Lightning Protection Optimization for Large Wind Turbines with Method-of-Moments
|
|
- Aubrie Townsend
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lightning Protection Optimization for Large Win Turbines with Metho-of-Moments Florian Krug, Ralph Teichmann General Electric - Global Research Freisinger Lanstrasse 50, Munich, GERMAY Ulrich Jakobus, iels Berger EM Software & Systems GmbH Otto-Lilienthal-Str. 36, Böblingen, GERMAY Hans Steinbigler, Josef Kinersberger Laboratory for High Voltage Technology an Power Transmission, Technische Universität München Arcisstr. 21, München, GERMAY Abstract: - Electro-magnetic fiels ajacent to the lightning current path in win turbine generators are analyze. The metho of moments is use to analytically escribe the transient istribute electro-magnetic fiel cause by a lightning strike. A simulation tool using the metho of moments is presente. The electromagnetic fiel istribution uring a lightning strike in a win turbine hub is analyze in etail. The electromagnetic fiel analysis is extene by a statistical lightning risk evaluation for win turbine generators. Key-Wors: - Lightning protection, Metho-of-Moments, Win turbine, Power System, Risk Analysis, Electro-magnetic Fiel 1 Introuction Lightning strike effect on win turbine generators have recently become a major concern as the number an the height of win turbines continue to increase. The impact on win turbines range from isturbances on control electronics, amages to single components, such as blaes or electronic components, to fires resulting in a complete loss of the installation. Most of these effects result in unesirable owntimes with its financial implications for the win turbine operator. Further costs are ae if components nee to be replace. Lightning strike risk analyses for common structures are establishe proceures to ientify sensitive areas an etermine the probability an severity of amages cause by lightning strikes. Simple methos [3] an more sophisticate proceures [4] were introuce. Specific guielines an recommenations to assess an mitigate the risk of lightning amage for win turbine generators [1] [2] were presente by various international technical committees such as IEC or IEA. These recommenations focus on provision to safely conuct the lightning current thereby avoiing substantial amage. The electro-magnetic implications cause by the large transient lightning currents on control electronic components ajacent to the lightning current path have not yet been iscusse. This paper presents an analytical metho an a tool suitable for the analysis of irect lightning strike effects on sensitive electronic components in a win turbine generator. The simulation results for the electric an magnetic fiel istribution uring a lightning strike in a generic hub of a large win turbine are presente. 2 Risk Analysis An important initial step of a risk analysis is the estimation of the frequency of irect strikes to the win turbine. This frequency is mainly a function of the lightning activity at the installation site, the local geographical topology an the imensions of the turbine. The proceure of the estimation is escribe in [1] an [2]. It is base on investigations an experiences with common structures up to a height of 60 m. As an example a win turbine with three rotor blaes, a hub height of 100 m an blae length of 38.4 m is use. An offshore location with a istance of more than three times the total height of the turbine to the next turbine is assume.
2 The annual average number of irect lightning flashes to the win turbine can be assesse by the following formula: (1) 6 = g A C10 where g is the annual average groun flash ensity (1/(km 2 a)), A is the average collection area of irect lightning strikes (m 2 ) an C is the environment factor accoring to [1]. Data on the annual average groun flash ensity are given in stanars on lightning protection, e.g. in [5]. For example for a offshore installation site near the German orth Sea coast g is approximately 0.75 (1/(km 2 a)) [5]. The average collection area A for a win turbine place on a flat groun is calculate to be the area of a circle with a raius of three times the turbine height [1]. For the calculation of A reference [1] recommens the moeling of the turbine as a tall mast with a height equal to the hub height plus one rotor raius: h = = m (2) The average collection area of irect lightning strikes amounts to: ( 3h) π = ( ) = m A = π (3) The assumption that the win turbines are separate by a istance of more than three times the height of the turbines results in an environment factor C = 1. With the calculate values for g, A an C the annual average number of irect lightning flashes to the turbine is given by: = = 0.4 (4) a This means that the win turbine is hit by a lightning flash in average once within a perio of about two an a half year. A more etaile analysis shoul istinguish between upwar an ownwar lightning flashes. Win turbine generators with heights similar to this example are expose to both types of lightning ischarges. A tenency to experience a higher number of upwar flashes as the turbine height increases has been note. A nee for further ata of lightning flashes to win turbines, e.g. ata of lightning flashes to very high structures with moving parts, clearly exists. The estimation of the frequency of irect lightning flashes to the win turbine is a first step of a risk analysis. The next step is an investigation as to whether the lightning protection system being installe is sufficient. The consierations for this step of the risk analysis are base on the fact that not every lightning flash to the turbine causes amage, epening on the efficiency of the lightning protection system. In [1] a failure of the lightning protection system is calle a critical event. The permissible number of such critical events c per year can be calculate as follows: c ( E) 1 (5) with the efficiency E of the lightning protection system. This efficiency is correlate with the protection level efine in [1]. It can be calculate with the formula: c E 1 (6) For the permissible number of critical events the value c = /a is recommene in [1]. Using this value the efficiency of the example win turbine is: 3 10 E 1 = (6) 0.4 In [1] four levels for lightning protection systems are efine in accorance with [3]: level I through level IV. Accoring to [1] for the calculate efficiency E a protection level I is necessary with the following lightning current parameters: peak current 200 ka, average rate of current rise 200 ka/µs an total charge transfer 300 C. These ata are the basis for testing an simulation calculations for the lightning protection system of the win turbine generator being consiere. Further steps of the risk analysis must be carrie out for the ifferent areas of the system. Sensitive areas with a high risk of amage are for instance the rotor blaes an areas with control systems. Lightning amage statistics show that more than 50 % of amages occur in controls systems of the win turbine [6]. A highly sensitive component of the win power turbine is the pitch control system for the control of the blae angle. It is locate within the hub ajacent to the lightning current path. In orer to calculate the risk of amage for the components of this pitch control system it is necessary to etermine the electromagnetic fiel istribution insie the hub. This fiel istribution epens on the lightning current path from the point of impact to the groun an specifically on the lightning current istribution on an near the hub.
3 3 umerical Analysis There are few numerical methos to analyze the electro-magnetic impact of a lightning strike on a certain component within a complex mechanical structure. Each approach has its specific avantages. Time-omain approaches offer the opportunity to incorporate hysteresis effects an to calculate an impulse resonance irectly in time-omain. Frequency omain approaches can hanle frequency epenent material parameters an can exactly account for the infinite space. In this paper the metho of moments shall be introuce to perform these specific calculations to reuce the moel to conucting elements only. 3.1 The Metho of Moments The metho of moments (MoM) is a current-base numerical technique to first erive the current istribution on a meshe moel an to euce all other quantities (e.g. the nearfiel istribution) in a secon step. The MoM belongs to the integral equation methos base on the etermination an superposition of all fiel sources. Multiple istribute sources are exciting the set-up an inucing/influencing currents an charges on the metallic structure. The electro-magnetic effects of all sources are superimpose with the original fiel. Fig. 2: Wire segment basis functions an their weighting functions. For each connection between the iscrete elements (triangles for surfaces an segments for wires) a basis function has to be efine, which realizes the galvanic contact an escribes the current I e an charge at a given element (7) The triangular basis function g n (linear approximation of the current istribution) for the segment interconnections (noes) can be seen in Fig. 2. The segments an the expansion coefficients β n are unknown in (7) an have to be etermine. There are analogous basis functions an expansion coefficients for the connection between triangles (eges) an between segments with triangles (connection point) as shown in Fig. 3. The RWG (accoring to Rao-Wilton- Glisson [8]) basis functions are use in this case for the metallic eges.. Fig. 1: Scattering of waves with metallic an ielectric boies. Therefore only metallic structures carrying these sources (currents an charges) have to be consiere (see Fig. 1) an structure into iscrete elements. Wire structures are meshe into segments an soli structures are meshe into a triangular surface boy. 3.2 The Computer Coe FEKO The program flow of the computer coe FEKO [7] shall be use to escribe in etail the metho of moments. Fig. 3: Basis functions for triangular connections (eges) an connection points between segments an triangular patches. The electro-magnetic problem solver has to evaluate a set of unknowns (representing either the fiels or the sources) from a set of linear equations at a given excitation. In the metho of moments the set of linear equations is base on a number of bounary conitions (e.g. electric fiel is perpenicular to perfectly conucting structures, charges can be erive from the currents with the continuity equation) an a number of transformation equations (e.g. Greens function G ( r, r ) ),
4 which escribe the relation between a source element an the fiel strength or the coupling between two source elements. with the basic frequency f 0. The time-omain function or equivalent signal is given by (10), e.g. at the iscrete time sample t k = k T 0= k / ( f 0). u k = 1 1 ( ) V ( l) e l= 0 j2πklf0 / k (10) (8) These transformation equations (e.g. in (8) with the relation between the scattere electric fiel an all electric an magnetic line an surface currents) are integral equations. Therefore this metho belongs to the integral-equation methos. A harmonic approach is neee to replace the time-erivative by jω with the angular frequency ω. To enable a set-up an solution of these linear equations the linear equations have to be solve numerically. The resulting expansion coefficients irectly give the current an charge istribution on the iscrete elements of the structure. This calculation is a solution for a single frequency (time-harmonic continuous-wave (CW) signal) an can be repeate for a number of frequencies to etermine the frequency response of the system. This can be calle a filter. 3.3 Aitional Moules of FEKO The electro-magnetic coe FEKO has been selecte as the best choice to solve this problem because it combines the three main avantages, MoM base solver well fitte to this stuy with mainly conucting structures only Built-in Fourier-Transformation for time omain analysis Built-in optimizer for moel parameter optimization. In aition to metallic surfaces, also ielectric boies or non-perfect materials (e.g. finite conuctivity, skin effect etc.) can be consiere within the MoM framework. The Fourier-transform an the optimisation feature shall be escribe in etail below. The iscrete Fourier transform or spectrum V(l) for a time-omain signal u(k) is given in (9) e.g. at the iscrete frequency f l = l f 0 V ( l) = 1 k= 0 u( k) e. j2πklf0 / l (9) with the sampling perio T 0=1 / ( f 0) an is the number of samples. A system must be known in time-omain or in frequency omain with its impulse-response (shape, uration) or its filter characteristic (banwith an its resonance), respectively. A signal shall be known in timeomain or in frequency omain with its shape or with its spectrum, respectively. If the impulse response of a system has a finite uration T sys, a pulse signal with a pulse perio larger than T sys can be consiere. The system response can be escribe by the response of a single impulse or vice versa. FEKO uses this characteristic to solve timeomain problems using impulses by extening this to a pulse signal an by a iscrete sampling (relate to the pulse perio) of both spectrum an signal. For the time-omain analysis using impulse or pulse signals, mainly three ifferent cases can be specifie: a. All-pass behavior: The spectrum of the signal is very narrow compare to the banwith of the so-calle filter or system. This leas to a simple elay an attenuation of the impulse or pulse. b. Filter-behavior: Both the signal spectrum an the system banwith are in the same range. This leas to the necessity to combine the spectrum with the filter characteristic of the system an to apply an inverse Fourier transform to get the impulse or pulse response. c. Dirac-impuls behavior: The signal spectrum is very wieban an particularly constant in the pass ban of the system. The impulse s shape is simply the impulse response of the system scale with the signal energy of the single impulse. The yquist criterion has to be applie to sample the spectrum up to a maximum frequency f 0 > 2fmax of twice the signal banwith f max. It is also applie sample the spectrum with a pulse perio frequency f 0 corresponing to the uration T sys < T 0 of the system impulse response: (11)
5 To approximate the shape of a lightning stroke (on bottom of Fig. 4) a number of preefine pulse shapes can be chosen as excitation in FEKO, e.g. a ramp function or a ouble logarithmic shape (as given in equation (11) an the lower part of Fig. 4). Fig. 4: Double exponential impulse shape (top) for time omain analysis of a lightning stroke (bottom) For a rise time of T 1 = 10 µs an a fall time of T 2 = 350 µs the time constants can be set to τ 1 = µs an τ 2 = 5.45 µs. In FEKO the impulse shape an its spectrum can be combine with the filter characteristic of the system sample by FEKO in frequency omain. The program coe FEKO has a built-in inverse Fourier transformation allowing the calculation of the resulting impulse (or pulse) response of the quantity being specifie. This approach is neee for the cases b. an c. where the entire frequency response of the system must be calculate. In the case being consiere the geometry is very small relative to the wavelength of the highest frequency in the signal spectrum. Hence case a. is vali. It is sufficient to run only one calculation at one specific frequency e.g. at the center of the banwith of the all-pass to etermine the attenuation an elay. 3.4 Parameter Optimization Another avantage of the software package FEKO is the possibility to efine nearly all-geometrical an electro-magnetic parameters as a variable. The value of such a variable usually has to be fixe for one calculation. The values of istinct variables an the settings of subsequent calculations can be embee into an optimization proceure, such that the value (or a set of values) of one ore more quantities from the output-file from FEKO can be extracte to calculate an aim-function. This can be use in conjunction with a stanar optimizer (e.g. conjugate graient or simplex algorithm) to etermine a next value for the istinct variables. FEKO has a built-in-moule for such optimizations for a number of preefine aim-functions among which are gain, pattern, impeance matching or fiel-strength shaping. FEKO also allows the user to embe it into a user-efine optimization algorithm (e.g. written in MATLAB/Simulink) to perform specific moel optimizations. 3.5 Limitations FEKO is a frequency omain solver an cannot take into account a hysteretic behavior of the ferrite boy. This problem can be aresse by some worst-case stuies in the frequency omain, however, a goo knowlege of the materials an their influence on the current istribution is require. The frequency omain approach will also not allow an analysis of the influence of specific circumstances such as a shorting of the lighting strike by a burne insulation on the shape of the impulse response. However, it is possible to etermine the maximum fiel strength at arbitrary positions enabling a etermination of the probability an the position of such an event. 3.6 Time Domain Analysis The transition from a harmonic CW-signal to a pulse or impulse signal can be performe in both the frequency omain (using a spectrum or spectral ensity) an the time omain (using the signal shape). The main requirement for such an approach is the linearity of the system. The Fourier transformation is commonly use to switch between these two omains. 4 Electromagnetic Simulation Results The moel in this stuy was irectly transferre from a CAD-file. In a first step the moel has been reuce to the relevant parts (e.g. without etails as are screws or aitional holers). In a secon step the reuce moel was meshe into triangular surfaces an wire segments. The cables an their en loas were entere in FEKO to set some material parameters. The etaile waveforms of the lightning currents an the corresponing magnetic fiels are of interest. With efficient measurement methos like the timeomain measurement principle [9] a eeper unerstaning of the lightning current influence on the electrical energy systems is possible.
6 4.1 Lightning Strike Current Density In Fig. 6 the current istribution for a harmonic stimulus (f = 500 khz) is shown. Material Parameter: E-GJS400-18U-LT Input: Lightning Current Fig. 5: Current istribution at 500 khz 4.2 Magnetic Fiel The result of the numeric electro-magnetic fiel simulation is shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 6: Magnetic fiel istribution 5 Conclusion The effects of lightning strikes on large win turbine generators are iscusse. Special attention is given to the transient electro-magnetic fiel istribution in areas close to the lightning current path. The metho of moments is presente as one approach to solve transient electro-magnetic fiel problems. Basic requirements are geometrical, material ata an excitation source waveform. A commercially available simulation tool was evaluate. The tool was use to specifically analyze the electro-magnetic fiel istribution in the hub of a large win turbine uring a typical lightning strike. Initial results using this approach are encouraging; the valiation of the simulation results using measurements will be iscusse in a future publication. A statistical risk evaluation metho of amages to large win turbine generators is also presente. A etaile electro-magnetic fiel analysis conucte for critical areas in the win turbine in conjunction with a statistical evaluation of the lightning strike risks serve as a founation to minimize harware amage in win turbine installations. References: [1] IEC TR , 2002/07, Win turbine generator systems, Part 24: Lightning protection. [2] IEA: Recommene practices for win turbine testing an evaluation, 9. Lightning Protection for Win Turbine Installations. [3] IEC , 1993/09, Protection of structures against lightning, Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems. [4] IEC TR 61662, 1995/04, Assessment of the risk of amage ue to lightning. [5] VDE V , 2000/11, Blitzschutz, Risikomanagement; Abschätzung es Schaensrisikos für bauliche Anlagen. [6] Cotton, I., et al., Lightning protection for win turbines. 25th ICLP Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Rhoes, Greece, September [7] FEKO, software prouct of EM Software & Systems, see [8] S.M. Rao, et al., Electromagnetic Scattering by Surfaces of Arbitrary Shape, IEEE Trans. Antennas an Propagation, Vol. 30, o. 3, 1982, pp [9] F. Krug, P. Russer, The Time-Domain Electromagnetic Interference Measurement System, IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. 45, o. 2, 2003, pp
Measurement of Semi-Anechoic Chamber Using Modified VSWR method above 1GHz
Measurement of Semi-Anechoic Chamber Using Moifie VSWR metho above 1GHz M. Bittera, K. Kováč, J. Hallon Department of Measurement, Faculty of Electrical Engineering an Information Technology, Slovak University
More informationSECONDARY TRANSMISSION POWER OF COGNITIVE RADIOS FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS
SECONDARY TRANSMISSION POWER OF COGNITIVE RADIOS FOR DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS Xiaohua Li 1 1 Department of ECE State University of New York at Binghamton Binghamton, NY 139, USA {xli,jhwu1}@binghamton.eu
More informationUsing Chaos to Detect IIR and FIR Filters
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 6, NO., 00 90 Using Chaos to Detect IIR an FIR Filters T. L. Carroll US Naval Research Lab, Coe 66, Washington, DC 07, USA Abstract In many signal processing applications, IIR an FIR
More informationThe FDTD method for lightning surge propagation in 115-kV power transmission systems of PEA s Thailand
The FDTD metho for lightning surge propagation in 5-kV power transmission systems of PEA s Thailan * Kokiat Aosup ) an Thanatchai Kulworawanichpong ) ), ) Power System Research Unit, School of Electrical
More informationField Notching and Drilling of Glued Laminated Timber Beams
T E C H N I C A L N O T E Fiel Notching an Drilling of Glue Laminate Timber Beams Note: This version is supersee by a more current eition. Check the current eition for upate esign an application recommenations.
More informationApplication of Vector Fitting to High Frequency Transformer Modeling
Application of Vector Fitting to High Frequenc Transformer Moeling Bjørn Gustavsen SINTEF Energ Research, N-76 Tronheim, Norwa (e-mail: bjorn.gustavsen@sintef.no) Abstract This paper escribes a proceure
More informationDownward Trimming of Polymer Thick Film Resistors through High Voltage Pulses
Downwar Trimming of Polymer Thick Film Resistors through High Voltage Pulses Y.Srinivasa Rao E.C.E. Department Shri Vishnu Engineering College For Women Vishnupur, Bhimavaram-540 W.G.Dt.,Ap, Inia Phone
More informationWIND TURBINE AMPLITUDE MODULATION NOISE DUE TO TIME- DEPENDENT INTERFERENCE
WIND TURBINE AMPLITUDE MODULATION NOISE DUE TO TIME- DEPENDENT INTERFERENCE Abstract Stuart Braley Physics Department, University of Aucklan, Private Bag 9019, Aucklan, New Zealan Email: s.braley@aucklan.ac.nz
More informationAN-1140 APPLICATION NOTE
APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwoo, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com Microphone Array Beamforming by Jera Lewis INTRODUCTION All MEMS microphones
More informationDouble Closed-loop Control System Design of PMSM Based on DSP MoupengTao1, a,songjianguo2, b, SongQiang3, c
4th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry an Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 2015) Double Close-loop Control System Design of PMSM Base on DSP MoupengTao1, a,songjianguo2, b, SongQiang3,
More informationConstruction of Power Efficient Routing Tree for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks using Directional Antenna
Construction of Power Efficient Routing Tree for A Hoc Wireless Networks using Directional Antenna Qing Dai an Jie Wu Department of Computer Science an Engineering Floria Atlantic University Boca Raton,
More informationField Visualization by Image Processing
The 0th International Symposium on Flow Visualiation August 6-9, 00, Kyoto, Japan F008 Fiel Visualiation by Image Processing Image refining an fiel characteristics arinova, I. *, Eno, H. *, Hayano, S.
More informationHOW SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS MAY HELP TO SUPPRESS VOLTAGE SENSORS IN DIRECTIONAL RELAYS FOR DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
C E D 17 th nternational Conference on Electricity Distribution Barcelona, 12-15 May 2003 HOW SYMMETCAL COMPONENTS MAY HELP TO SUPPESS VOLTAGE SENSOS N DECTONAL ELAYS FO DSTBUTON NETWOKS Xavier LE PVET
More informationBI-DIRECTIONAL MIXED SIGNAL CONNECTION MODULES FOR AUTOMATIC INSERTION
BI-DIRECTIONAL MIXED SIGNAL CONNECTION MODULES FOR AUTOMATIC INSERTION Olaf Zinke Caence Design Systems San Diego, CA, USA oinke@caence.com Abstract Efficient simulation of mie signal esigns requires the
More informationMusical Wind Instrument Analysis
Musical Win Instrument Analysis Darren, Murray Campbell Department of Acoustics an Flui Dynamics, University of Einburgh, EH9 3JZ, Einburgh, Scotlan D.A.@sms.e.ac.uk,.m.campbell@e.ac.uk The acoustic impeance
More informationELECTROMUSCULAR INCAPACITATING DEVICE SAFETY
ELECTROMUSCULAR INCAPACITATING DEVICE SAFETY Hongyu Sun*, Jiun-Yan Wu*, Rami Aballah**, an John G. Webster*** *University of Wisconsin-Maison/Department of Electrical an Computer Engineering **American
More informationPrincipal Component Analysis-Based Compensation for Measurement Errors Due to Mechanical Misalignments in PCB Testing
Principal Component Analysis-Base Compensation for Measurement Errors Due to Mechanical Misalignments in PCB Testing Xin He 1, Yashwant Malaiya 2, Anura P. Jayasumana 1 Kenneth P. Parker 3 an Stephen Hir
More informationWave-Induced Fluctuations in Underwater Light Field: Analysis of Data from RaDyO Experiments
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approve for public release; istribution is unlimite. Wave-Inuce Fluctuations in Unerwater Light Fiel: Analysis of Data from RaDyO Experiments Dariusz Stramski Marine Physical
More informationMODELLING OF GPS SIGNAL LARGE SCALE PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS IN URBAN AREAS FOR PRECISE NAVIGATION
Int. J. Elec&Electr.Eng&Telcomm. 2012 G Sateesh Kumar et al., 2012 Research Paper ISSN 2319 2518 www.ijeetc.com Vol. 1, No. 1, October 2012 2012 IJEETC. All Rights Reserve MODELLING OF GPS SIGNAL LARGE
More informationField Notching and Drilling of Glued Laminated Timber Beams
T E C H N I C A L N O T E Fiel Notching an Drilling of Glue Laminate Timber Beams Number EWS S560C June 1999 Introuction Glue laminate timber (glulam) beams are highly engineere components manufacture
More informationDesign and Implementation of Dual Frequency Microstrip Patch Antenna with Koch Fractal Geometry using co-axial Feeding Technique
Design an Implementation of Dual Frequency Microstrip Patch Antenna with Koch Fractal Geometry using co-axial Feeing Technique Mr.V.V.Khairnar Prof.Mrs.K.R.Khanagle Prof.Mrs.Abhilasha Mishra the multiban
More informationJitter Limitations on a Gigabit Copper Multi- Carrier System
Jitter Limitations on a Gigabit Copper Multi- Carrier System Jan H. Rutger Schraer, Eric A.M. Klumperink, Jan L. Visschers, Bram Nauta University of Twente, IC-Design Group, P.O. Box 7, 75 AE, Enschee,
More informationField Notching and Drilling of Glued Laminated Timber Beams Number EWS S560F December 2006
T E C H N I C A L N O T E Fiel Notching an Drilling of Glue Laminate Timber Beams Number EWS S560F December 2006 INTRODUCTION Glue laminate timber (glulam) beams are highly engineere components manufacture
More informationField Notching and Drilling of Glued Laminated Timber Beams
T E C H N I C A L N O T E Fiel Notching an Drilling of Glue Laminate Timber Beams Number EWS S560H November 2014 INTRODUCTION Glue laminate timber (glulam) beams are highly engineere components manufacture
More informationResource Allocation for Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Networks with Orthogonal Users
Resource Allocation for Cooperative Transmission in Wireless Networks with Orthogonal Users D. Richar Brown III Electrical an Computer Engineering Department Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester,
More informationC2. Design of Digital Filters
C2. Design of Digital Filters Objectives Unerstan what is an ieal filter vs a non-ieal filter Given signal an noise specifications in the frequency omain, how to esign a igital filter; For the same problem,
More informationIN GENERAL, an optical network can consist of a
1 Geometric Capacity Provisioning for Wavelength-Switche WDM Networks Li-Wei Chen, Eytan Moiano Abstract In this paper, we use an asymptotic analysis similar to the sphere-packing argument in the proof
More informationResearch on the Selection Strategy for Optimal Anchor Nodes Based on Ant Colony Optimization
Sensors & Transucers 2014 by IFSA Publishing, S. L. http://www.sensorsportal.com Research on the Selection Strategy for Optimal Anchor Noes Base on Ant Colony Optimization Baoxin ZHAO, Bi ZENG Guangong
More informationKEY FEATURES TEST CAPABILITIES 8000S HIGH POWER EARTH TESTING SYSTEM STANDARDS COMPLIANCE
KEY FEATURES 8000S HIGH POWER EARTH TESTING SYSTEM High power earth systems (Substations, Transmission towers, etc) have to be perioically monitore to check if they comply with safety levels establishe
More informationEnergy Efficient Virtual MIMO-based Cooperative Communications for Wireless Sensor Networks
Energy Efficient Virtual MIMO-base Cooperative Communications for Wireless Sensor Networks Suharman K. Jayaweera Department of Electrical an Computer Engineering Wichita State University, Wichita, KS,
More informationWind sculpture. Cable 2. Cable 1. Sculpture
Win sculpture Your frien, an artist, has been thinking about an interesting way to isplay a new win sculpture she has just create. In orer to create an aural as well as visual effect, she woul like to
More informationController Design for Cuk Converter Using Model Order Reduction
n International Conference on Power, Control an Embee Systems Controller Design for Cuk Converter Using Moel Orer Reuction Brijesh Kumar Kushwaha an Mr. Aniruha Narain Abstract: Cuk converter contain two
More informationMinimization of EMC Filter for Interconnection Inverter by High Switching Frequency
Minimization of EMC Filter for Interconnection Inverter by High Switching Frequency Takuya Kataoka, Masakazu Kato Nagaoka University of Technology Nagaoka, Niigata,Japan takuya_kataoka@stn.nagaokaut.ac.jp
More informationAUTOMATED SCAN MEASUREMENT METHOD (ASM2) FOR SHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS OF ENCLOSURES
AUTOMATD SCAN MASURMNT MTOD (ASM) FOR SILDING FFCTIVNSS OF NCLOSURS Mehmet YAZICI Bahattin TÜRTKN Piraye ÖLÇR rsan BARAN The Scientific an Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) National Research
More informationLecture 18: Mobile Radio Propagation: Large Scale Prop. Modeling. Mobile Radio Propagation: Large Scale Propagation Modeling
EE 499: Wireless & Mobile Communications (08) Mobile Raio Propagation: Large Scale Propagation Moeling Raio Wave Propagation Raio waves suffer from several cannel problems as tey travel troug te air. Some
More informationCOMPTON SCATTERING. Phys 2010 Brown University March 13, 2009
COMPTON SCATTERING Phys 00 Brown University March 3, 009 Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to verify the energy epenence of gamma raiation upon scattering angle an to compare the ifferential cross
More informationHybrid Posicast Controller for a DC-DC Buck Converter
SERBIAN JOURNAL OF ELETRIAL ENGINEERING Vol. 5, No. 1, May, 11-13 Hybri Posicast ontroller for a D-D Buck onverter Kaithamalai Uhayakumar 1, Ponnusamy Lakshmi, Kanasamy Boobal Abstract: A new Posicast
More informationDynamic Hybrid Duplex for Rate Maximization in OFDMA. Sangmin Oh and Chae Y. Lee
Dynamic Hybri Duplex for Rate Maximization in OFDMA Sangmin Oh an Chae Y. Lee Dept. of Inustrial Engineering, KAIST, 373-1 Kusung Dong, Taeon, Korea Tel: +82-42-350-5916, FAX: +82-42-350-3110 Email: {sangmin.oh,
More informationExponential Interpolation Technique for Scanning Electron Microscope Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation.
184 Int'l Conf. IP, Comp. Vision, an Pattern Recognition IPCV'16 Exponential Interpolation Technique for Scanning Electron Microscope Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation. Z.X.Yeap1, K.S.Sim 1 1 Faculty of
More informationBalanced-energy Sleep Scheduling Scheme for High Density Cluster-based Sensor Networks
Balance-energy Sleep Scheuling Scheme for High Density Cluster-base Sensor Networks Jing Deng, unghsiang S. Han, Weni B. Heinzelman, an Pramo K. Varshney Abstract In orer to conserve battery power in very
More informationImproving the Near-Metal Performance of UHF RFID Tags
Improving the Near-Metal Performance of UHF RFID Tags Daniel D. Deavours Information an Telecommunications Technology Center University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS Email: eavours@ittc.ku.eu Abstract It is
More information2.35 Tuning PID Controllers
2.35 Tuning PID Controllers P. W. MURRILL (1970) P. D. SCHNELLE, JR. (1985) B. G. LIPTÁK (1995) J. GERRY, M. RUEL, F. G. SHINSKEY (2005) In orer for the reaer to fully unerstan the content an concepts
More information16 DESEMBER AC to AC VOLTAGE CONVERTERS
DSMBR AC to AC VOLTAG CONVRTRS THR PHAS AC RGULATORS Instructional Objectives Stuy of the following: The circuits use for the threephase ac regulators (ac to ac voltage converters) The operation of the
More informationTracking Control of Automatic Pipe Cutting Robot with Magnetic Binder
Materials Science Forum Vols. 505-507 (2006) pp. 1201-1206 online at http://www.scientific.net (2006) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerlan Tracking Control of Automatic Pipe Cutting Robot with Magnetic
More informationH90. Intellivox ADC-H90. Datasheet EN Shaping the future of sound reinforcement. Applies to Part Numbers: , and
H90 Datasheet Applies to Part Numbers: 576126, 577126 an 577136 Intellivox ADC-H90 EN 54-24 Shaping the future of soun reinforcement AXYS ADC-H90 ata sheet rev 2.3 User Notice: No part of this ocument
More informationThe magnetic induction communications for the wireless underground sensor networks
International Journal of Intelligent Information Systems 2014; 3(6-1): 109-114 Publishe online November 12, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijiis) oi: 10.11648/j.ijiis.s.2014030601.30 ISSN:
More informationRECENTLY, the 2G standard GSM was enhanced by
274 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIREESS COMMUNICATIONS, VO. 5, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2006 The Training Sequence Coe Depenence of EDGE Receivers using Zero IF Sampling Martin Krueger, Member, IEEE, Robert Denk, an Bin
More informationWavelet Transform Based Relay Algorithm for the Detection of Stochastic High Impedance Faults
International Conference on Power Systems Transients IPST 3 in New Orleans, USA Wavelet Transm Base Relay Algorithm the Detection of Stochastic High Impeance Faults T. M. ai,.a. Snier an E. o () Dept.
More informationDECENTRALIZED CIVIL STRUCTURAL CONTROL USING A REAL-TIME WIRELESS SENSING AND CONTROL SYSTEM
4 th Worl Conference on Structural Control an Monitoring 4WCSCM-252 DECENTRALIZED CIVIL STRUCTURAL CONTROL USIN A REAL-TIME WIRELESS SENSIN AND CONTROL SYSTEM Abstract Y. Wang 1, R. A. Swartz 2, J. P.
More informationPROPERTY AND REMOVAL OF JITTER IN BEIJING-1 SMALL SATELLITE PANCHROMATIC IMAGES
PROPERTY AND REMOVAL OF JITTER IN BEIJING-1 SMALL SATELLITE PANCHROMATIC IMAGES Qiong Ran a,b,, Yaobin Chi a,b, Zhiyong Wang b a IRSA Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Acaemy of Science,100101,Beiing,China
More informationValidation of a Non-Line-of-Sight Path-Loss Model for V2V Communications at Street Intersections
Valiation of a Non-Line-of-Sight Path-Loss Moel for V2V Communications at Street Intersections Taimoor Abbas, Anreas Thiel, Thomas Zemen, Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker, an Frerik Tufvesson Department of
More informationA new method of converter transformer protection without commutation failure
IOP Conference Series: Earth an Environmental Science PAPER OPEN ACCESS A new metho of converter transformer protection without commutation failure To cite this article: Jiayu Zhang et al 08 IOP Conf.
More informationErlang Capacity of Multi-class TDMA Systems with Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Downloae from orbittuk on: Oct 2, 218 Erlang Capacity of Multi-class TDMA Systems with Aaptive Moulation an Coing Wang, Hua; Iversen, Villy Bæk Publishe in: Proceeings of IEEE ICC 28 Link to article, DOI:
More informationLecture 7 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 7, Slide 1
Lecture 7 Optical receivers p i n ioes Avalanche ioes Receiver esign Receiver noise Shot noise Thermal noise Signal-to-noise ratio Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 7, Slie 1 Optical receivers The purpose
More informationDETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL DIRECT LOAD CONTROL STRATEGY USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL DIRECT LOAD CONTROL STRATEGY USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING Zelko Popovic Distribution engineer Rae Koncara 57, 24300 Backa Topola, Yugoslavia Phone: +38 24 74 220 Fax: +38 24 74 898
More informationMODULE III. Foundations Of Data Communications And The Physical Layer
MODULE III Founations Of Data Communications An The Physical Layer Computer Networks an Internets -- Moule 3 1 Spring, 2014 Copyright 2014. All rights reserve. Topics Motivation an moel Information sources
More informationThe effect of two realistic Radio Propagation Models for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks in Urban Area Environment Supported with stations
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 1, Oct-211 1 The effect of two realistic Raio Propagation Moels for Mobile A hoc NETworks in Urban Area Environment Supporte with
More informationARTM CHANNEL SOUNDING RESULTS AN INVESTIGATION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING ON AERONAUTICAL TELEMETRY CHANNELS
ARTM CHANNEL SOUNDING RESULTS AN INVESTIGATION OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING ON AERONAUTICAL TELEMETRY CHANNELS Item Type text; Proceeings Authors Rice, Michael; e Gaston, Davi; Davis, Aam; German, Gus;
More informationRadio Range Adjustment for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks. Electronic Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET,United Kingdom b
Raio Range Ajustment for Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Q. Gao a,, K. J. Blow a 1, D. J. Holing a, I. W. Marshall b, X. H. Peng a a Electronic Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET,Unite
More informationPage 1. Overview : Wireless Networks Lecture 7: Cellular Networks. The advent of cellular networks. The cellular network design.
Overview 18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 7: Cellular Networks Dina Papagiannaki & Peter Steenkiste Departments of Computer Science an Electrical an Computer Engineering Spring Semester 2009 http://www.cs.cmu.eu/~prs/wireless09/
More informationA model for mobility-dependent large-scale. propagation characteristics of wireless channel. D. Moltchanov, Y. Koucheryavy, J.
A moel for mobility-epenent large-scale propagation characteristics of wireless channels D. Moltchanov, Y. Koucheryavy, J. Harju Abstract In this paper we propose an extension to existing Markovian wireless
More informationAnalog Input. Current
A Continuous-Time Switche- Moulator with Reuce Loop Delay Louis Luh John Choma,Jr. Jerey Draper Electrical Engineering Information Sciences Institute University of Southern California University of Southern
More informationInvestigation of phased arrays for guided waves applications
ULTRAGARSAS Journal, Ultrasoun Institute, Kaunas, Lithuania For all papers of this publication click: www.nt.net/search/ocs.php?mainsource=7 ISSN 9-4 ULTRAGARSAS (ULTRASOUND), Vol. 6, No., 7. Investigation
More informationThe Analysis and Complementarity of Abbe Principle Application Limited in Coordinate Measurement
Proceeings of the Worl Congress on Engineering 00 Vol III The Analysis an Complementarity of Abbe Principle Application Limite in Coorinate Measurement Fei Yetai, Shang Ping, Chen Xiaohuai, Huang Qiangxian
More informationINTERFERENCE REJECTION PERFORMANCE AS A MEANS OF FREQUENCY OPTIMISATION IN A MIXED CELLULAR/MANET NETWORK
ITERFERECE REJECTIO PERFORMACE A A MEA OF FREQUECY OPTIMIATIO I A MIXED CELLULAR/MAET ETORK Kayonne ebley Faculty Avisor: Dr. Richar Dean Department of Electrical an Computer Engineering Morgan tate University
More informationCode-Carrier Divergence Monitoring for the GPS Local Area Augmentation System
Coe-Carrier Divergence Monitoring for the GPS Local Area Augmentation System Dwaraanath V. Simili an Boris Pervan, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL Abstract Coe-carrier smoothing is a commonly
More informationPAPER A Simple Method of BER Calculation in DPSK/OFDM Systems over Fading Channels
366 IEICE TRANS. FUNDAMENTALS, VOL.E88 A, NO. JANUARY 5 PAPER A Simple Metho of BER Calculation in DPSK/OFDM Systems over Faing Channels Fumihito SASAMORI a), Shiro HANDA, an Shinjiro OSHITA, Members SUMMARY
More informationChapter 2 Review of the PWM Control Circuits for Power Converters
Chapter 2 Review of the PWM Control Circuits for Power Converters 2. Voltage-Moe Control Circuit for Power Converters Power converters are electrical control circuits that transfer energy from a DC voltage
More informationIntroduction to Wireless Communication Systems ECE 476/ECE 501C/CS 513 Winter 2003
Introuction to Wireless ommunication Systems EE 476/EE 5/S 53 Winter 3 Review for Exam # April 5, 3 Exam Details Must follow seating chart - Poste 3 minutes before exam. heating will be treate very seriously.
More informationA NEW PUZZLE FOR ITERATED COMPLETE GRAPHS OF ANY DIMENSION
A NEW PUZZLE FOR ITERATED COMPLETE GRAPHS OF ANY DIMENSION ELIZABETH SKUBAK AND NICHOLAS STEVENSON ADVISOR: PAUL CULL OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT. The Towers of Hanoi puzzle can be use to label a
More information1.0 MEASUREMENT OF PARAXIAL PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS
.0 MEASUREMENT OF PARAXIAL PROPERTIES OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS James C. Wyant Optical Sciences Center University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 8572 jcwyant@u.arizona.eu If we wish to completely characterize the paraxial
More informationTeaching Control Using NI Starter Kit Robot
UKACC International Conference on Control 2012 Cariff, UK, 3-5 September 2012 Teaching Control Using NI Starter Kit Robot Payman Shakouri, Member IEEE, (Research stuent) Gorana Collier, Member IEEE, Anrzej
More informationRelay Deployment and Power Control for Lifetime Elongation in Sensor Networks
Relay Deployment an Power Control for Lifetime Elongation in Sensor Networks Yufeng Xin, Tuna Güven, Mark Shayman Institute of Avance Computer Stuies University of Marylan, College Park, MD 074 e-mail:
More informationChapter 9 answers. Section 9.1. Worked example: Try yourself Heinemann Physics 12 4e APPLYING HUYGENS PRINCIPLE
Chapter 9 answers Heinemann Physics 12 4e Section 9.1 Worke example: Try yourself 9.1.1 APPLYING HUYGENS PRINCIPLE On the circular waves shown below, sketch some of the seconary wavelets on the outer wavefront
More informationETSI GS mwt 004 V1.1.1 ( )
GS mwt 004 V1.1.1 (2016-06) GROUP SPECIFICATION millimetre Wave Transmission (mwt); V-ban street level interference analysis Disclaimer The present ocument has been prouce an approve by the millimetre
More informationA Turnover based Adaptive HELLO Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks
A Turnover base Aaptive HELLO Protocol for Mobile A Hoc an Sensor Networks François Ingelrest, Nathalie Mitton, Davi Simplot-Ryl To cite this version: François Ingelrest, Nathalie Mitton, Davi Simplot-Ryl.
More informationShadowing Correlation Model for Indoor Multi-hop Radio Link in Office Environment
JAVA, International Journal of Electrical Electronics Engineering Volume 4, Number, April 26 Shaowing Moel for Inoor Multi-hop Raio Link in Office Environment Mohamma Fahli Inustrial Engineering Department
More informationUniversities of Leeds, Sheffield and York
promoting access to White Rose research papers Universities of Lees, Sheffiel an York http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/4495/
More informationModel Reference Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Volume 50, Number 1, 2009 25 Moel Reference Aaptive Fuzzy Controller for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor A. MEROUFEL, M. MASSOUM an B. BELABBES Abstract: Conventional control epens on the mathematical
More informationUniversity of Huddersfield Repository
University of Huersfiel Repository Towsyfyan, Hossein, Hassin, Osama, Gu, Fengshou an Ball, Anrew Characterization of Acoustic Emissions from Mechanical Seals for Fault Detection Original Citation Towsyfyan,
More informationContents Maryland High School Programming Contest 1. 1 Stacked Floating Mountains 2. 2 Chess Puzzle 3. 3 Life Connections 4
2010 Marylan High School Programming Contest 1 Contents 1 Stacke Floating Mountains 2 2 Chess Puzzle 3 3 Life Connections 4 4 Circle of Friens 5 5 Floating Mountain Stability 6 6 Aim It Right! 7 7 Navi
More informationThe Concept of Virtual Laboratory and PIL Modeling with REX Control System
2017 21st International Conference on Process Control (PC) June 6 9, 2017, Štrbské Pleso, Slovakia The Concept of Virtual Laboratory an PIL Moeling with REX Control System Stepan Ozana VSB-Technical University
More informationOptical schemes of spectrographs with a diffractive optical element in a converging beam
J. ur. Opt. Soc.-api 0, 50 205 www.jeos.org Optical schemes of spectrographs with a iffractive optical element in a converging beam.. Muslimov Kazan National esearch Technical University - KAI, Kazan,
More information2 Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering ( ) = d
Close-Loop Control Design for a Three-Level Three-Phase Neutral-Point-Clampe Inverter Using the Optimize Nearest-Three Virtual-Space-Vector Moulation S. Busquets-Monge 1, J. D. Ortega 1, J. Boronau 1,
More informationSUBSET: A Joint Design of Channel Selection and Channel Hopping for Fast Blind Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Networks
SUBSET: A Joint esign of Channel Selection an Channel Hopping for Fast Blin enezvous in Cognitive aio A Hoc Networks Xingya Liu an Jiang Xie epartment of Electrical an Computer Engineering The University
More informationFuzzy Polar Dynamic Voltage Restorer as Voltage Sag Restorer and Active Filter Without Zero Sequence Blocking
Fuzzy Polar Dynamic Voltage Restorer as Voltage Sag Restorer an Active Filter Without Zero Sequence Blocking Margo P, M Hery P, M Ashari, Zaenal P *),Takashi Hiyama **) *) Dept. of Electrical Eng, Sepuluh
More informationAN APPLICATION OF A GENERALISED JAKES MODEL FOR MIMO CHANNELS
AN APPLICATION OF A GENERALISED JAKES MODEL FOR MIMO CHANNELS Davi B. Smith (1) (1) Faculty of Engineering (Telecommunications), University of Technology Syney PO Box 13 Broaway NS 007 Australia E-mail:
More informationRay tracing in an inhomogeneous medium
/7/1 Waves WKB ray tracing 1 Ray tracing in an inhomogeneous meium Raio waves can "bounce off" the ionosphere, particularly if they are incient at an angle. The inex of refraction of the ionosphere changes
More informationEnergy Efficient Relay Selection for Cooperative Relaying in Wireless Multimedia Networks
Energy Efficient Relay Selection for Cooperative Relaying in Wireless Multimeia Networks Zhengguo Sheng, Jun Fan, Chi Harol Liu, Victor C. M. Leung, Xue Liu*, an Kin K. Leung Orange Labs, France Telecom,
More informationAdvanced DVR with Elimination Zero-Sequence Voltage Component for Three-Phase Three-Wire Distribution Systems
Avance DVR with Elimination Zero-Sequence Voltage Component for Three-Phase Three-Wire Distribution Systems Margo Pujiantara * Heri Suryoatmojo ** Maurihi Heri Purnomo * Mochama Ashari * Takashi Hiyama
More informationPower Electronics Based FACTS Controller for Stability Improvement of a Wind Energy Embedded Distribution System
Power Electronics Base FACTS Controller for Stability Improvement of a Win Energy Embee Distribution System Sihartha Pana an N.P.Pahy Abstract In recent years generation of electricity using win power
More informationAcoustical Localization in Schools of Submersibles
Oceans 6, Singapore (authors manuscript o not istribute) Acoustical Localization in Schools of Submersibles Navina Kottege & Uwe R. Zimmer Research School of Information Sciences an Engineering Autonomous
More informationIndoor Wireless Planning using Smart Antennas
Inoor Wireless Planning using Smart Antennas Ali Abbasi an Maji Ghaeri Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary Emails: {abbasi, mghaeri}@ucalgary.ca Abstract This paper consiers the problem
More informationWireless Event-driven Networked Predictive Control Over Internet
UKACC International Conference on Control 22 Cariff, UK, 3-5 September 22 Wireless Event-riven Networke Preictive Control Over Internet Wenshan Hu, Hong Zhou, an Qijun Deng Abstract In networke control
More informationON-LINE PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES. A Dissertation. Presented to
ON-LINE PARAMETER ESTIMATION AND ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES A Dissertation Presente to The Grauate Faculty of the University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Reuirements
More informationLinear Encoders for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools
Linear Encoers for Numerically Controlle Machine Tools September 2005 Further information is available on the Internet at www.heienhain.e as well as upon request. Prouct brochures: Expose Linear Encoers
More informationASYMMETRIC MODULATION FOR COGNITIVE RADIO AND INTELLIGENT ENVIRONMENTS
ASYMMTRIC MODULATION FOR COGNITIV RADIO AND INTLLIGNT NVIRONMNTS ric. Kreb (SAIC, Chantilly, VA, USA; ekreb@ieee.org); Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza (San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA, r.morelos-zaragoza@ieee.org)
More informationCache-Aided Content Delivery in Fog-RAN Systems with Topological Information and no CSI
Cache-Aie Content Delivery in Fog-RAN Systems with Topological Information an no CSI Wei-Ting Chang, Ravi Tanon, Osvalo Simeone Abstract In this work, we consier a Fog Raio Access Network (F-RAN) system
More informationImplementation of Beam Formation for WMNs
Implementation of Beam Formation for WMNs M. UTHANSAKUL, S. PRADITTARA AND P. UTHANSAKUL School of Telecommunication Engineering Suranaree University of Technology 111 University Avenue, Muang, Nakhonratchasima
More informationTopology-assisted techniques to relay selection for homogeneously distributed wireless sensor networks
This full text paper was peer reviewe at the irection of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE Globecom 2010 proceeings. Topology-assiste techniques to relay selection
More information