WMD/CBRN Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear

Transcription

1 Lecture 10: WMD and Non-Lethal Weapons Ethics and New Weapons Technologies February 19, 2015

2 WMD/CBRN Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear

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5 LittleBoyandFatMan

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7 Types of Nuclear Weapons

8 The Nuclear Triad: Air

9 The Nuclear Triad: Submarine

10 The Nuclear Triad: Silos

11 The Davy Crockett

12 Backpack Nuclear Weapon(H 912)

13 Artillery-Fired Nuclear Weapon (GRABLE EVENT)

14 Train-Mounted Nuclear Weapon (Russia)

15 Truck-Mounted Nuclear Weapon (Russia)

16 Multiple Independently-Targetable Reentry Vehicle

17 The Tsar Bomba

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19 The Tsar Bomba

20 The Tsar Bomba 5-mile diameter fireball 40-mile high mushroom cloud(7 times the height of Everest, reaching the mesosphere) All buildings 55 miles away destroyed Third-degreeburnsupto62milesaway,thermalpulse170 miles away Windowsbrokenupto560milesaway,andatmospheric reflections broke windows in Norway and Finland Ifsomebodydropsoneoncampus: 1,100-foot deep crater from the baseball stadium to the road between the lakes Almost every building is destroyed, 100% fatalities in a radius to the mall Every residential building is destroyed and every person is injured in a radius to Denham Springs ThirddegreeburnsinaradiustoHammond For100%certainfreeofburninjury,you dhavetobeinslidell

21 (Nuclear Detonations, ) Video

22 Bomb Shelters

23 Dr. Strangelove

24 Current Active Triad Size(9/1/2014) State Deployed Weapons Deployed Warheads All Launchers Russia 528 1, U.S , DatamadepubliclyavailableasaresultoftheSORTTreaty

25 Nuclear Stockpile Size

26 Dropping the Bomb Truman sdiary: IhavetoldtheSec.ofWar...touseitsothat military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless,andfanatic,weastheleaderoftheworldforthe common welfare cannot drop that terrible bomb on the old capital orthenew.he&iareinaccord.thetargetwillbeapurelymilitary one,andwewillissueawarningstatementaskingthejapsto surrender... Leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima, but Hiroshima and Nagasaki were not listed as cities that could be potentially attacked. The bombing orders list four potential cities as targets and say nothing of military targets.

27 Discussion Topics TheethicsofMAD FalloftheSovietUnion Security of nuclear material Nuclear terrorism Dirty bombs Nuclear proliferation Forensics Are we ethically obligated to disarm? Unilaterally? Are we ethically permitted to continue research?

28 Non-Lethal Weapons The default ethical position: If it s a non-lethal weapon, it has to be good, right? It s obvious that not killing people is better than killing them. The challenge: Get around this default position to explore the ethical issues more deeply.

29 DoDonNLW

30 DoDonNLW A NLW is explicitly designed, and primarily employed, to incapacitate people or materiel while minimizing fatalities or permanent injury and undesired damage to property and the environment (DoD Directive )

31 AKA Less-lethal weapons Pre-lethal weapons Disabling/incapacitating weapons Soft-kill weapons Worse-than-lethal weapons

32 Varieties of NLW(1/2) Kinetic Energy: Impact munitions(foam rubber projectiles, wooden dowels, bean bags, plastic bullets, water cannons, ring airfoil projectile) Barriers and Entanglements: Devices to slow the progress of and stop vehicles or boats(e.g. nets, chains, spikes, rigid foams) Electrical: Electro-muscular disruption technology(e.g. Taser stun guns, retractable stun sword, exoskeleton stun weapon, wireless electrical weapon(e.g. Close Quarters Shock Rifle), laser-induced plasma weapon Acoustic: Acoustic generators, acoustic cannon, long-range acoustic devices, ultrasound Directed Energy: High power microwave, millimeter wave, lasers, pulsed energy projectile weapon

33 Varieties of NLW(2/2) Chemical: Riot control agents, malodorants, anti-traction materials, obscurants, sticky foam, anti-materiel chemicals, defoliants/herbicides, nanoparticles Biochemical: Calmatives, convulsants, incapacitants Biological: Anti-materiel microorganisms, anti-crop agents Combined: Flash-bang grenades, kinetic + chemical dispersal devices, optical + chemical dispersal devices Delivery Systems: Non-lethal munitions(e.g. mortar shells), land-mines, unmanned vehicles and vessels, encapsulation/microencapsulation

34 Varieties of NLW(BNLWRP)

35 Varieties of NLW(BNLWRP 2)

36 (Active Denial System) Video

37 Factual Concerns(NAS) Effects on target(significant, repeatable effects) Rheostatic capability Selective targeting Portablebyapersonorexistingvehicle Standoff/range Easeofcleanup Developmental maturity Complementary or synergistic technology Acquisition and operational costs(training, maintenance) Robustness to countermeasures

38 WhyUseNLW?(NAS) Counterpersonnel Control crowds Incapacitate individuals and/or groups Denyareatopersonnel Clear facilities and structures of personnel Countermateriel Deny area to vehicles, vessels, and aircraft Disable/neutralize vehicles, vessels, aircraft, and equipment Countercapability Disable/neutralize facilities and systems Denyuseofweaponsofmassdestruction

39 WhyUseNLW?(DoD)

40 WhyUseNLW?(DoD)

41 WhyDoWeCare? Advances in technology, including dual-use Alternatives to lethal weapons needed for peacekeeping Deliberate mixing of combatants and non-combatants Increasing reluctance to accept war deaths Law enforcement need for non-lethal arrest and restraint Promise of a bloodless, humane war Presence of international media on the battlefield Increasing role of military in operations other than warfare Increasing incidence of terrorist, hostage-taking scenarios

42 Kaurin Non-lethalweaponscanbeethical,ifandonlyif(inorderof importance): 1 They provide the military with more time and flexible response options 2 They reduce unnecessary suffering of non-combatants 3 They facilitate the eventual restoration of peace 4 They minimize combat casualties

43 Kaurin Importantly, they are not ethical if they re used: To circumvent or make irrelevant the distinction between combatants and non-combatants As an easy technological fix to difficult moral problems Asawaytomakewarmorepalatable Fromamoralperspective,NLWoughtnotrepresentanewvarietyof warfare if they do, it s likely they re being used unethically.

44 NATOonNLWEthics TheexistenceofNLWshouldnotbetakentolessenthe requirements of distinction While intended to de-escalate, NLW might lead to an increase intheresorttoforce Theyarenotnecessarilynon-lethalintheirownright they may be modified for illegal purposes Danger of proliferation(as with all weapons) Arenotasubstituteforlethalweapons,andfirstuseought never be required FurtherworkisneededtodetermineifexistingLOACis adequate

45 NLW, Constraint, and Escalation Many NLW are intentionally non-discriminant NLWarelikelytoweakenconstraintsplacedontheuseofforce and to lower the psychological barriers against violence (Voetberg) Reduced lethality could embolden adversaries to initiate and continue conflict and, if ineffective, could place our soldiers at greater risk(lucas)

46 NLW and Discrimination(Fidler) What is at stake here, therefore, is no small issue. The discussion involves all the ideas about ethics and war that international society has developed: non-targeting of civilians, proportionality, unnecessary suffering and superfluous injury are all concepts that may have to be overthrown in this perspective as operational needs and military technology evolve. These look like dark and dangerous watersthatshouldnotbeenteredlightly,yetthescopeandpaceof change in science and technology are such that these issues cannot be avoided for long.

47 NLW and First Use NLWdonotexistinavacuum theywillalwaysbeusedwithlethal weapons, as a complement. AvailabilityofNLWdoesnotimplythattheymustbeusedfirst,nor does it negate the right of soldiers to protect themselves with lethal force.(roland-price)

48 Unintended Use(WIRED) ButDavisonisquicktopointoutthecontradictionsofthe non-lethal movement. CS tear gas was deployed in Vietnam on a massive scale, supposedly to give troops a less-lethal alternative for dealing with civilian disturbances. The gas was neverusedinthisrole.infact,itwasusedfordrivingvietcong out of cover(especially tunnels). That helped enhance the lethality of other weapons, making it pre-lethal rather than non-lethal. When Russian Special Forces used a non-lethal Fentanyl derivative to end the siege at a Moscow theatre, the unconscious terrorists were shot dead in another display of pre-lethal use although there has been more controversy over thefactthatthegasitselfkilledoverahundredhostages.

49 Unintended Use(Lewer and Davison) In particular, emerging non-lethal weapons technologies offer an increasing opportunity for the suppression of civil dissent and the control of populations these are sometimes referred to as the technologies of political control.

50 (some unintended use of an NLW) Video