WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
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2 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS P. Muthu Chidambara Nathan Associate Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu New Delhi
3 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS P. Muthu Chidambara Nathan 2008 by PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Fifth Printing November, 2013 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi
4 To My Parents and Teachers, Wife and Son, Friends and Students
5
6 CONTENTS Preface... xiii Abbreviations... xv 1 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION Introduction History of Wireless Communication Wireless Services Broadcast Paging Cellular Telephony Cordless Telephony Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) Ad Hoc Networks Personal Area Networks (PAN) Satellite Cellular Communication Requirements in Wireless Communication Data Rate Range and Number of Users Mobility Energy Consumption Introduction to Modern Wireless Communication Systems Wireless Communication System Definitions... 8 Exercises... 8 v
7 vi Contents 2 CELLULAR CONCEPT Introduction Frequency Reuse Channel Assignment Strategies Interference Cochannel Interference and System Capacity Adjacent Channel Interference Handover Exercises CELLULAR CAPACITY AND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES Introduction Capacity of Erlang-B System Capacity of Erlang-C System Improving Capacity in Cellular Systems Cell Splitting Cell Sectoring Coverage Zone Concept More Efficient Modulation Formats and Coding Better Source Coding Discontinuous Transmission Multiple Antennas Exercises WIRELESS PROPAGATION MECHANISMS Introduction Free Space Propagation Model Reflection Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model Diffraction Knife-edge Diffraction Model Multiple Knife-edge Diffraction Path Loss Prediction over Hilly Terrain Introduction to Fading and Diversity Techniques Small Scale Fading (Fading) Diversity Techniques Space Diversity in the Channel Exercises WIRELESS CHANNEL AND DIVERSITY Introduction Overview of the Wireless Communication Channel Frequency Selective and Flat Fading Channels Slow and Fast Fading Channels... 53
8 Contents vii 5.3 Flat and Slow Fading Channels Diversity Systems Establishing Diversity Branches Factors Affecting Diversity Performance: Power Imbalance Factors Affecting Diversity Performance: Envelope Correlation Diversity Combining Techniques Diversity Gain Additional Factors Affecting Diversity Systems Exercises COMBINING SCHEMES AND THE RAYLEIGH CHANNEL Introduction Diversity Combining Schemes Selection Diversity Maximal Ratio Combining Equal Gain Combining Analysis of Rayleigh Fading Channels Exercises JOINT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF TWO CORRELATED AND UNBALANCED RAYLEIGH SIGNALS Introduction Separating Two Rayleigh Signals into Gaussian Components Correlation between the Gaussian Components of Two Rayleigh Signals Joint Probability Density Function of Four Gaussian Variables Transforming a Four Dimensional Gaussian pdf into the Joint Probability Density of Two Rayleigh Signals Joint Probability Density Function of Two Rayleigh Signals Relating the Gaussian Correlations to the Rayleigh Envelope Correlation and Branch Power Exercises TWO-BRANCH SELECTION DIVERSITY IN A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL Introduction... 93
9 viii Contents 8.2 Distribution of the SNR V S Probability Density Function of the SNR V S Cumulative Distribution Function of the SNR Probability Density Function of the SNR Exercises TWO-BRANCH MAXIMAL RATIO COMBINING IN A RAYLEIGH CHANNEL Introduction Distribution of the SNR V M Probability Density Function of the SNR V M Cumulative Distribution Function of the SNR V M 9.3 Probability Density Function of the SNR P M 9.4 Maximal Ratio Combining Example Interpretation of Diversity Measurements, and Extraction of Statistics Exercises INTRODUCTION TO 4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES AND SMART ANTENNAS Introduction Evolution to 4G Technologies Smart Antennas Switched Beam Antennas Adaptive Antennas G Tools and Techniques Advanced Technologies Physical Layer Enhancement Can You Expand on this 5th Generation (5G) Wireless Features? Exercises INTRODUCTION TO MIMO SYSTEMS Introduction Model of MIMO System CSI (Channel State Information) Use of Retro-directive Antennas Effects of Mutual Coupling at the Antenna Arrays P s V S
10 Contents ix 11.3 MIMO System Channel Capacity Maximum Capacity, if there is no CSI at the Transmitter Maximum Capacity when Channel is Known to the Transmitter Exercises CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS Introduction Basic Principles of Spread Spectrum Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum Time Hopped Spread Spectrum CDMA System Overview Principle of CDMA Pseudo-random Noise (PN) Code Sequences Properties of Maximal Length Sequences DSSS Modulation DSSS Demodulation Overall Process in CDMA Exercises ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING Introduction Advantages of OFDM Transmission Scheme Disadvantages OFDM Transmission Scheme Multiple Access Techniques Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Code Division Multiple Access OFDM System Model Serial to Parallel Conversion Modulation of Data Inverse Fourier Transform OFDM Versus Single Carrier Transmission Applications of OFDM Exercises MULTICARRIER CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (MC-CDMA) Introduction What is Orthogonal Multicarrier-CDMA Advantages of MC-CDMA Compared to Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA Compared to OFDM
11 Wireless Communications 25% OFF Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : Author : NATHAN, P. MUTHU CHIDAMBARA Type the URL : Get this ebook
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