ANTENNA AND TRANSMISSION LINE

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Rosemary Gaines
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ANTENNA AND TRANSMISSION LINE series allows students to perform experiments to learn all concepts, equipment and systems used in modern transmission systems.

The Antenna & Transmission Line series consists of different levels of Antenna Training Systems, Anechoic Chamber for antenna parameter measurements, Transmission Line Trainer and Analyzer & Noise

ANTENNA TRAINING SYSTEM Antenna Training Systems are standalone, versatile table top systems requiring no other high frequency or microwave equipment.

1 ANTENNA AND TRANSMISSION LINE series allows students to perform experiments to learn all concepts, equipment and systems used in modern transmission systems. This series analyzes all technologies and systems used currently for transmission of signal using antennas in the range of UHFVHFMICROWAVE band. The Antenna & Transmission Line series consists of different levels of Antenna Training Systems, Anechoic Chamber for antenna parameter measurements, Transmission Line Trainer and Analyzer & Noise Generator. An interactive userfriendly emanual software is provided optionally with this training system on CD. ANTENNA TRAINING SYSTEM Antenna Training Systems are standalone, versatile table top systems requiring no other high frequency or microwave equipment. It is a very useful tool that provides handson experimentation and understanding of the principle and working of commonly used antennas in the UHFVHF MICROWAVE band and to plot their polar plots. It can be used by students at all level. The antennas designed are small and handy, for use at higher frequencies, to enable better understanding. This system allows students to perform analysis of radiation pattern, phenomenon of polarization, antenna parameters, antenna resonance, antenna reciprocity, ground reflection and hence to do the comparison of different types of antennas. Each kit includes Synthesized Digital RF Transmitter, Synthesized Digital RF Receiver, different type of Antennas, tripods to mount antennas and all the necessary cables and accessories. An exhaustive manual is provided with the system covering all experiments along with antenna theory and a set of polar graph paper for antenna radiation characteristics and all other relevant documents. Antenna Training System consists of five different systems: ATS01 is a Fixed frequency Antenna Training System. This trainer works at 610 MHz frequency. ATS02 is a Basic Antenna Training System. This trainer provides antenna analysis at MHz frequency range. ATS03 is an Antenna Training System with software interface on PC. This trainer provides MHz frequency range antenna analysis with Polar Plot software on CD. A stepper motor controller is provided to rotate receiving antenna circularly. ATS04 is an Advanced Antenna Training System, covering frequency range from 5MHz to 2GHz and also provides Polar Plot software on CD. A stepper motor controller is provided to rotate receiving antenna circularly. ATS05 is a Microwave Antenna Training System, that operates at 10.5 GHz frequency and also provides Polar Plot software on CD. A stepper motor controller is provided to rotate receiving antenna. COMPONENTS OF ANTENNA TRAINING SYSTEMS: ATS01 Transceiver ATS02 Transceiver ATS03 Transmitter ATS03 Receiver ATS03 Stepper Motor Controller ATS04 Transmitter ATS04 Receiver ATS04 Stepper Motor Controller 57

2 Antenna Tripod Sniffer Probe Copper Wire Roll Antenna Kit Directional Coupler Power Divider Attenuator 40 db Waveguide To Coax Adapter ATS05 Microwave Source Return Loss Bridge ANTENNAS: Monopole Sleeve Antenna Broadside Yagi (3 el) Yagi (4el) Dipole Discone Vantenna Biconical Log Periodic Whip Antenna Square Loop Folded Dipole Endfire Crossed Dipole Quad Conical Horn Parabolic Reflector Slot Waveguide Narrow Wall Slot Waveguide Broad Wall Microwave Dipole Microwave Helix Slot Antenna Microwave Monopole E Plan Horn H Plan Horn Pyramidal Horn GPS Patch Patch MIC Patch MIC Array X2 58

3 FEATURES : Tabletop standalone system requiring no other HF or microwave equipment. Different type of adjustable antennas with telescopic rod elements, microwave Antennas. PLL synthesized Antenna Transmitter and Receiver operation for testing and modeling of antennas. Userselectable Transmitter & Receiver frequencies and adjustable antenna lengths to cover wide frequency range for variety of experiments. Digital display of RF level in dbuv. Memories in transmitter and receiver for storing various frequencies and RF levels for antenna measurements. Memories in stepper controller for storing various angular positions for radiation pattern. Stepper motor controlled antenna positioning tripod/monopod with polarization facility for accurate, repeatable measurements. Userselectable steps to rotate either receiving or transmitting Antenna with auto mode for plotting radiation pattern. Antenna Polar plotting software for antenna analysis with antenna beam width (3dB & 10dB), side lobe level and its angular position, Front to back ratio, cursor measurement facility, datalogging facility via RS232 interface, Edit, Save, Print, Overlay, facilities, Polar & Cartesian plot in Linear or log scale plus numerous other features. RS232 interface with customised software. List Of Experiments 1. To prove the Inverse Square Law of Propagation. 2. To plot the radiation pattern of OmniDirectional and Directional antennas. ATS01 ATS02 ATS03 ATS04 ATS05 3. To study the phenomenon of polarization for (H) Horizontal, (V) Vertical and (C) Circularly polarized antennas. H&V H&V H,V&C H,V&C H,V&C 4. To study the difference between a Resonant and Non Resonant antenna and hence calculate the resonant frequency and estimate the VSWR of a Resonant antenna. 5. To demonstrate that the transmitting and receiving radiation patterns of an antenna are equal and hence confirm the reciprocity of antenna. 6. To study the current distribution along the length of element of an antenna. 7. Study of antenna parameters. 8. To plot the radiation pattern (Azimuth & Elevation Plane Polar and Cartesian plots on Log/Linear scale). 9. From the radiation pattern, measure the directive gain, beam width (Half Power/10dB), front to back ratio, side lobe level and its angular position. 10. To study antenna resonance and estimate VSWR and bandwidth using RLB and adjust the antenna dimensions for Resonance. * 11. Comparative study between various antennas based on Antenna parameters. 12. To observe the significance of parasitic element dimensions on antenna parameters. 13. To study antenna modeling. 14. To construct your own antenna and study its parameters. 15. To establish voice communication link using antennas. * multihole Waveguide Directional Coupler is used instead of RLB 59

4 SPECIFICATIONS ATS01* ATS02* ATS03 ATS04 Transmitter Frequency Freq. Resolution Freq. Accuracy Controls 610 MHz approx. Memory Internal 1KHz / External Modulation Fm Microphone. Rf Level 90 dbuv Attenuator Output Impedance Power Supply Receiver 610 MHz approx. Frequency MHz comb generator for frequencies at 50MHz intervals 90dBuV 40dB MHz PLL Synthesized MHz PLL Synthesized Internal 1KHz / External Microphone. 100 dbuv 40dB MHz PLL Synthesized 5MHz 2GHz PLL Synthesized in 3 ranges with 3 outputs Internal 1KHz / External Microphone. 100 dbuv 40dB 5MHz 2GHz PLL Synthesized in 3 ranges with 3 inputs CW 100 dbuv ATS GHz DRO stabilized Microwave FET source on microstrip 50 ohms with N connector 10.5GHz Microwave Superhet receiver Freq. Resolution Freq. Accuracy Controls Memory Measurements Dynamic Range Input Impedance Speaker PC Interface Power Supply Stepper Motor Controller Rotation Control Angular Steps Memory Auto Mode Indication Power Supply RF level in dbuv with 60 db logarithmic Inbuilt for Audio output RF level in dbuv with 110 db (70dB logarithmic + 40dB attenuator) RFlevelindBuVwith 110 db (70dB logarithmic + 40dB attenuator) Inbuilt for Audio output Easy connectivity to PC (Rs232) for polar plotting using supplied software for angular position degrees. Up & Down buttons Userselectable steps of 1, 5, 10, 45 degrees for storing angular positions for quick recall. Automatic rotation in user selectable steps. Beep on reaching the selected position. RF level in dbuv with 110 db (70dB logarithmic + 40dB attenuator) Inbuilt for Audio output Easy connectivity to PC (RS232) for polar plotting using supplied software for angular position degrees. Up & Down buttons Userselectable steps of 1, 5, 10, 45 degrees for storing angular positions for quick recall. Automatic rotation in user selectable steps. Beep on reaching the selected position individual readings Microwave power level in dbuv and dbm with 0.1dB resolution. 70dB logarithmic 50 ohms with N connector Easy connectivity to PC (RS232) for polar plotting using supplied software for angular position degrees. Up & Down buttons Userselectable steps of 1, 5, 10, 45 degrees for storing angular positions for quick recall. Automatic rotation in user selectable steps. Beep on reaching the selected position. * ATS01 and ATS02 has common Transmitter and Receiver in a single unit called transceiver 60

5 SPECIFICATIONS ATS01 ATS02 ATS03 ATS04 ATS05 Antennas 1. End Fire 4. Yagi (3 ele) 5. Loop Antenna 4. Yagi (3 ele) 5. Yagi (4 ele) 6. Biconical 7. Discone 8. Sleeve 9. Slot 10. End Fire 11. Broad Side 12. Whip 13. Microstrip Patch 14. Square Loop 15. V Antenna 4. Crossed Dipole (RHCP) 5. Crossed Dipole (LHCP) 6. Yagi (3 ele) 7. Yagi (4 ele) 8. Biconical 9. Discone 10.Log Periodic 11. Sleeve 12. Slot 13. End Fire 14. Broad Side 15. Whip 16. Helix (RHCP) 17. Helix (LHCP) 18. Square Loop 19. Quad 20. V Antenna 21. Microstrip Patch 4. Crossed Dipole (LHCP) 5. Crossed Dipole (RHCP) 6. Yagi (3 ele) 7. Yagi (4 ele) 8. Biconical 9. Discone 10. Log Periodic (2 Nos.) 11. Sleeve 12. Slot 13. End Fire 14. Broad Side 15. Helix (RHCP) 16. Helix (LHCP) 17. Whip 18. Square Loop 19. Quad 20. Spiral 21. V antenna 22. Patch GPS 23. Parabolic Dish 24. Ground Plane with Reflector & Director 25. Collinear 26. L/4 Phase Array 27. Blade 28. Conical Horn 29. Batwing 30. Stacked Yagi 2. Dipole 3. Slot Waveguide narrow wall 4. Slot Waveguide broad wall 5. Helix (RHCP)(2 Nos.) 6. Helix (LHCP)(2 Nos.) 7. Patch MIC 8. Patch MIC Array x2 9. Patch MIC Array x4 10. Patch MIC Array x Parabolic Dish 12. Conical Horn 13. Pyramidal Horn(2 Nos.) 14. E plan Horn 15. H plan Horn 16. Dielectric Rod Windows Software Antenna plotting in Polar & Cartesian planes with cursor measurement facility, Data logging facility via RS232 interface. Edit, Save, Print, Overlay facilities. Software on CD Antenna plotting in Polar & Cartesian planes with cursor measurement facility, Data logging facility via RS232 interface. Edit, Save, Print, Overlay facilities. Software on CD Antenna plotting in Polar & Cartesian planes with cursor measurement facility, Data logging facility via RS232 interface. Edit, Save, Print, Overlay facilities. Software on CD Accessories Nonconductive and nonradiating tripod for mounting transmitter and receiving Antenna Condenser microphone All necessary connectors and cables Teachers Reference and Theory manuals Antenna Fabrication kit Return Loss Bridge with 0.1 to 1GHz frequency response and 20dB midband directivity for antenna VSWR estimation Nonconductive and nonradiating tripod for mounting transmitter and receiving Antenna All necessary connectors and cables and Theory manuals Sniffer Probe Antenna Fabrication kit Return Loss Bridge with 0.1 to 1GHz frequency response and 20dB midband directivity for antenna VSWR estimation Nonconductive and nonradiating tripod for mounting transmitter Antenna Stepper motor controlled nonconducting and nonradiating tripod stand for rotation of receiving antenna Condenser microphone All necessary connectors and cables and Theory manuals Sniffer Probe Antenna Fabrication kit Directional Coupler with 0.1 to 2GHz frequency response and 20dB midband directivity for antenna VSWR estimation Power Divider for Diversity reception Nonconductive and nonradiating tripod for mounting Antenna Stepper motor controlled nonconductive and nonradiating tripod stand for rotation of receiving antenna Condenser microphone All necessary connectors and cables and Theory manuals Sniffer Probe NG03 Noise Generator 0.012GHz (Optional) Multihole Waveguide Directional Coupler for antenna VSWR estimation Nonconductive and nonradiating monopod for mounting Antenna Stepper motor controlled nonconductive and nonradiating monopod stand for rotation of receiving antenna All necessary connectors and cables and Theory manuals Waveguide to Coax adapter (2 Nos.) Waveguide variable attenuator Waveguide Slotted Line Waveguide matched load Waveguide slide screw tuner Power Meter (Optional) 61

TLA03 250 MHz TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINER & ANALYZER TLA03 Transmission Line Trainer & Analyzer has been designed to help educators visualize standing waves on a CRO and work on real transmission lines

6 TLA MHz TRANSMISSION LINE TRAINER & ANALYZER TLA03 Transmission Line Trainer & Analyzer has been designed to help educators visualize standing waves on a CRO and work on real transmission lines unlike most of the transmission line trainers currently available for educational purpose which use artificially simulated line modules with lumped parameters. An exhaustive manual has been provided with the system, which provides detailed experimental procedure of the system. FEATURES: To study standing waves and observe maxima & minima of a transmission line on a CRO Uses actual coaxial lines rather than simulated ones Appreciate significance of impedance matching Measures VSWR, Reflection Coefficient, Characteristic Impedance, Velocity of Propagation, Dielectric Constant and signal Attenuation Study Time Domain Reflectometry Study location and nature of discontinuities, open/short, mismatched terminations, etc. Offers a complete view of the transmission line in Analog and Digital domains, which is essential for complete understanding of transmission line behaviour TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency Domain Analyzer: Frequency range : 25250MHz typical Frequency : Max Level : 110dBuV typical Flatness : +/1.5 db upto 250 Mhz Spurious Harmonics : 20dB below fundamental Attenuator : In steps of 0.5,1, 2, 4, 8, 15dB Output Impedance : 50ohms nominal Scope out : XY output to scope Resistive Impedance Analyzer: Range : 0 to 1000ohms for characteristic impedance : Resolution : 1ohm Time Domain Reflectometer: Ranges...Short : Pulse rep. rate 10MHz typical, Long : Pulse rep. rate 100KHz typical, Amplitude : 1 V nominal Power Supply : 220±10% 50Hz AC LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: Study of Standing waves and observe their maxima & minima on a transmission line using frequency domain method. To measure the Characteristic Impedance of a transmission line and study matched line using frequency domain method To measure the VSWR, Reflection Coefficient and return loss in a transmission line To measure the dielectric constant of the insulator in the transmission line To measure the velocity of propagation and wave length of signal in a transmission line To study the Attenuation characteristic of signal along a transmission line and observe its variation with frequency To study the effect of reactive loads on standing wave on transmission line To study the difference between lossy and loss less lines To study the physical dimension of transmission line and estimate its characteristic impedance To study behaviour of long and short lines To study the operation of a balun transformer and study a parallel line To study the use of coaxial line as tuned circuit and delay lines To study the input and output impedance of an RF circuit To study open/short and terminated transmission lines using TDR technique. To measure the characteristic Impedance of a given transmission line using TDR To measure the Velocity of Propagation and Dielectric Constant using TDR To measure the Attenuation Constant using TDR To measure the VSWR, Reflection Coefficient and return loss using TDR To study the effect of inductive and capacitive loads using TDR To study various faulty joints in lines using a TDR ACCESSORIES: Length of 50ohms & 75ohms coaxial cables, 300ohms parallel line with balun, lossy & loss less lines, tee connector, standard load of 50 and 75ohms, various capacitive and inductive loads, shorts, Operating manual. NG03 NOISE GENERATOR NG03 Noise generator is a broad band noise source. It can be used as a leveled RF source for testing of antennas. It can be used for noise figure measurement, along with a power meter. Since it generates all the frequencies simultaneously, it can be used in place of a tracking generator in a spectrum analyser for measurement of two port devices. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency Range : 5 MHz 3000 MHz Level Flatness : Within 3 db upto 1 GHz RF Level : 70 dbuv typical Output Impedance : 50 Ohms Output Connector : BNC 62

KV APB ANECHOIC TEST CHAMBER The pyramidal structure gives it the geometrical matching and the carbon dispersed gives the Attenuation required.

AREAS OF APPLICATION: Broadband absorbers suitable for indoor measurements. Designed in view of requirements of educational institutes.

7 KV APB ANECHOIC TEST CHAMBER The pyramidal structure gives it the geometrical matching and the carbon dispersed gives the Attenuation required. Provides engineers with the building blocks needed in the design and construction of RF absorbing surface used in Anechoic chambers, antenna assemblies and microwave measuring facilities. AREAS OF APPLICATION: Broadband absorbers suitable for indoor measurements. Designed in view of requirements of educational institutes. Used in making Microwave Anechoic chambers for performing measurements like RCS, Antenna pattern etc. Used in making Moving screens for hiding the areas of maximum reflections. Used for obtaining Quiet Zones in very wide frequency range. Thin Flexible Narrow Band Resonating Absorbers Anechoic Chambers are used for many diverse applications like RCS measurements, EMI/EMC, Antenna Radiation Pattern Evaluation, Near Field and Compact Ranges etc. The FU range of broad band absorbers has been specially designed for these applications. The absorbers used in the manufacturing of Anechoic Chambers are manufactured from high quality, low density foam, impregnated with a dielectrically / magnetically lossy medium and are characterized by their excellent adsorption performance. A comprehensive testing and validation services is available for evaluation of the completed Chamber. EXPERIMENTS TO BE CARRIED OUT USING ANECHOIC TEST BOXES: Polar Plots E & H Plane Cartesian Plots E & H Plane 3D Polar Plots Radiation in Space Vertical Plane Plots Ground Plane effect Directive gain of Antenna. Front to Back Ratio Side lobe Level and its Angular Position Beam width Half Power (3dB) & 10 db Frequency Bandwidth of an Antenna Current Distribution Study Polarization Study Verify Reciprocity theorem FEATURES: Absorption over a wide frequency range. Long product life. High performance, upto 45 db attenuation. Low RCS (glass fiber reinforced pipe and holding devices) stand supplied to hold transmitting antenna. Fiveside absorber covered plywood boxes. Special corner block absorbers used. Suitable type optimum performing absorbers at near normal/grazing incidences of extraneous signals used. These absorbers are supplied with a fireretardant finish. POLYURETHANE FOAM BASED PYRAMIDALABSORBERS: FU absorber product line is a complete range of highperformance pyramidal microwave absorbers. Available in a wide range of thickness and absorbencies. Variety of thickness gives the chamber designer the opportunity to choose grades appropriate for specific frequencies and incidence angles. Constructed using low density, flexible foam, impregnated with a carbon black formulation to achieve the desired electrical performance. 63

MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRAINING BENCH COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS:

MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRAINING BENCH COMPONENT SPECIFICATIONS: Microwave section consists of Basic Microwave Training Bench, Advance Microwave Training Bench and Microwave Communication Training System. Microwave Training System is used to study all the concepts of