Energy a core sector at Siemens

Transcription

1 Energy a core sector at Siemens Healthcare Sector Energy Sector Industry Sector

2 Siemens Energy Sector Answers for energy supply Energy Products and Solutions - in 6 Divisions Oil & Gas Fossil Power Generation Renewable Energy Energy Service Power Transmission Power Distribution ULG Montefiore. 18/11/09 Siemens AG 2006

3 The electricity network ensure an efficient supply of energy High Voltage Transformers Medium Voltage Components, switchgear and turnkey projects for AC and DC power technology for power transmission > 52 kv. Power transformers, distribution transformers with oil or cast-resin insulation. Components, switchgear and turnkey projects for AC and DC power technology for power transmission 52 kv. Energy Automation Network control systems, protection and substation automation, telecontrol systems, power quality. Services Network planning & consulting, asset maintenance and maintenance management for grids and networks, metering services.

4 Energy flow in electricity networks Main power station Wind Hydro 150 kv 15 kv Combined industrial processes kv 150 kv Biomas s Fuel cell Storage 0.4 kv 0.4 kv Solar Domestic Industry Combined heat power Domestic

5 Power Transmission Division The link between power generation and distribution

6 Key Product for High Voltage Network: Circuit Breaker 80 Rated short-circuit breaking current [ka] 63 3AT2/3 3AT4/ , AP1 FG 3AP1 FI 3AP2 FI 72, Rated voltage [kv]

7 High-Voltage Circuit-Breaker Product Characteristics Type 3AP1 FG up to 245 kv For all applications: reliable and economical Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Self compression arc quenching principle Rated voltages up to 245 kv Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 ka Type tested to the new IEC Available for one or three pole operation (FG/FI) Delivered more than 50,000 breakers to more than 120 countries Type 3AP1 FI up to 300 kv Stored energy Spring Drive Mechanism Self compression arc quenching principle Rated voltages up to 300 kv Rated short circuit breaking current up to 50 ka Type tested to the new IEC

8 Disconnectors & Earthing Switches from 36 kv to 800 kv Centre Break Ur 72,5 kv 550 kv Ir 1250 A 4000 A Ik 31,5 ka 63 ka Pantograph Ur 123 kv 420 kv Ir 3150 A Ik 50 ka Vertical Break Ur 123 kv 550 kv Ir 1250 A 6300 A Ik 31,5 ka 63 ka Double Break Ur 36 kv 800 kv Ir 1250 A 5000 A Ik 31,5 ka 63 ka Earthing Switch Built-on Free-standing Neutral point Knee Type Ur 123 kv 550 kv Ir 1250 A 400 A Ik 31,5 ka 63 ka

9 Products for High Voltage Arrestors, Bushings, Coils & Instrument Transformers Arrester HV: AIS (Porcellain, Polymer) & GIS; HVDC, FACTS MV: Distribution & Traction Vehicles Coils Air Core Dry Type Reactors Line Traps Arc Suppression Coils Bushings Air Core Dry Type Reactors Line Traps Arc Suppression Coils Instrument Transformers Current Transformers Voltage Transformers

10 Products and Solutions for High voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Rated short-circuit breaking current (ka) HIS 8DQ1 8DR1 31,5 HIS 8DN8 25 8DQ DN8 8DN9 8DQ Voltage (kv)

11 Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN8.2 switchgear Rated voltage up to 145 kv Rated frequency 50 / 60 Hz Rated power frequency withstand voltage (1 min) up to 275 kv Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs ) up to 650 kv Rated busbar current up to 3150 A Rated feeder current up to 3150 A Rated breaking current up to 40 ka Rated short-time current up to 40 ka Leakage rate per year and gas compartment < 0.5 % Bay width 800 mm Bay height 2850 mm Bay depth 3500 mm Bay weight 3 t

12 Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) 8DN9 switchgear Rated voltage up to 245 kv Rated frequency 50 / 60 Hz Rated power frequency withstand voltage (1 min) up to 460 kv Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage (1,2/50 µs) up to 1050 kv Rated busbar current up to 3150 A Rated feeder current up to 3150 A Rated breaking current up to 50 ka Rated short-time current up to 50 ka Leakage rate per year and gas compartment < 0.5 % Bay width 1500 mm Bay height 3500 mm Bay depth 4700 mm Bay weight 5 t

13 Domaine d utilisation des installations moyenne tension G Niveau de production et Réseau de Transport Niveau de distribution primaire x x x x x x x x x Niveau de distribution secondaire x Basse tension

14 Medium Voltage Components Vacuum Tubes High reliability Excellent field experience with more than 2 million vacuum interrupters Tailormade development Wide product range for any application For use in LV and MV circuit-breakers, load-break switches and contactors Autoreclosers Transformer Tap Changers Delivery Program 690 up to 1300 V up to 65 ka up to 2500 A 7.2 up to 40.5 kv up to 72 ka up to 6300 A

15 Medium Voltage Products for Primary Distribution SF 6 -Insulated Switchgear 8DA Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad Proved design, Single Busbar Modular design with standard enclosures allows single- and double phase applications More than 15 years of operating experience 8DB Type-tested, single-phase encapsulation, metal-clad Proved design, Double Busbar Modular design with standard enclosures Busbars and busbardisconnectors in separate gas compartments More than 15 years of operating experience Delivery Program up to 40.5 kv up to 40 ka up to 4000 A Delivery Program up to 40.5 kv up to 40 ka up to 4000 A

16 Medium Voltage Products for Secondary Distribution SF 6 -Insulated Switchgear 8DJ10 Type-tested Independent of climate Maintenance-free Block-type construction, for 3-6 bays Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures Compact and clear design No sealings Highest Quality Level Shortest Delivery Periods Smallest floor space for substations 8DJ20 Type-tested Independent of climate Maintenance-free Block-type construction, for 1-5 bays Hermetically-sealed welded switch-gear enclosures Compact and clear design No sealings Highest Quality Level Shortest Delivery Periods Delivery Program up to 24 kv up to 25 ka up to 630 A Delivery Program up to 24 kv up to 25 ka up to 630 A

17 Transformers at all Levels of Transmission and Distribution HVDC Phase angle regulator System transformer Generator transformer Shunt reactor System interconnecting transformer Special purpose transformers for industrial application TLM Siemens Transformer Life Management (condition assessment, life-extension, on-site-services, monitoring,...) Oil-immersed distribution transformer Voltage regulator GEAFOL cast-resin transformer Traction transformer

18 Energy Automation Information and Do lor situs cum habilitarum network control itum technology alus causticus imanenter Protection Status and landum substation exus auto- rius laudanum tum. mation, telecon-trol systems, power Lorem quality exit vulnareus plexus est. Vulna pausta rhus tex, per itum falor sit wunt. Sit itum causticus aurum eum et expli ndus.cum

19 Protection Systems Consist of Relay Types of Nearly All Eras SIPROTEC V1-V SIPROTEC V Control Numerical Protection Relays Analog Relays Electromechanical Relays ULG Montefiore. 18/11/09 Siemens AG 2006

20 Protection Systems Consist of Relay Types of all Nearly All Manufacturers

21 SIPROTEC 4 LE BUT DE LA PROTECTION SELECTIVE EST: -Assurer la continuité de service du réseau d energie, par élimination de l élément défaillant et de lui seul -Eviter des dégâts au niveau des équipements affectés par les défauts(câbles,transformateurs )

22 SIPROTEC 4 LE SYSTEME DE PROTECTION = TI/TP + Relais+ Disjoncteur Sélectif,rapide,fiable

23 Protection Systems Standard Structure System V, A Protection Equipment protection object signal adaption signal sampling signal processing signal analysis Trip signal formation circuit breaker control circuit breaker System kv, ka auxiliary power

24 Protection Systems Quality and Security Stability avoids breakdown by false tripping Speed limits damages maintains stability Modern Protection System avoids overfunction avoids underfunction Security limits breakdown amount increases availability Selectivity

25 ,995 1,000 1,005 1,010 1,015 1,020 1,025 1,030 1,035 1,040 1,045 1,050 Protection Systems Power System Influences Inrush currents Transformer overexcitation CT saturation i 1 t Non system frequent voltages with capacitive voltage transformers U/V t/s X Leitung Variable system impedances with R FACTS Sub-synchronous frequencies with series compensation i/ka ZS MOV GAP -XC 6 Power swings 3-3 u/kv t/ms 500 t/ms Inter-area oscillations High equipment and route capacity utilization

26 SIPROTEC 4 O/C protection 7SJ6 Distance protection 7SA6 Line differential protection 7SD5 / 7SD6 Transformer diff. protection 7UT6 Generator protection 7UM6 Station protection 7SS52

27 SIPROTEC 4 O/C protection 7SJ6

28 Time-overcurrent protection Functions Time-overcurrent protection Criteria for fault: Criteria for selectivity: overcurrent time

29 Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrent protection device - definite time t [sec] Tripping area I> I>> x I N

30 Time-overcurrent protection Application As main protection Used as: 1 Line protection Selectivity by time-grading x x x x O/C O/C O/C 2 Motor protection with short circuit- and overload protection, start protection, start inhibit 1 O/C M Transformer protection for network transformers with short circuit- and overload protection, Inrush-stabilisation

31 Time-overcurrent protection Application Main protection as line protection x x x x O/C O/C O/C O/C t = 900ms t = 600ms t = 300ms t = 0ms Ttrip b a ck u p distance Advantage: simple device, only current transformers are necessary Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time

32 SIPROTEC 4 O/C O/C protection with with motor protection 7SJ61 Over current protection (Phase/Earth) Inrush Blocking Motor Protection Overload Protection Unbalanced Load Protection Auto reclosure Trip Circuit Supervision Breaker Failure Protection Lock out 4 CT inputs

33 SIPROTEC 4 Distance protection

34 Why impedance protection? Situation: Meshed network and two infeeds Directional overcurrent time relays 0,6s 0,3s 0,6s 0,3s 0,6s 0,3s 0,6s non-selective trip 0,3s

35 Basic principle of impedance protection Localization of short-circuits by means of an impedance measurement: fault on the protected line relay A Z1 fault outside the protected line relay A Z2 selectivity

36 Distance measurement (principle) I L1 I L2 Z L Z L = R L + j X L I L3 I E Z Z E = R E +j X E U L1 U L2 U L3 E 6 loops: 3 phase- phase loops and 3 phase- ground loops phase- phase -loop: U L1-L2 = Z L ( I L1 - I L2 ) Measured current measured voltage The same applies to the remaining loops dtgerdis3

37 Distance measurement (principle) I L1 Z L I L2 Z L = R L + j X L I L3 I E Z Z E = R E +j X E U L1 U L2 U L3 E phase-ground-loop: U L1 = Ι L1 ( R L + j X L )- Ι E ( R E +j X E ) L1 Ι, E Ι measured current U L1 measured voltage The same applies to the remaining loops dtgerdis3

38 Numerical filtered phasor measurement X R 1. Fast operation Use short data window 2. High accuracy High selectivity 3. Signal distortion does not cause delay or maloperation

39 Fourier analysis of measured values sin 2 π n i Sampled measuring values i ( k n + i) i k-n n I S(k) k I C(k) Resulting phasor I (k) = I S(k) + j I C(k) I j I (k ) C(k) cos 2 π n i ϕ I S(k)

40 Load and short-circuit impedances distance relay operating characteristic Z LF1 Z LF2 Z L X Fault area R F R F Z Load Z L D F1 F2 Z LF2 R R Z F2 Phase - Phase Fault Z Load R R R F / 2 Z LF1 R R Z F1 Increasing load Phase - Earth Fault j L R R R F /(1 + R E /R L ) Fault in reverse direction j SC1 j SC2 R Load area Minimum Load Impedance: Minimum voltage 0,9 Un Maximum current 1,1 In Maximum angle ± 30

41 Graded distance zones Z 3 time t = grading time Z 2 t 3 Z 1 t 2 t 1 A B C D D1 D2 D3 Grading rules: Z 1 = 0,85 Z AB Z 2 = 0,85 (Z AB + 0,85 Z BC ) Z 3 = 0,85 (Z AB + 0,85 (Z BC + 0,85 Z CD )) distance Safety margin is 15 %: line error CT, VT error measuring error

42 Determination of fault direction Fault location Where is the fault? U SC Current area for forward faults X Impedance area for forward faults Ι SC Z SC ϕ SC ϕ SC R Ι SC Current area for reverse faults current / voltage diagram Z' SC Impedance area for reverse faults impedance diagram The impedance also shows the direction, but...

43 Impedance zones of digital relays forwards X Line Z1B α Z1 Z2 Z4 Z5 Distance zones Inclined with line angle ϕ Angle α prevents overreach of Z1 on faults with fault resistance that are fed from both line ends reverse Load ϕ Load R Fault detection Z3 reverse forwards no fault detection polygon: the largest zone determines the fault detection characteristic simple setting of load encroachment area with R min and ϕ Load

44 Zone grading chart, radial feeder Z 3 A Z 2 Z 1 B C D D D D Ι>> Ι>t Z T Ι Z 1 = 0.85 Z A-B Z 2 = 0.85 (Z A-B Z B-C ) Z 3 = 0.85 [ Z A-B (Z B-C Z C-D ) ] Grading according the recommendation with the safety margin of 15%.

45 Ring feeder: with grading against opposite end grading time (s) The same grading from both sides

46 SIPROTEC 4 Line differential protection 7SD61 / 7SD52

47 Measuring Principle I 1 I 5 I 2 I 4 I 3 Kirchhoff: I 1 +I 2 +I 3 +I 4 +I 5 =0

48 Trip Characteristic 1:1 (3Y) 1:1 (3Y) 1 p.u. 1 p.u. I X I Y I X I Y Internal Fault

49 Trip Characteristic I X I D = I X + I Y I R = I X + I Y I D = (+1)+ (+1) = 2 I R = = 2 I Y Internal Fault

50 Trip Characteristic Idiff internal fault fault line (k=1) external fault or operation condition Ideal internal fault Idiff = I1 Istab = I1 fault is on fault line External fault Idiff = 0 Istab = I1 + I In security for CT deviations Istab

51 Differential Current due to CT-Saturation i 1 t i 2 t i_diff T 2T 3T 4T t Differential Current may cause maloperation in case of CT-saturation

52 Current transformer saturation Saturation during steady-state current Saturation during offset current

53 SIPROTEC 4 Line Line differential protection Current Comparison Protection for all applications for cables and overhead lines Two up to six line ends Handles transformers in the protected zone (integrated vector group matching) Direct connection to communication networks Communication via copper and ISDN networks Fault Locator Fast tripping (less than 15 ms) Automatic reclosure

54 SIPROTEC 4 Line differential protection Configurations over 3 line ends 7SD52 7SD52 7SD52

55 SIPROTEC 4 No No restrictions for for communication Communication with direct FO connection up to 100 km digital communication network (G703, X21) ISDN-connection 2 or 3 wire pilot wire (twisted, screened) FO or 7SD5 O O E E Digital communication network or ISDN E E O O 7SD5 O E or 2/3 wire pilot wire (Cu) E O

56 SIPROTEC 4 Multifunctional Protection for Transformers and Generators 7UT6

57 Measuring Preprocessing, Example for CT Matching (Part 1) S N = 100MVA I P1 = 500A (load current) U N1 = 110kV U N2 = 30kV 1000/5A 2000/5A winding 1 winding 2 I P2 = 1833A (load current) I N, Trafo = 525A I N, Trafo = 1924A I S1 = 2.5A I S2 = 4.58A 7UT512 measured secondary currents I Diff =? I Stab =?

58 Method of Vector Group Determination 2L1 2L2 2L3 Side 2: Side 1: 1L1 1L2 1L3 I L1,S2 = I L1 - I L2 I L1,S1 330 (n * 30 ) Vector group is Y d 11

59 Smart grids : a definition A smart grid is an electricity network that can intelligently integrate the actions of all users connected to it generators consumers and those that do both in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure electricity supply

60 Transmission networks are not un-smart Network ❿ Network under central control and command (SCADA, congestion management, balancing, defence plans...) ❿ Control of bidirectional flows (metering, protections,...) ❿ Coordination of the power plants operation ❿ Wide Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) at pan-european level IT ❿ Centralized quarter-hourly metering systems ❿ Telecom IP systems, connecting all sub-stations Market mechanisms ❿ Management of area control in real-time with web publication ❿ Management of ancillary services (power reserves) ❿ Explicit and implicit auctions of cross border transmission capacities (Belpex), nomination systems, specific pricing for local generation ❿ «Central-West Europe» Region (flow-based market,...)

61 Smart Grid technologies for distribution networks Renewables DSO IT Oil & Gas Power Generation Power Transmission Smart metering Infrastructure and smart meters System optimization measures based on meter data Meter data management Distribution network Management Integration of DMS and OMS systems Link-up of geo information (GIS) and workforce management (WFM) Virtual power plant Distribution Industry Distribution network automation Smart feeder automation Self-configuring substation automation Storage Energy Automation Portfolio

62 Vision of European Union