Next Generation Wireless LANs

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1 Next Generation Wireless LANs n and ac ELDAD PERAHIA Intel Corporation ROBERTSTACEY Apple Inc. и CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

2 Contents Foreword by Dr. Andrew Myles Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition List of abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction Part I Physical layer 1.1 An overview of IEEE The MAC The PHYs The network architecture Wi-Fi Direct 1.2 History of high throughput and In The High Throughput Study Group Formation of the High Throughput Task Group (TGn) Call for proposals Handheld devices Merging of proposals In amendment drafts 1.3 Environments and applications for In 1.4 Major features of In 1.5 History of Very High Throughput and ac 1.6 Outline of chapters Chapter 2 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 2.1 Background 2.2 Comparison to single carrier modulation

3 viii Contents Chapter 3 MIMO/SDM basics SISO ( a/g) background 3.2 MIMO basics 3.3 SDM basics 3.4 MIMO environment In and lac propagation model Impulse response Antenna correlation In Doppler model Пае Doppler model Physical layer impairments Path loss 3.6 Linear receiver design 3.7 Maximum likelihood estimation Appendix In channel models Chapter 4 PHY interoperability with 11 a/g legacy OFDM devices a packet structure review Short Training field Long Training field Signal field Data field Packet encoding process Receive procedure 4.2 Mixed format high throughput packet structure Non-HT portion of the MF preamble HT portion of the MF preamble Data field HT MF receive procedure Appendix MHz basic MCS tables Chapter 5 High throughput MHz channel MHz subcarrier design and spectral mask MHz channel design MHz mixed format preamble MHz data encoding MCS 32: high throughput duplicate format /40 MHz coexistence with legacy in the PHY Performance improvement with 40 MHz

4 Contents ix Chapter 6 Chapter MHz enhancements: additional data subcarriers 5.3 MCS enhancements: spatial streams and code rate 5.4 Greenfield (GF) preamble Format of the GF preamble PHY efficiency Issues with GF Preamble auto-detection 5.5 Short guard interval Appendix 5.1 Channel allocation Appendix MHz basic MCS tables Appendix 5.3 Physical layer waveform parameters Robust performance 6.1 Receive diversity Maximal ratio combining basics MIMO performance improvement with receive diversity Selection diversity 6.2 Spatial expansion 6.3 Space-time block coding Alamouti scheme background Additional STBC antenna configurations STBC receiver and equalization Transmission and packet encoding process with STBC 6.4 Low density parity check codes LDPC encoding process Effective code rate LDPC coding gain Appendix 6.1 Parity check matrices Very High Throughput PHY Channelization Single user (SU) VHT packet structure VHT format preamble Non-VHT portion of the VHT format preamble VHT portion of the VHT format preamble VHT data field Modulation coding scheme

5 X Contents Part II Medium access control layer Chapter 8 Medium access control Protocol layering Finding, joining, and leaving a BSS Beacons Scanning Authentication Association Reassociation Disassociation IX Authentication Key distribution Distributed channel access Basic channel access timing Data/ACK frame exchange Fragmentation Duplicate detection Data/ACK sequence overhead and fairness Hidden node problem Network allocation vector (NAV) EIFS Enhanced distributed channel access Transmit opportunity Channel access timing with EDCA EDCA access parameters EIFS revisited Collision detect QoS Data frame Block acknowledgement Block data frame exchange Power management AP TIM transmissions PS mode operation WNM-Sleep SM power save Operating Mode Notification Chapter 9 MAC throughput enhancements 9.1 Reasons for change Throughput without MAC changes

6 Contents xi MAC throughput enhancements Throughput with MAC efficiency enhancements Aggregation Aggregate MSDU (A-MSDU) Aggregate MPDU (A-MPDU) Aggregate PSDU (A-PSDU) A-MPDU in VHT PPDUs VHT single MPDU Block acknowledgement Immediate and delayed block ack Block ack session initiation Block ack session data transfer Block ack session tear down Normal ack policy in a non-aggregate Reorder buffer operation HT-immediate block ack Normal Ack policy in an aggregate Compressed block ack Full state and partial state block ack HT-immediate block ack TXOP sequences HT-delayed block ack HT-delayed block ack TXOP sequences Chapter 10 Advanced channel access techniques PCF Establishing the CFP NAV during the CFP Data transfer during the CFP PCF limitations HCCA Traffic streams Controlled access phases Polled TXOP TXOP requests Use of RTS/CTS HCCA limitations Reverse direction protocol Reverse direction frame exchange Reverse direction rales Error recovery PSMP PSMP recovery 281

7 xii Contents PSMP burst Resource allocation Block ack usage under PSMP Chapter 11 Interoperability and coexistence Station capabilities and operation HT station PHY capabilities VHT station PHY capabilities HT station MAC capabilities VHT station MAC capabilities Advanced capabilities BSS operation Beacon transmission MHz BSS operation /40 MHz HT BSS operation VHT BSS operation OBSS scanning requirements Signaling 40 MHz intolerance Channel management at the AP Establishing a VHT BSS in the 5 GHz band A summary of fields controlling 40 MHz operation Channel access in wider channels Overlapping BSSs Wide channel access using RTS/CTS TXOP rales for wide channel access Clear channel assessment NAV assertion in an HT and VHT BSS Protection Protection with 802.lib stations present Protection with g or a stations present Protection for OBSS legacy stations RIFS burst protection HT Greenfield format protection RTS/CTS protection CTS-to-Self protection Protection using a non-ht, HT mixed, or VHT PPDU with non-ht response Non-HT station deferral with HT mixed and VHT format PPDUs L-SIG TXOP protection 312

8 Contents xiii 11.6 Phased coexistence operation (PCO) Basic operation Minimizing real-time disruption Chapter 12 MAC frame formats General frame format Frame Control field Duration/ID field Address fields Sequence Control field QoS Control field HT Control field Frame Body field FCS field Format of individual frame types Control frames Data frames Management frames Management frame fields Fields that are not information elements Information elements Part III Transmit beamforming, multi-user MIMO, and fast link adaptation 363 Chapter 13 Transmit beamforming Singular value decomposition Transmit beamforming with SVD Eigenvalue analysis Unequal MCS Receiver design Channel sounding Channel state information feedback Implicit feedback Explicit feedback Improved performance with transmit beamforming Degradations MAC considerations Sounding PPDUs Implicit feedback beamforming Explicit feedback beamforming 413

9 xiv Contents Comparison between implicit and explicit Transmit beamforming in ac VHT sounding protocol Appendix 13.1 Unequal MCS for In 420 Unequal MCS for 20 MHz 420 Unequal MCS for 40 MHz 422 Chapter 14 Multi-user MIM MU-MIMO pre-coding Receiver design PHY considerations VHT MU preamble VHT MU data field Compressed beamforming matrices Group ID Receive operation Group ID management MAC support for MU-MIMO MU aggregation MU acknowledgements EDCATXOPs for MU sequences TXOP sharing VHT sounding protocol for MU-MIMO The basic sounding exchange Support for fragmentation Chapter 15 Fast link adaption MCS feedback MCS feedback mechanisms MCS feedback using the HT variant HT Control field MCS feedback using the VHT variant HT Control field 443 Index 445

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