Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications

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1 Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications Arogyaswami Paulraj IWwraity Rohit Nabar ETH. Zunch Dhananjay Gore Stanford Unrversrty r,ai TioCWOC SIA HA NOI ^ c^.^sj?5s!

Contents List of figures List of tables Preface List of abbreviations List of symbols ptif^e XIV xxii xxiii xxvi xxix Introduction 1.1 History of radio, antennas and array signal processing I 1.

2 Contents List of figures List of tables Preface List of abbreviations List of symbols ptif^e XIV xxii xxiii xxvi xxix Introduction 1.1 History of radio, antennas and array signal processing I 1.2 Exploiting multiple antennas in wireless Array gain ^ Diversity gain Spatial multiplexing (SM) Interference reduction ^ Q 1.3 ST wireless communication systems ST propagation II II 2.1 Introduction U 2.2 The wireless channel Path loss j Fading IS 2.3 Scattering model in macrocells Channel as a ST random field Wide sense stationariiy (WSS) Uncorrelaied scattering (US) Homogeneous channels (HO) Scattering functions vh

3 2.6 Polari/aiuMi and held dncrse channels 2- : " \nienna arra) U^Mog> DCL.^ channck Recipmciiy and Hs implications 31 ST channel and signal models 3: 3.1 Inirxvlucuon 3.2 Dcnnitions SISO channel -^ SIMO channel MISO channel MIMO channel M 3.3 Physical scanering model for ST channels SIMO channel MISO channel 3t MIMO channel Extended channel mixiels Spatial fading correlation ^^ LOS component ^j Ca">ss-polarized antennas ^ Degenerate channels ^ 3.5 Statistical properties o\ H ^y Singular value>vm H ^ Squared Fn>benius uorm of H ^ 3.6 Channel measurcmenis and test channels ^ 3.7 Sampled signal model 4S Nonnalizaiion 4*) SISO sampled signal nnxkl 5I SIMO sampled signal tno6c\ 5; MISO sampled signal model 53 37s MIMO sampled signal nxxkl f4 3.8 ST muuiuscr and ST micrlenrncc channels ST multiuser channel ST imerfercnce channel ST channel emimaiuw ^ ^.91 Esiin^ting the ST channel ai the «c c ^ Estiniatmg the ST channel ai the 37

Contents Capacity of ST channels 4.1 lntn>duction 4.2 Capacity of the frequency Hat dclcnninisiic MIMO channel 4.3 Channel unknow n to the iransniiiier 4.4 Channel know n to the transmitter 65 66 4.4.1 Capaciliosof SIMO and MISO channels 70 4.

4 Contents Capacity of ST channels 4.1 lntn>duction 4.2 Capacity of the frequency Hat dclcnninisiic MIMO channel 4.3 Channel unknow n to the iransniiiier 4.4 Channel know n to the transmitter Capaciliosof SIMO and MISO channels Capacity of random MIMO channels Capacity of H channels for large M Statistical characterization of the information rate Intlucnce of Ricean fading, fading correlation, XPD and degeneracy on MIMO capacity Influence of the spatial fading correlation Influence of the LOS component Influence of XPD in a non-fading channel Influence of degeneracy 4.7 Capacity of frequency selective MIMO channels Spatial diversity Introduction g6 5.2 Diversity gain 89 5 "> 1 Codina sain vs diversity gam g^^ Spatial diversity vs time/frequency diversity ^ 5.3 Receive antenna diversity Transmit antenna diversity Channel unknown tothe transmitter: MISO ^ Channel known to the transm.ner: MISO 97 5:4.3 Channel unknown to the transmitter MIMO,, Channel known to the transmitter: MIMO 5 5 Diversitv order and channel vanability L>iversu> uiut. *«., 5:6 D.vers.ty performance m -tended chann Influence of signal correlation and ga 5 6 ^ Influence of Ricean fading 56 3 Degenerate MIMO channels 5 7 Combined space and path diversity

5 ST oetfkc rianoei.... rk> (bl ctikiaek 6J.2 ST cvxfteuvxd de^,. na 6J.3 STdixersitj coding <r, < > Pert'ormance issues t3s Spatial mridplexing as a ST cvxlc tr. = Vr ^ 6J.6 ST cocfii^ for imermedute rales (I < r, <.l#r>!> 6.4 ST codittg for frequenc\ selecti>e channels 12^ 11^ Signal nxxlel 1^ STco^ie^^o^l^lesl<mc^lena l.^l n: lu lu u? ST receivers i^** 7.1 Introduction 13? 7.2 Receivers: SISO 1-^ Frequenc\ flat channel ^ Frequency selective channel '-^ 7.3 Rcccixers: SIMO ^^^ FrequencN flat channel *^ Frequency selective channels ' 7.4 Receners: MIMO ^'^ * ST diversity schemes SM schemes SM v^iih hori/tmiial and diagonal encoding 15** FrequencN selecii\e channel l-<*> 7 5 Iterative MIMO receiver*

$&6 R-5J!.- sf In iwjm SM aad <i>«r<at> oodfa^ 171 PI 72 1^ ST OFDM and spread spectrum modulation 9-1 92 9-3 9.4 9-5 9.6 9.7 SISOOFDNI MEMO-CMDM noodblamm Signaiivg d recdx^rs for MIMO-OFDM 9.4.1 SpMial di\«ndt\ coding tor MIMO-OFPM 9.$

6 &6 R-5J!.- sf In iwjm SM aad <i>«r<at> oodfa^ 171 PI 72 1^ ST OFDM and spread spectrum modulation SISOOFDNI MEMO-CMDM noodblamm Signaiivg d recdx^rs for MIMO-OFDM SpMial di\«ndt\ coding tor MIMO-OFPM 9.4J! SM for MIMO-OFDM 9.43 Space-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM SISO-SS ntoduladon Frequency flat channel Frequency selective channel MIMO-SS modulation Signaling and receivers for MIMO-SS Spatial diversity coding for MIMO-SS SM for MLMO-SS 178 m 178 IS: IS4 I $4 ISO ISO 188 ISS I^JI 11-' l»j4 l«m l<*7 10 MIMO-muttiuser 10.1 Intnxluciion

$3.3 Signaling and receiver design 208 209 10.4 Outage f^erfonnancc o\.\11\1()-mu 213 10.4.1.MUvsSU-single cell 214 io.4.: \\V single cell vs SU multicell 215 10.5 MIMO-MU with OFDM 216 10.$

7 xm Contents 10.: MIMO-MAC 1^-2.1 Signal model -*^l Capacity region "^** Signaling and receiver design ^^ 10.3 MIMO-BC Signal nuxiel "^^ 10.3.: ForvKurd link capacity ^ J^ Signaling and receiver design Outage f^erfonnancc o\.\11\1()-mu MUvsSU-single cell 214 io.4.: \\V single cell vs SU multicell MIMO-MU with OFDM CDMA and multiple antennas ST co-channel interference mitigation Introduction 2 IS 11.2 CCI characteristics 21*^ 11.3 Signal models SIMO interference mcxlel (reverse link) MIMO interference channel (any link) MISO interference channel (forward link) CCI mitigation on receive for SIMO Frequency flat channel Frequency selective channel ^^^ 11.5 CCI mitigating receivers for MIMO ~^^ Alamouti coded signal and interference {Mr = 2) CCI mitigation on transmit for MISO Transmit-MRC or matched heamforming Transmit ZF or nulling heamfonner Max SINR heamforming with cmudination 23«11.7 Joint encoding and decoding 11.8 SS modulation ST-RAKE STpre-RAKE 11.9 OFDM modulation Interference diversity and multiple antennas

xiii Contents 12 Performance limits and tradeoffs in MIMO channels 24o 12.1 Introduction 240 12.2 Error performance in fading channels 240 12.3 Signaling rate vs PER vs SNR 241 12.

8 xiii Contents 12 Performance limits and tradeoffs in MIMO channels 24o 12.1 Introduction Error performance in fading channels Signaling rate vs PER vs SNR Spectral efficiency of ST coding/receiver techniques D-BLAST OSTBC ST receivers for SM Receiver comparison: Varying MJ/MR System design ^^^ 12.6 Comments on capacity 254 References 271 Index of common variables 272 Subject index

Contents at a Glance

Contents at a Glance Preface Acknowledgments V VII Chapter 1 MIMO systems: Multiple Antenna Techniques Yiqing Zhou, Zhengang Pan, Kai-Kit Wong 1 Chapter 2 Modeling of MIMO Mobile-to-Mobile Channels Matthias