Heading Towards a Robotics Infrastructure: the Case of Tuscany Region

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Brussels, October 30, 2013 The Role of the

Heading Towards a Robotics Infrastructure:

1 Brussels, October 30, 2013 The Role of the EU Regions in Supporting Robotics The contribution from the Regional Research and Innovation to Europe s growth strategy Heading Towards a Robotics Infrastructure: the Case of Tuscany Region Paolo Dario The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant Anna Pisa, Italy

2 12 Faculty 75 PostDocs 88 PhD Students

3 Maria Chiara Carrozza (PhD in Biomedical Engineering at Scuola Superiore Sant Anna, Pisa) Minister of Education, University and Research Enrico Letta (PhD in Political Science at Scuola Superiore Sant Anna, Pisa) Prime Minister of Italy

4 Tuscany, Italy A country and a region with an extraordinary wealth of artistic and cultural heritage, deep attention to preserving the environment and social relations, excellent climate, good food and a relaxed, friendly atmosphere favoring long and active life (highest life expectancy in the world for males: 80.4 years; second highest for women: 84.9 years)

Tuscany: the Land of Robots Tuscany is not only

24 Ore, a major economics newspaper in Italy

5 Tuscany: the Land of Robots Tuscany is not only natural, Peccioli, Tuscany: the lab town for robot validation historical and artistic beauties, but also advanced technology Il Sole 24 Ore, a major economics newspaper in Italy Clinical centres use robots for surgery and rehabilitation

Tuscany: the Land of Robots Robotics technologies

and the underwater human heritage Tuscany is not

but also advanced technology Robotic systems

intelligence are used to cooperate safely with

6 Tuscany: the Land of Robots Robotics technologies are applied to preserve the natural environment and the underwater human heritage Tuscany is not only natural, historical and artistic beauties, but also advanced technology Robotic systems endowed with advanced perceptual capabilities and intelligence are used to cooperate safely with humans Il Sole 24 Ore, a major economics newspaper in Italy

7 Regione Toscana Workshop Tuscany-Europe 2020 Bruxelles, May 24, 2012 THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE TUSCANY RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SYSTEM TO THE EUROPEAN CHALLENGES Robotics and Biorobotics Prof. Paolo Dario Department of Research Coordination Regione Toscana 7

The Network RObOtics in TuScany ROOTS Six research institutions: CNR Robotics Researchers (Permanent + Graduate) Active EU projects Budget per year (K ) UniPi UniFi IIT@SSSA 0 + 9 1 3.

8 Robotics in Tuscany In Tuscany research in robotics is grounded on solid roots distributed across the districts of Firenze, Pisa and Siena. Tuscanian research centers on robotics feature tradition, innovation and passion. The Network RObOtics in TuScany ROOTS Six research institutions: CNR Robotics Researchers (Permanent + Graduate) Active EU projects Budget per year (K ) UniPi UniFi IIT@SSSA SSSA SSSA CNR Pisa Firenze Siena UniFI UniPI UniSI Total M UniSi A network of internationally renowned research institutions pursuing and addressing excellent research and education, industrial innovation and societal needs 8

Neuro-Robotics and Neuroprosthetics Biomimetics Robotics Science and Technology in Tuscany

2 ARAKNES new slet ter Array of Robots Augmenting the KiNematics of Endoluminal Surgery

org Robotics for Diagnosis and Surgery Robotics for Neurodevelopment Assistive and Service

ARAKNES Project is part of the 7 th Framework Programme of the European Commission and it

(Switzerland), MT (Italy), STM (Italy), USTAN (United Kingdom), KST (Germany), NVN

Marine and Environmental robotics The aim of the ARAKNES Project is the development of an

simulating some steps of the intervention (e.g., single port placement).

control each part of the robot in respect with the surrounding anatomy.

Paul Minnesot a, USA. See details under: http://www.icra2012.

EAES) 2 0-2 3 June 2 0 1 2 Brussels, Belgium See details under: http://congress.eaes.

See details under: http://www.biorob2012.

9 Neuro-Robotics and Neuroprosthetics Biomimetics Robotics Science and Technology in Tuscany February , I ssue no. 2 ARAKNES new slet ter Array of Robots Augmenting the KiNematics of Endoluminal Surgery Humanoid robotics Robotics for Rehabilitation w w w.araknes.org Robotics for Diagnosis and Surgery Robotics for Neurodevelopment Assistive and Service Robotics W hat is ARAKN ES? ARAKNES Project is part of the 7 th Framework Programme of the European Commission and it involves 11 partners: SSSA (Italy), I CL (United Kingdom), UNI PI (Italy), EPFL (Switzerland), MT (Italy), STM (Italy), USTAN (United Kingdom), KST (Germany), NVN (Germany), UB (Spain), CNRS (France). Marine and Environmental robotics The aim of the ARAKNES Project is the development of an innovative robotic platform for scar-less, or even no-scar, surgery. I m pressum This newsletter is issued by the UNI PI com pute r guidance and sim ulation pla tform An integrated platform has been developed to integrate the SPRINT robot with SIMULATION and NAVIGATION modules. The patient specific simulator allows to practice with the surgical robotic platform simulating some steps of the intervention (e.g., single port placement). The patient specific navigator assists the surgeon during the intervention allowing him to control each part of the robot in respect with the surrounding anatomy. For the SPRINT assessment an Upcom ing Events I CRA , May St. Paul Minnesot a, USA. See details under: t h I nternat ional Congress of the European Associat ion for Endoscopic Surgery ( EAES) June Brussels, Belgium See details under: ss2012.aspx BioRob June , Rom a, I t aly. See details under: Perceptual innovative Robotics The first in vivo te st of the electroche m ical array w as carried out succe ssfully. patient specific physical simulation platform with silicone organs has been developed. The 5 th Ham lyn Sym posium on Medical Robotics, 1-2 July , Sout h Kensingt on London Abstract submission deadline 2 8 March Details under, EMBC , August 2 8 Sept em ber 1, , San Diego. Abstract submission deadline: March 1 5, For details, see Educational Robotics Safe Human-Robot Interaction ELS

10 Industrial Leadership in Robotics in Tuscany Tuscany hosts many excellent industries related to robotics: 83+ industries oaverage annual turnover o25 employees in average 28+ spin-off Tuscany is the third Italian Region for number of industries and employees in the field of robotics units sold worldwide A new application for industrial robotics: robots to sculpt RobLog develops technologies to automate logistics processes 19 companies in the ICT- Robotics Innovation Pole 10

11 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 1) Creating Innovation Poles The Innovation Poles are groups of companies, research organizations and service centers designed to stimulate innovative activity by promoting intensive interactions, the shared use of facilities and exchange of knowledge and expertise, and by effectively contributing to technology transfer, to the networking and the dissemination of information among companies that make up the Pole

12 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 1) Creating Innovation Poles LIFE SCIENCES The Tuscany Region has identified 11 Innovation Poles, depending on the specific productive potential of different geographic areas PAPER OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY SAVING FURNITURE AND FURNISHINGS ICT & ROBOTICS SUSTAINABLE CITIES NANOTECHNOLOGIES FASHION MECHANICS NAUTICS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SEA

13 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 2) ICT & ROBOTICS Pole The ICT & Robotics Pole is a network of over 500 companies, 22,000 employees of which 20% are employed in R & D, 11 research organizations and service centers for growth in the Tuscan market sectors on ICT and Robotics. A network coordinated by the Technology Centre of Navacchio, as the Subject Manager.

14 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 3) The Robotics Cluster A cluster is a thematic and / or sectoral aggregate between companies and research organizations appointed to carry out functions of integration and technology transfer. It is a sub-group of the Pole and constitutes the advisory and guidance instrument for the definition of technical, operational, strategic choices of its Pole in the related field

15 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 3) The Robotics & Automation Cluster 25 Companies 4 Research Centers (Scuola Superiore S. Anna, and Pisa, Firenze and Siena Universities) COORDINATOR: Scienzia Machinale SCIENZA MACHINALE - Leader Quadrifoglio S.p.A. Prensilia S.r.l. Opus Automazione S.r.l. Brusa S.r.l. Ekymed S.p.A. Ma.Vi S.r.l. Linari Engineering S.r.l. LifeResult S.r.l. RoboTech srl Kayser Italia S.r.l Tecnalia Research & Innovation Era Endoscopy FASTENICA S.R.L. TechnoDeal S.r.l. EResult AIM HUMANOT TEXE ESANASTRI UNIVERSITA' DI PISA UNIVERSITA' DI SIENA UNIVERSITA' DI FIRENZE Powersoft Belvedere QB Robotics Pitom SCUOLA SUPERIORE S. ANNA Rekno

16 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 4) Technological Districts ICT & TLC LIFE SCIENCE The purposes of technological districts are the larger ones to contribute to the development and coordination of local competitiveness through research and innovation, and through the partnerships between companies, universities and research institutions in relation to a specific field of technology and application. "(regional Decree) In this context, the role of universities is to identify the strategic lines of scientific-technological development of the territory and promote its development. TECHNOLOGIES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE CITY RENEWABLE ENERGY MECHANICS AND RAIL TECHNOLOGIES

The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 5) Towards Smart Specialisation The Smart Specialisation policies are integrated programs of economic

17 The strategy of the Tuscany Region towards Smart Specialization & Technological Districts 5) Towards Smart Specialisation The Smart Specialisation policies are integrated programs of economic transformation within the strategies for regional development in the new Fondi Strutturali ( ) programming. The ICT & Robotics Pole is preparing a Smart Specialisation document with the contributions of each Cluster which was identified, in particular the one on Robotics & Automation.

18 Robot Companions for all ages Preterm birth Extended independent life Infancy Maturity Old age Neurodevelopmental bioengineering Robotics for frail age to prolong autonomy Robotics at work Educational robotics Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Search and rescue Service robotics Surgery/rehabilitation

Models Integrated care Large Efficiency gains Human Resources Shrinking work force Lacking

19 Social Necessity Demographic Ageing Major Opportunity Dependency Ratio From 1:4 to 1:2 80+ doubles by 2025 Empowerment Active Ageing Cost of Care Up by 4-8 % of GDP by 2025 New Care Models Integrated care Large Efficiency gains Human Resources Shrinking work force Lacking 20 million carers by 2020 Growth and Markets 3000 B Wealth 85 Million Consumers and growing 19

20 Robotics may be a solution to these societal needs. Provided that Research Insurance and legal regulations Industry Citizens Local Administrations Infrastructures to test robots in real situations

Societal Challenges In order to successfully deploy robots it is necessary to

will bring about real benefits to society.

Roboethics Roboethics is the ethics applied to robotics, that is the human-centered

Roboethics discuss the potentialities and the limits of robotics to help building a

RoboLaw The most important outcome of the research will consist of a White Paper on

Commission in the field of regulating emerging robotic technologies, in response to

21 Societal Challenges In order to successfully deploy robots it is necessary to involve, inform and demonstrate to citizens and to public administrations that they will bring about real benefits to society. Robots should be affordable, sustainable, dependable and intuitive to interact with. Roboethics Roboethics is the ethics applied to robotics, that is the human-centered ethics guiding the design, construction and use of the robots. Roboethics discuss the potentialities and the limits of robotics to help building a better human society. RoboLaw The most important outcome of the research will consist of a White Paper on Regulating Robotics, containing guidelines and suggestions for the European Commission in the field of regulating emerging robotic technologies, in response to the ethical concerns regarding its applications Sustainable Welfare Robotics technologies to improve the life of people and help elderly people to remain active and creative Collaborative Project FP7 GA

22 Deploying real robots in a real urban setting. The experience of the FP6 DustBot Project in Peccioli, Tuscany

23 The EU DustBot campaign in Peccioli, Pisa, Tuscany - from June 15 to August 7, in the very heart of the town with real users: 24 families and 10 business activities 95% of users declaring satisfaction and ease of use

24 Peccioli (Pisa): The RoboTown The case of Peccioli as ONE example of what a ROBOTICS INFRASTRUCTURE could be: a lab town for testing robots and robotic services Wellness and clinical center Virtous model of ecosustainabl e development Assisted residence Education Robotic services High-tech companies RoboTown Museum Theatre school School for designers of robots and services Theatre

25 Europe has a long tradition of outstanding research and manufacturing in robotics. European Clearing House for Open Robotics Development ECHORD ( ) was installed as an incubator to promote innovation by facilitating the cooperation between academia and industry. ECHORD++ s aim is to help robotics community to work together very closely on an operational level. New instruments will be used, such as: Experiments RIFs (Robotic Innovation Facilities) PCPP (Pre-Commercial Procurement Pilots) ECHORD++ ( ) will further stimulate this interaction between robot manufacturers, researchers and users.

26 The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) RIFs are facilities for bringing researchers and industry in direct contact with current and new users of robotics technologies. Advantages that a RIF offers: Possibility to have a ready-to-use realistic test bed, anytime you want Technology transfer/knowledge sharing straightforward access to robotics equipment and experts to support bootstrapping and to cater for knowledge exchange for everyone and anyone who is interested in robotics- no matter how unexposed to robotics they have been before Specific technology-oriented programs for spin-offs/smes

The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) RIFs are facilities for bringing researchers and industry in direct contact with current and new users of robotics technologies.

27 The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) RIFs are facilities for bringing researchers and industry in direct contact with current and new users of robotics technologies. Advantages that a RIF offers: What is the goal? To build an Innovation Ecology. RIFs will attract new stakeholder groups, facilitate interdisciplinary cooperation and address longterm research fields.

The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) Commission for Atomic Energy and Alternative

Target users: SMEs in medical engineering interested in the latest robotics equipment and its

medical technology and want to test it in real environments Students from medicine, psychology,

28 The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) Commission for Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies (CEA), Institute for Smart Digital Systems, Paris, France RIF: Medical & Health Robotics Target users: SMEs in medical engineering interested in the latest robotics equipment and its control as well as interface with operators (doctors) Researchers who have an idea in the area of medical technology and want to test it in real environments Students from medicine, psychology, biology who want to test an improve real robots for medical use Health care institutions and end user association.

The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) Bristol

Workers SMEs or larger companies considering how to use

considerable collaborative research is needed to establish

29 The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) Bristol Robotics Lab (BRL), Bristol, UK Target users: RIF: Cognitive Workers SMEs or larger companies considering how to use robotics in their processes and where expertise or considerable collaborative research is needed to establish the industrial feasibility and commercial viability of the process or products

30 The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona, Spain RIF: Outdoor Logistic, Urban Robotics

Scuola Superiore Sant Anna (SSSA), Pisa, Italy RIF: Indoor & Outdoor,

manufacturing SMEs and companies (service robots: autonomous cars,

Sociology researchers Service providers (health care, waste management,

31 Scuola Superiore Sant Anna (SSSA), Pisa, Italy RIF: Indoor & Outdoor, Logistic, Agricultural, Medical Robotics Target users: Robot manufacturing SMEs and companies (service robots: autonomous cars, edutainment robots, assistive robots, components) Robotics researchers Sociology researchers Service providers (health care, waste management, museum management, public transportation). The Concept of Robotic Innovation Facilities (RIF)

32 : PECCIOLI RIFs eccioli Town Nursing Home Ghizzano Bio Farm EredeCrecchi DomoCasaLab Bio Farm Floriddia Farm of Stassano

33 : PECCIOLI RIFs Landfill Belvedere Research Centre on Sea Technologies and Marine Robotics Auxilium Vitae Rehabilitation Centre- Volterra Cisanello Hospital Kitchens Warehouse Toncelli

cognitive factories, labs, warehouses, landfill (i.e. Robotic worker in rubbish dump), etc.

34 : PECCIOLI RIFs Cognitive Tools and Workers for Cognitive Factories Target: Cognitive Tools and Robot Workers that can work on a diversity of tasks in structured environments, such as cognitive factories, labs, warehouses, landfill (i.e. Robotic worker in rubbish dump), etc. What we offer: - Landfill of Belvedere i.e.: Tools for the automatization of compaction process

Factories Target: Cognitive Tools and Robot Workers that can work on a diversity of tasks in

35 : PECCIOLI RIFs i.e.: kitchen assembly, transport and storage in the warehouse Cognitive Tools and Workers for Cognitive Factories Target: Cognitive Tools and Robot Workers that can work on a diversity of tasks in structured environments, such as cognitive factories, labs, warehouses, landfill (i.e. Robotic worker in rubbish dump), etc. What we offer: - Landfill of Belvedere - Kitchens Warehouse Toncelli

: PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic

personalised companion robots, intelligent

car-repair work-shop, edutainment robot (robot

domotic house and nursing home) What we offer:

36 : PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic Co-workers Target: Applications like personalised companion robots, intelligent teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair work-shop, edutainment robot (robot guide and robot companion, in museum, in the domotic house and nursing home) What we offer: - DomoCasaLab i.e.: domotic house and personalised robot companion

: PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic Co-workers Target: Applications like personalised companion robots, intelligent teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair

37 : PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic Co-workers Target: Applications like personalised companion robots, intelligent teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair work-shop, edutainment robot (robot guide and robot companion, in museum, in the domotic house and nursing home) What we offer: - DomoCasaLab - Museum of Russian Icons i.e.: robotic museum guide

teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair work-shop,

the domotic house and nursing home) What we offer: - DomoCasaLab -

38 : PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic Co-workers Target: Applications like personalised companion robots, intelligent teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair work-shop, edutainment robot (robot guide and robot companion, in museum, in the domotic house and nursing home) What we offer: - DomoCasaLab - Museum of Russian Icons - Nursing home i.e.:robotic assistant for deambulation and daycare

39 : PECCIOLI RIFs General Purpose and Robotic Co-workers Target: Applications like personalised companion robots, intelligent teleoperators, assistants in a mechanical or car-repair work-shop, edutainment robot (robot guide and robot companion, in museum, in the domotic house and nursing home) What we offer: - DomoCasaLab - Museum of Russian Icons - Nursing home - Industries i.e.: industrial coworker

: PECCIOLI RIFs Cognitive Logistics Robots Target:

people in order to simplify the execution of specific

transport of goods and autonomous transport of people

Robotown) What we offer: - Peccioli: from streets and

40 : PECCIOLI RIFs Cognitive Logistics Robots Target: Robotic environment able to provide a service for people in order to simplify the execution of specific tasks, such as logistics robots that provide autonomous transport of goods and autonomous transport of people (especially elderly people) in urban area, from streets to houses passing through condos (i.e. Robotown) What we offer: - Peccioli: from streets and squares to condos i.e.: - Robotic services to assist in every climatic condition (helping in food and medicine shopping and garbage collection)

: PECCIOLI RIFs Medical Robotics Target: intelligent, adaptive and auto-navigating instruments for minimally invasive surgery, cooperating robots performing typical tasks in parallel in a surgical

41 : PECCIOLI RIFs Medical Robotics Target: intelligent, adaptive and auto-navigating instruments for minimally invasive surgery, cooperating robots performing typical tasks in parallel in a surgical environment, novel interfaces for instrument control and multimodal feedback to/from surgeons, situation-sensitive assistance systems for surgical procedures, observation systems for tracking the steps in an operation room, etc. What we offer: - Auxilium Vitae Rehabilitation Centre, Volterra - Joint Open Lab with Telecom Italia on Disruptive Innovation in e-health Systems, Pontedera - Cisanello Hospital, Pisa - Locomotion Disorders Laboratory, Pisa; - Neuro-Developmental Engineering Laboratory, Pisa; - Center for Micro- BioRobotics SSA, Pontedera.

Agricultural and Food Robotics Target: Robotics can change the entire homestead or agricultural facility: thanks to the automatization of the entire process from the raw product to the finished one

42 Agricultural and Food Robotics Target: Robotics can change the entire homestead or agricultural facility: thanks to the automatization of the entire process from the raw product to the finished one (i.e. from grain to flour to pasta; from fruit to beverage) and the development of agricultural robots for precision farming (i.e. automatized cleaning of barns, harvest, groom). What we offer: - Biofarm Floriddia - Biofarm Erede Crecchi : PECCIOLI RIFs i.e.: automatization of process: - From seeding to final product

43 Agricultural and Food Robotics Target: Robotics can change the entire homestead or agricultural facility: thanks to the automatization of the entire process from the raw product to the finished one (i.e. from grain to flour to pasta; from fruit to beverage) and the development of agricultural robots for precision farming (i.e. automatized cleaning of barns, harvest, groom). What we offer: - Biofarm Floriddia - Biofarm Erede Crecchi : PECCIOLI RIFs i.e.: automatization of process: - From seeding to final product - Collecting and cleaning processes

e. automatized cleaning of barns, harvest, groom).

44 Agricultural and Food Robotics Target: Robotics can change the entire homestead or agricultural facility: thanks to the automatization of the entire process from the raw product to the finished one (i.e. from grain to flour to pasta; from fruit to beverage) and the development of agricultural robots for precision farming (i.e. automatized cleaning of barns, harvest, groom). What we offer: - Biofarm Floriddia - Biofarm Erede Crecchi - Farm of Stassano : PECCIOLI RIFs i.e.: automatization of process: - From seeding to final product - Collecting and cleaning processes - Harvesting

45 Agricultural and Food Robotics Target: Robotics can change the entire homestead or agricultural facility: thanks to the automatization of the entire process from the raw product to the finished one (i.e. from grain to flour to pasta; from fruit to beverage) and the development of agricultural robots for precision farming (i.e. automatized cleaning of barns, harvest, groom). What we offer: - Biofarm Floriddia - Biofarm Erede Crecchi - Farm of Stassano : PECCIOLI RIFs i.e.: Automatization of animal cleaning and feeding processes

46 From excellent science and technology to validation in real circuits

47 to fulfil real societal needs and to materialize a new and huge market From basic tasks to more demanding tasks and to dream tasks Forecasts predict a 2-digit growth for the market of robots, in particular for service robots, and an even sharper growth for HEALTHCARE robots (in surgery, rehabilitation, assistance to elderly and disabled persons) Up to 50 hours per household lost each week with labor at home

48 Conclusions Robotics is one of the 12 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy (McKinsey Report, May 2013)

49 Conclusions Robotics is one of the 12 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy (McKinsey Report, May 2013) Robots can provide very useful services to citizens and contribute to a sustainable welfare system Europe is an undisputed world leader in research, education and industry (Industrial Leadership) in robotics The real exploitation of the enormous potential market of robotics requires additional research (Excellent Science), better education of innovators, and extensive tests and validation in realistic and real settings (Social Challenges) Dedicated infrastructures are needed to.

50 From the Workshop Heading Towards Horizon2020, June 2013, by Philippe Froissard

51 Conclusions Robotics is one of the 12 Disruptive technologies: Advances that will transform life, business, and the global economy (McKinsey Report, May 2013) Robots can provide very useful services to citizens and contribute to a sustainable welfare system Europe is an undisputed world leader in research, education and industry (Industrial Leadership) in robotics The real exploitation of the enormous potential market of robotics requires additional research (Excellent Science), better education of innovators, and extensive tests and validation in realistic and real settings (Social Challenges) Dedicated infrastructures are needed Several cases already exist of how these robotics infrastructures could be implemented The robotics community (academic, research, industry) is ready and willing to extend these examples to a real distributed infrastructure of nodes in many different Countries and Regions throughout Europe

ECHORD and ECHORD++ European Clearing House for Open Robotics Development

ECHORD and ECHORD++ European Clearing House for Open Robotics Development Paolo Dario* and Alois Knoll *The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant Anna (Italy) Technische Universität München (Germany)