumur noticed wasps using minute fibers of wood to make nests, the texture of which resembled paper. "The wasp invites us to try to make fine and good paper from the use of certain woods," he wrote. This suggestion was ignored until Friedrich Gottlob Keller, a German, read Reaumur's treatise _ - -- in 1850 and invented a wood grinder designed to pulp wood by grinding away its structure with a roughened stone. The wood pulp produced, however, was of poor quality compared with the rag Pulp* In 1852, Hugh Burgess, an Englishman, advanced papermaking through a chemical pulping process - a technique of obtaining pulp, by digestion of wood, with solutions of various chemicals. Burgess' method involved the pulping of wood chips by cooking them in a caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) liquor, hence the name "soda" process. In 1867, C.B. Tilghman, an American chemist, made a second contribution to the chemical pulping of wood through the sulfite pulping method. This process solved a major chemical problem of dissolving unwanted resins present in the wood. Then, in 1879, C.F. Dahl, a Swede, developed the sulfate method of pulping wood. The process was essentially a modification of the soda process, but instead of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate was the major chemical used as the cooking liquor. The new sulfate -- or kraft (Swedish for "strength") -- pulp was manufactured almost immediately in Sweden, Finland and Norway. Its manufacture was introduced in Quebec in 1907 and into the United States soon afterwards. Do THE IMPACT OF PAPER MA"ACTURE. In the early days of wood pulp manufacture, the industry was located mainly in the New England states and in New York. The spruce trees in these states made both excellent groundwood and excellent sulfite pulp. The industry expanded westward to Wisconsin, Michigan and Minnesota, where there were also spruce and balsam trees, and still farther westward to Washington and Oregon, where hemiock and fir trees were utilized. With the extension of the sulfate process to the resinous pine trees in the South in the late 1920's, the sulfate pulp industry became firmly established in the Southem states with their excellent supply of this kind of tree. By the turn of the 20th century, the age of economical, mass-produced paper was launched in America. Newspapers multiplied. A large number of magazines appeared on the stands. The 3

8 ~~ - and importance of the school slate diminished, giving way to notebooks and lined paper. There was a flood of five-and-ten cent novels from the presses. Between 1889 and 1900, the production of paper doubled to about 2.5 million tons a year. I ~ As the century progressed, paper itself changed from a primarily cultural product used for newspapers, books and writing paper to a basic product that could serve innumerable purposes. Thus, wrapping paper and bag production flourished to meet the need in the marketing of merchandise. For example, Charles B. Stillwell invented the machine to make brown paper supermarket bags in 1883 in Philadelphia. Today, nearly 20 billion paper bags are used annually in supermarkets, and many of them are recycled into new bags and boxes. Drugs and toilet articles were packaged in functional and attractive wrappers and cartons, as were frozen foods other supermarket products with their particular needs. Signs and posters appeared across the country. Corrugated and solid fiber boxes assumed a growing role in moving goods from producer to consumer, gradually replacing cumbersome wooden crates. Without plentiful, low-cost paper and paperboard, the industrial revolution in mass production, mass packaging, and mass shipping and distribution could never have provided the bases for the high standard of living prevailing in the United States today. Each year, literally each month, paper becomes a more important factor in the life of the individual and the life of the nation. Today, the paper and allied products industry has grown to be among the top ten manufacturing industries in the United States. It operates mills and converting plants in all States of the Union, employs some 700,000 individuals and provides total employee compensation (wages, salaries and benefits) of $29 billion. In 1991, the industry produced 82.4 million tons of paper and board, and the value of paper and allied products shipments amounted to $125.5 billion!. 4

9 A. OVERVIEW A basic property of paper is the strength of its fibers and their ability to adhere together as a sheet. This ability is the result of the properties of cellulose molecules and molecular aggregates and the great number of hydroxyl (one atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen) groups they contain. When wet cellulose surfaces are brought together and allowed to dry, they bond with considerable strength. This ability of natural fibers to form bonds through their hydrogen ions is the basis of papermaking. For most paper grades, untreated fibers direct from a pulping operation do not bond sufficiently to provide adequate sheet strength. The fibers must, therefore, be modified physically to provide improved surfaces for fiber-to-fiber bonding. Various types of processes (Le., beaters and refiners) subject the fibers to intense mechanical action so that the structure of the fiber is loosened and additional bonding surfaces are created. Paper, then, is made from cellulosic fibers. These fibers can be obtained from several different renewable resources such as trees, cotton, flax, sugarcane and a host of other fibrous plants. In this century, trees have provided the predominant source of cellulosic fiber for making paper. Both the logs and chips derived from wood that are used for papermaking are called pulpwood. Pulp, which almost always consists of cellulosic fiber, can be produced either by mechanical or chemical processes. In the mechanical processes, logs are reduced to fiber by holding them against huge grindstones; or wood chips are reduced to fiber by passing them between stone and metal refiner (serrated) disks revolving at high speeds, producing what is called groundwood pulp. A mechanical process which has taken on significance in newer mills is called thennomechanical. In this process, the wood chips are first softened under pressure and heat before they are ground. 5

10 Another recent technology produces chemi-thermomechanical pulp in which pretreatment with chemicals is involved. The pulp obtained by mechanical processes includes the lignin (the glue-like substance that binds the.cellulosic fibers of the tree) along with the fibers. As a result, the mechanical processes utilize a much higher percentage of the tree than does the alternative chemical process. Because lignin discolors shortly after exposure to light, papers made from the mechanical process are more typically those with short lives, like newsprint. The fibers obtained by this process are also shorter and, therefore, weaker than those from the chemical process, but they also tend to fall more closely together in the papermaking process, thereby producing a more opaque sheet. As a result, mechanical pulps are the principal components of paper for end uses requiring opacity at light weights and where the product is likely to be discarded within a relatively short period s, telephone books, directories and mail order catalogues.) In the chemical process, wood chips are cooked in a giant "pressure cooker" or digester where the lignin is dissolved, freeing the cellulose fibers. As a result, the inherent length of fibers is retained, and they are stronger and longer-lasting. Bleaching of chemical pulps produces bright papers required for books, correspondence, business forms, etc. - papers where the contrast with ink is important for clarity and legibility. Unbleached chemical pulps are used in the manufacture of linerboard for containers, for grocery and other sacks and for a variety of different uses where brightness is not essential. In addition to the processes mentioned above, pulp can be made by such other processes as semichemical, chemi-groundwood, soda, and cold soda processes. Chemists are continually trying to find better and more economical means of producing pulp. B. PULP MAKING PROCESSES: FACTS AND FIGURES Different types of paper require different types of furnish -- the fiber and water mixture from which paper is made. Total paper grade wood pulp production in the U.S. can be broken down as follows: e Chemical pulp (sulfate, sulfite and soda) process generates 83.8% of the wood pulp produced in the U.S.; Mechanical pulp, including thermomechanical pulp, accounts for approximately 9.9% of the wood pulp total; e Semi-chemical pulp represents 6.3 %. 6

11 -ki%t=eult] C. THE COMPLETE CHEMICAL PULPING PROCESS The chemical pulp method is by far the most widely used process by which wood pulp is produced in the United States. In this process, fiber separation is accomplished by cooking the wood by one of several different methods, depending on the type of wood used and the kind of pulp desired. -- ~ The chemical pulp process first involves reducing the wood to small chips, about an inch square and one-eighth inch thick. The chips are then fed into large vats, called "digesters", either in a batch, or on a continuous basis, where they cook for one-and-a-half to four hours. These digesters, designed on the same principle as a kitchen pressure cooker, are three to five stories up to 18 feet in diameter. The chips and chemicals are steamed under pressure until the mixture is reduced, after initial refining, to a wet, oatmeal-like mass. It is this cooking that dissolves the lignin and frees the fibers, thus suspending them in water. ' f r u s The pulp is "blown" from the digesters under pressure in order to separate the fibers, which are washed to remove the chemicals and other materids and then sent to the beaters. In older mills, the most common form of beating consisted of passing the suspended pulp between sets of metal bars or knives that complete the separation, reduce the fibers to proper length and fray their so they will bond together when formed into a sheet. Added during the beating are: dyes (to impart color to the paper, if desired); size (to fill the pores in the paper and improve water vapor resistance and surface printability or "smoothness"); starches (to give firmness and "rattle" to the paper); and resins (to provide the paper with water resistant properties.) Other coatings may also be required to produce a specific type of paper. The modern trend in large, computerized mills is to replace beaters with ruggedly built disk refiners which, rather than shortening the fibers, loosen the threadlike elements from the fiber wall, thereby providing greater surface for forming fiber-to-fiber bonds. The pulp - at this point more than 99% water and less than 1 % fiber -- is sprayed onto an endless mesh screen at the "wet" end of the paper machine. This screen is called the Fourdrinier wire. Through a constant side-to-side vibration of the screen, the fibers bond to each other, and some of the water is extracted by gravity. After the fibers leave the Fourdrinier wire as a continuous sheet, traveling at speeds that are often in excess of 3,000 feet per minute and sometimes 6,000, it is subjected to pressure and suction in order to remove as much additional water as possible. The paper then winds over a long series of steam-heated cylinders called "dryers." They are as wide as the Fourdrinier wire which, on the larger machines, can be more than 30 feet. Here, the last of the water is removed, leaving the paper with about 6% 'moisture content (called "air dry") -- in contrast to the 99+ % water in the initial furnish. After drying, the procedure differs according to the end product desired. Some papers go through a process called "calendering," which provides a smooth finish by ironing the sheets 7

12 ~~ ~ -~ between heavy, polished metal rollers. Others pass through processes that apply surface coatings such as clays to provide a smooth printing surface. However finished, the product that comes from the "dry" end of the paper machine is paper (or, in the heavier weights, paperboard) which is lwound into rolls and later converted to smaller rolls or sheets, if desired. The rolls or sheets may then be shipped to publishers to be made into newspapers or magazines; to converting plants to be made into packaging products, envelopes and sanitary paper products; and to other plants where thousands of other useful products can be made. D, WOOD RESIDUES - About 35% of the pulpwood used by the paper industry comes to the mill from the residues of the saw mills that manufacture other wood products or from forest wastes. For example, the slabs and edgings of the tree that used to be discarded or burned at the lumber and plywood mills are now cut into chips and sent to the pulp mill along with sawdust. Even branches and tree roots, once left in the forest, are now used to some extent to make pulp. E, RECOVERED PAPER While the utilization of virgin fiber has expanded over recent decades, the use of recovered paper for papermaking has also been expanding. Recovered paper (formerly referred to as waste paper) currently supplies almost one-third of the U.S. paper industry's fibrous raw materials needs. In fact, when coupled with waste wood and forest residues, close to 60% of the fiber used in the manufacture of U.S. paper is from recovered paper or reclaimed fibers. Millions of tons of recovered paper, including used corrugated boxes, old newspapers, mixed office waste, as well as the scrap from various paper converting operations (such as envelopes and cormgated shipping containers) are collected each year and routed back to the mills. Recyclable paper is repulped and used in the production of many paper and paperboard products, especially cartons and packaging materials, although increasingly newsprint and printing papers also include some recycled context. F. COTTONFIBERS Prior to the mid-19th century, cotton was a major source of cellulose for papermaking. Today, cotton-fiber papers are still made. "Rag"-content paper (a generic term which includes such materials as cotton or linen threads, flax, raw cotton and other textile fibers and cotton linters, 8

13 as well as rags) may contain from 25% to 100% rag fiber. Most rags used by the cotton-fiber paper industry are new cotton clippings which come from various textile mills and garment factories. Today, cotton fibers are used primarily where strength, permanence and durability are desired. Because of these outstanding characteristics, cotton fiber papers are used extensively for paper currency, historical documents, life insurance policies and legal documents where permanence is of prime importance. They are also used for technical drawings and high grade stationery Paper. G. BY-PRODUCTS OF THE KRAFT PULPING OPERATION There are many by-products produced from the kraft pulping process which, in turn, have numerous end-uses. Two of the better known by-products are tall oil and sulfate turpentine. Tall oil, a term derived from the Swedish "tallolja," meaning "oil from pine," is a by-product of the kraft pulping process which can be refined by various methods. It has become a particularly important commercial by-product, being used in a wide variety of ways, including the making of emulsifiers, soaps, linoleum, paints, varnishes, polishes, printing inks and waterproofing agents. Sulfate turpentine is another important by-product of the kraft pulping process. It is formed during digestion and collected by distillation. Turpentine is used chiefly as a solvent, thinner and cleaner. The spent pulping liquors (chemicals and lignin residues) drawn from the chemical kraft pulping process can be concentrated and burned in a recovery boiler -- so named because it not only captures the energy value of the lignin in those liquors, but also allows the original pulping chemicals to be recovered for reuse. The energy generated by recovery boilers provide 40% of the industry's total energy requirements, contributing to a high degree of energy self-sufficiency. 9

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15 A. ENERGY - The pulp and paper industry, an energy-intensive industry, has made great strides -- through investment in technology and determination -- towards reducing its fossil fuel consumption and utilizing fuel more efficiently. In the past twenty years, this investment and determination has resulted in significant accomplishments: The paper industry has reduced oil consumption by nearly 66%, natural gas consumption by 10% and fossil fuel and energy consumption per ton of paper by 46% -- all achieved while production of pulp, paper and paperboard increased by almost 60%. Primarily by utilizing its own waste by-products, America's paper industry. produces over 56% of the energy required to operate its own mills. In addition, the paper industry is one of the leading U.S. industries in cogenerating electricity. Cogeneration is the efficient production of two kinds of energy, electricity and mechanical energy, from the same source: high-pressure and high-temperature steam. The cogenerated electricity is used in process applications such as in pulping, paper drying, and space heating. The paper industry cogenerates over 50% of its electricity. This represents saving of the equivalent of 26 million barrels of oil annually -- enough to power New York City every year! Many paper mills actually create more electricity than they need for production. The excess is used to supplement local community needs. During the San Francisco Earthquake of 1989 and its aftermath, the excess went towards helping the community meet its emergency energy needs. 10

16 B. ENVIRONMENT,As outlined previously, the papermaking process requires fiber, water, chemicals and energy. These ingredients are combined in a paper mill to produce pulp which is, in turn, processed into paper and paperboard. But the process requires another essential link -- environmental responsibility. The industry now invests over $1 billion a year in capital outlays for environmental controls. Environmental spending could claim nearly 20% of industry capital during the 1990s. The industry is a major supporter of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recent voluntary pollution prevention initiative, the so-called "33/50" program, which set national, voluntary aggregate goals of 33 percent reduction in release of 18 specific chemicals by the end of 1992, and 50% reduction by the end of a The industry has voluntarily reduced the amount of dioxin (an unwanted byproduct of the pulp bleaching process) it generates annually, at a cost of over one billion dollars, to the point where the aggregate contribution from more than 100 mills is in range of less than four ounces nationwide in the course of a year. The industry voluntarily adopted in 1992 a set of environmental principles aimed at setting goals for environment quality, health and safety, as well as principles for forest resource management. U.S. pulp and paper mills employ air pollution control technologies that remove more than 97% of the particles generated during mill processes. Virtually every new solid fuel boiler and piece of process equipment contains the most sophisticated control technology available, achieving a particle removal rate of almost 100%. Through fuel switching, energy conservation and boiler upgrading, the industry has decreased its sulfur dioxide emissions between 1980 and 1990 by an estimated 34%, despite a production increase of 30%. For many years, the industry has practiced an extensive voluntary chemical and wastewater reuse program. 11

17 The industry continues to pursue innovative approaches for the management of its manufacturing-derived solid wastes, through programs for such purposes as land reclamation, soil conditioning, and agricultural fertilizers. To encourage technological innovation, the industry annually sponsors the "Environmental and Energy Achievement Awards" program, which honors significant achievements by member companies in the environmental and energy arenas. Air While production rose by 30%, emissions of odorous compounds from the kraft pulping process have been reduced by 80% since 1974 through a combination of increased process controls, improved equipment designs and efficient gas collection systems for new and existing mills. The industry has moved aggressively to comply with stringent sulfur dioxide emission limits for new boilers through increased use of wood residue fuels with virtually no sulfur dioxide emissions, and through the use of very low sulfur coal and oil. Fuel switching, energy conservation and boiler upgrading have resulted in an estimated 34% decrease in sulfur dioxide emissions between 1980 and 1990, despite a production increase of 30%. Water Almost across the board, the pulp and paper industry has installed the technologies required to meet the Environmental Protection Agency's effluent guidelines under the "best practicable treatment" requirements. U.S. paper manufacturing processes require 60% less water per ton of product than they did over two decades ago, and the industry's wastewater treatment has long led the rest of the world. Since implementation of the Clean Water Act, total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (a measure of environmental impact) of industry wastewater has been reduced by 70%, even though paper production has increased by 50%. About half of our mills have installed more extensive treatment than required by federal guidelines. These are in the form of elaborate treatment systems and/or. wastewater storage facilities to meet state and local water quality goals. U.S. paper producers are currently achieving overall effluent pollutant discharge levels that are being targeted as mid-decade goals by other paper producing nations. 12

18 ..... Recovery and Recyciig In 1990, U.S. paper companies established a voluntary goal to recover -- for domestic recycling and export percent of all the paper American's use. The industry is now on track to exceed its 1995 goal. Recovery will likely reach 40% within 1993 and may go as high as 42% in The world paper recovery average was 37% in 1991, the last year for which data is available. The industry's recovery goal constituted a unique commitment by U.S. paper companies to expand recycling. Between 1988 and 1995, paper companies will be investing approximately $7.5 billion in recycling mills. Since the goal was announced, over 130 new paper recycling projects are up-and-running, under construction or publicly announced. Today, about 400 domestic paper mills recycle some recovered paper, and 200 depend entirely on it for their raw material requirements. Clear progress has been made in diverting paper from disposal, Forest Management In 1993, for the first time, more paper will be recovered for recycling than will be sent to landfills, and less paper is going to landfills now than in the past million tons less in 1993 than in Last year, more than one of every two newspapers and better than half of all the corrugated boxes used were recovered for recycling - both record levels. Office paper recovery reached an estimated 31 percent, up from 24 percent in The nation's wood supply has been increased by adequately stocking and spacing trees, thinning and fertilizing trees as they grow, using genetically improved planting stock, and controlling weeds. The results of such scientific forest management assure that trees grow faster, straighter, stronger and can better resist insects, fire and other impeaiments to their growth. New forest management practices have been utilized which reduce soil erosion, provide scenic buffer strips along heavily traveled roads, and produce more food for forest wildlife. The paper and forest products industry owns about 15 % of America's timberland and is strongly committed to reforestation and sound forest management. Of the nearly 3 billion seedlings planted each year, about half are planted by industry, the remainder by government and private groups. Over the last decade, forest growth has exceeded the volume of harvests and losses to natural causes, ensuring the expansion and preservation of renewabie forest resources. 13

19 Environmental Research For over 40 years, the industry has sponsored its own world-class environmental research program through the National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI). Environmental and Energy Achievement Awards Program One reflection of the industry's pride in its environmental and energy achievements is its annual Environmental and Energy Achievement Awards. These awards recognize companies that have exhibited "a sustained and effective environmental initiative" and demonstrated specific accomplishments that have become operational during the previous year. They honor achievements in six areas: air pollution control, water pollution control, solid waste management, energy management, energy innovation and forest management. The panel of judges consists of leading environmentalists from outside of the industry. 14

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21 Of the myriad contributions of paper, perhaps its most significant and enduring contribution to civilization has been its use as a medium to record and transmit knowledge through the written word. This has had ramifications in law, religion, science and literature. In short, paper has been the vehicle by which the ideas and ambitions of a society have been advanced. Paper is versatile. Whatever its size, shape or texture, its applications are limited only by a person's ingenuity. In plentiful supply, and at its low cost, paper provides about 24 billion copies of newspapers and more than two billion books in the United States annually. It provides lightweight, shock-absorbing paperboard cartons for eggs and electric bulbs, as well as heavyduty paperboard for shipping frozen poultry, meats, canned and bottled foods and other foodstuffs. It is the ideal shipping container for an endless variety of products. In fact, in 1992, 336 billion square feet of corrugated shipping containers were used for transporting everything from cement to candy, and from clothing to refrigerators. Some 100 million tons of food, livestock feed, building materials, chemicals and drugs are shipped each year in multiwall shipping sacks. While ideal for packaging, there are endless other uses for paper products: filter papers for coffee pots and space technology; papers for printed circuits in the electronics industry; papers for data processing and copying; sanitary papers for toilet tissue, towels and napkins; resinimpregnated papers for lamination to provide durable cabinet, bookcase and table surfaces; specialty paper for garments for protection against radioactivity; disposable surgical gowns, bed sheets and pillowcases to lessen the danger of infection and to reduce costs in hospitals; papers blended with wood, metal and plastics for hundreds of product uses requiring such properties as heat resistance, durability, moisture resistance, strength or bulk. And the list goes on... In the modem era, new methdds of communications and packaging are constantly being developed. New markets for paper open up. New uses evolve. The need for printed matter of all types continues to grow -- along with demand for efficient and inexpensive packaging and shipping containers -- for sanitary papers, for industrial papers and for hundreds of other paper products. 15

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23 The American Forest & Paper Association (AFPA) is the national trade association of the paper, solid wood and forest industries. AFPA represents approximately 550 member companies and related trade associations (whose memberships are in the thousands) which grow, harvest and process wood and wood fiber, produce solid wood products, and manufacture pulp, paper and paperboard products from both virgin and recovered fiber. As a single national association, AFPA represents a vital national industry which accounts for over seven percent of the total U.S. manufacturing output. Employing some 1.4 million people, this industry ranks among the top 10 employers in 46 states, With an annual payroll of about $46 billion. The forest and paper products industry generates sales of $200 billion annually, and as a significant exporter to global markets, makes an important contribution to the U.S. balance of payments. Copyright, 1993 American Forest & Paper Association 1250 Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C The Revenue Act of 1987 requires that 501 (c)6 tax-exempt organizations, such as ours, disclose the following: Contributions or gifts to the American Forest & Paper Association are not deductible as charitable contributions for Federal income tax purposes. 16

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