Transformers 1 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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1 Transformers 1 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
2 Transformers 2 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
3 Linking circuits with magnetism 3 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
4 Transformers 4 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Power can be transferred between circuits using two coils of wire wound around a soft iron core. This is called a transformer. An iron core is used as it is easily magnetised. The alternating current in the primary (input) coil produces an alternating magnetic field. This alternating magnetic field induces an alternating current in the secondary (output) coil. iron core This is the circuit symbol for a transformer: primary coil secondary coil
5 Primary side how it works 5 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A transformer links two circuits together. To understand how it works, it is important to look at each side separately. The primary side is simply an electromagnet. By passing an electric current through a coil of wire, it makes a magnetic field, just like the field around a bar magnet. A direct current makes one end of the iron north, and the other end south. It also causes a potential difference between the ends of the coil. What would happen with an alternating current? + N S
6 Secondary side how it works 6 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The secondary side coil is not connected directly to the primary side or any power supply. The secondary side works using electromagnetic induction. When the magnetic field that is perpendicular to the secondary coil changes, a current is induced in the coil. When there is an alternating current in the primary side, the magnetic field around the transformer alternates. This induces an alternating current in the secondary side coil, and a potential difference across it. +
7 Parts of a transformer 7 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
8 Investigating transformers 8 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
9 Transformers 9 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
10 Using a transformer to change p.d. 10 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 The p.d. induced in the secondary (output) coil depends on the number of turns on the primary and secondary coils. A step-up transformer has more turns on the secondary coil and so increases p.d. A step-down transformer has fewer turns on the secondary coil and so decreases p.d.
11 Properties of transformers 11 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Transformers transfer power between circuits. The design of a transformer determines the characteristics of the electricity flowing in its secondary circuit. The frequency of the alternating current in the secondary circuit matches the primary circuit, but what about potential difference? In an ideal transformer, the potential difference in each circuit is related to the number of coils on each side by the formula: primary p.d. secondary p.d. = primary turns secondary turns V p V s = N p N s
12 Step-up transformers Step-up transformers increase the potential difference. The secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil. Since there are more turns, a larger potential difference is generated across the secondary coil. + + V s = N s N p V p ratio greater than 1 12 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
13 Step-down transformers Step-down transformers decrease the potential difference. The secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary coil. Since there are fewer turns, a smaller potential difference is generated across the secondary coil. + + V s = N s N p V p ratio less than 1 13 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
14 Calculating potential difference 14 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
15 Transformers 15 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
16 Transformer power 16 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Transformers not only change p.d.; they change current. For example, if the potential difference increases, such as in a step-up transformer, the current decreases. This is because for any transformer (providing no energy is lost in the transformer): power in = power out and: power = p.d. current This gives: V p I p = V s I s V s V p + + I p I s
17 Transformer power example 17 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 A transformer has a primary potential difference of 1,000 V and a primary current of 0.5 A. If the secondary circuit has a current of 0.01 A flowing, what is the secondary potential difference? V p I p = V s I s V s = V p I p I s = 1,000V = 50,000 V 0.5A 0.01A V s V p + + I p I s
18 Power loss in wires 18 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016 Wires have resistance, so power is lost as heat when current flows through them: power loss = (current) 2 resistance P = I 2 R power is measured in watts (W) current is measured in amps (A) resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). When transmitting electricity, how does a transformer help to minimise the power lost?
19 Transformers and the supply chain 19 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
20 Why use high voltages for distribution? 20 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
21 Power loss in cables example 21 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
22 Transformers 22 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
23 Glossary 23 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
24 Anagrams 24 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
25 Multiple-choice quiz 25 of 25 Boardworks Ltd 2016
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