ISSUE 5 VOLUME 3 ISSN: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

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1 1 IJFEAT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY Agriculture Drone for Fertilizers and Pesticides Spraying Neha S. Morey 1, Pratiksha N. Mehere 2, Komal Hedaoo 3 1 Student, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yavatmal, MS,India. nehamorey8624@yahoo.com 2 Student, Department of Electronics And Telecommunication, Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering And Technology, Yavatmal, MS,India. prtiksham@gmail.com 3 Student, Department of Electronics And Telecommunication, Jawaharlal Darda Institution of Engineering And Technology, Yavatmal, MS,India. komalhedaoo93@gmail.com Abstract India is the biggest developing nation in the world. The population India is also increasing day by day. The major earning sector in India is agriculture. There is a big challenge to fulfil all the needs of people related to food. In order to achieve high yielding of crops our agriculture needs production and protection material widely. Fertilizers and chemicals are needed to kill insects and enhance crop quality. The WHO (World Health Organisation) estimates more than 1 million cases of ill effects of fertilizer and chemicals on human and 1 lakh death each year as they spray these manually. The technique of spraying fertilizers and pesticides manually is now changing. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) is becoming very common in carrying out this task mainly because of its speed and effectiveness in the spraying operation. It also decreases the death rate. This paper describes an architecture based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which responsible for spraying chemicals on crops. UAVs are highly efficient, low cost, environment friendly, agriculture UAV crop duster sprayer that saves pesticide, water and labour. This method can be used in all circumstances, especially in the places where the labours and equipment are difficult to find. Using drones for crop surveillance can drastically increase farm crop yields while reducing the cost of walking the fields. Introduction Our farmers are using the mechanical sprayer for pesticides spraying for ages. It is lethal and can cause ill effects on human health. The main problem which agriculture is facing is the lack of labours. This paper describes the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) usage for fertilizers and pesticides spraying. UAVs have become cheaper and popular now-a-days because of simplicity of implementation. It has electronic control systems and electronic sensors which stabilizes the aircraft. The precision agriculture can be achieved using drones for agriculture purposes. The control functions can be implemented in software rather than on the expensive hardware. This has made UAVs to be used for various applications. In this case, the UAVs must have communication facilities

2 2 so that they can do the assign task. This can easily be achieved by equipping an UAV with a wireless mesh node. This paper proposes architecture based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be employed to implement spraying of fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural applications. The process of applying the chemicals is done by UAV which is controlled by Radio Control (RC) Transmitter. This will enhance the productivity of crops and reduces problems related to agriculture. I. System Description The system consists of a flight controller, brushless motors, electronic speed control, propellers, frame, lithium polymer battery, RC transmitter and connectors. The following figure shows the block diagram of drone- The KK v5.5 flight controller is also known as blackboard. It is used for remote control multicopters as a flight board with 2, 3, 4 and 6 rotors. It is used for stabilizing the drone or aircraft. In order to achieve stability, it receives signals from three gyroscopes on board (roll, pitch and yaw) and gives information to Atmega IC on board. The control signals sends to the Electronic Speed Control (ESC) and hence ESC will either speed up or slows down in order to make level flight. The board takes the control signal from RC receiver (RX) and forward it into IC. After this, IC will send out the signal to motors in order to achieve controlled flight on the command given by RC pilot via his transmitter (TX). Fig.: KK v5.5 flight controller Fig.: System Diagram a) KK v5.5 flight controller- The blackboard has Atmega 168 chip on board. It also has ISP header which allows users the option to tweak and upload their own controller codes.

3 The board uses Murata piezo gyro which is sensitive to the vibration than a other gyros. The white arrow on the board indicates the direction of forward flight.

rudder to the inner pins on the board while the red (VCC) wires are connected to the centre pins, and the black (GND) wires are connected to the pins on the outer edge of your board.

3 3 The board uses Murata piezo gyro which is sensitive to the vibration than a other gyros. The white arrow on the board indicates the direction of forward flight. When connecting your Radio Control Receiver (RX) you must connect the white signal wire of the channels (CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4) from your RX corresponding to the aileron, elevator, throttle and rudder to the inner pins on the board while the red (VCC) wires are connected to the centre pins, and the black (GND) wires are connected to the pins on the outer edge of your board. The pins marked M1 to M6 are connected to the 3 pin BEC plug from your ESCs. They follow the same procedure as the RX pins with the white wires connected to the inner pins, the red wires to the centre pins and the black wires to the outer pins. The ESCs and the motors are connected to the pins M1 to M6 on the flight controller board. The direction of rotation for each motor is to be noted. This is done by connecting the ESC wires to the motors. The two wires are swapped in order to achieve rotation in the opposite direction. The drone can be configured in x, y, + configurations with three, four, six rotors or more. Here we are using KK-Xcopter flight controller (4 rotor x configuration) as shown in figure below- Fig.: x configuration of drone The two of the four rotors rotates in clockwise direction and other two rotates in counter clockwise direction. b) Brushless DC motor- The Brushless DC motor (BLDC) is widely used in application such as appliance, automotive, aerospace, medical, automated industrial equipment and instrumentation. BLDC motor is electrically commutated by power switches instead of brushes. BLDC has many applications- Higher efficiency and reliability Lower acoustic noise Smaller and lighter Greater dynamic response Better speed versus torque characteristic Higher speed range Longer life Fig.: BLDC motor A2212/13T, 1000KV

4 c) Electronic Speed Control- The ESC is used to control BLDC motor. It takes signal from microcontroller and breaks into 3 parts. Then it sends it to the BLDC motor.

Each ESC is controlled by a PPM signal (similar to PWM) independently.

4 4 c) Electronic Speed Control- The ESC is used to control BLDC motor. It takes signal from microcontroller and breaks into 3 parts. Then it sends it to the BLDC motor. We need four ESCs as we are using 4 BLDC motor. The ESC is not expensive motor controller board. It has a battery input and a three phase output for the motor. Each ESC is controlled by a PPM signal (similar to PWM) independently. The signals are varied in terms of frequency, but for a Quadcopter it is recommended the controller should support high enough frequency signal, so the motor speeds can be adjusted fast enough for optimal stability. e) Radio Control Transmitter- The Radio Control (RC) technology has long range and better signal penetration. A typical RC transmitter has 4 to 6 channels out of which at least 4 channels should be proportional. This means that the device will move proportionally to movement of control sticks. Additional channels are used for on/off function and to actuate retractable landing gears, airbrakes, etc. The RC receiver is on the flight controller board. The following figure shows the 6 channel RC transmitter- d) Lithium polymer battery- The lithium polymer battery (LIPO) has single cell of 3.7V in a pack of over 10 cells connected in series (37V). Fig.: RC Transmitter Fig.: LIPO battery A popular choice of battery for a Quad Copter or drone is the 3SP1 batteries that mean three cells connected in series as one parallel, which will give us 11.1V. Modern RC transmitter has dual rate facility which means the pilot can change the maximum throw angle of control surface during flight. For example: maximum throw angle may be reduced when flying fast and may be increased when flying slowly. RC transmitter sends data to RC receiver by generating a modulated radio frequency carrier.

5 The receiver is tuned to detect the transmitter s carrier frequency. RC receiver indentifies data from modulated carrier, decodes and delivers it to respective motors.

Most RC system uses frequency modulation (FM) as it better rejects interference than amplitude modulation (AM).

5 5 The receiver is tuned to detect the transmitter s carrier frequency. RC receiver indentifies data from modulated carrier, decodes and delivers it to respective motors. There is number of frequency bands allotted for RC depending on the particular country. In India, the frequency band allotted is 2.4 GHz. Most RC system uses frequency modulation (FM) as it better rejects interference than amplitude modulation (AM). In FM, transmitter sends data by changing its carrier frequency with a deviation of for ex: +/- 1.5 KHZ from the nominal value. There are four different modes of RC transmitter that is Mode 1, mode 2, mode 3 and mode 4. These are basically different control configuration. The following figures show the modes of the transmitter- Mode 2 is the most common configuration because the movement of joystick represents the movement of the quad copter or drone. It has elevator control on right joystick and motor throttle on left one. The right joystick self centres in both axis whereas the left joystick only self centres in yaw axis (left/right direction) and clicks or slides in throttle (up/down) axis in order to allow constant throttle. Mode 3 is same as Mode 1 only the aileron and rudder are swapped. Mode 4 is same as Mode 2 only the aileron and rudder are swapped. Fig.: Mode 3 and Mode 4 Fig.: Mode 1 and Mode 2 In mode 1, the elevator control is on left joystick and the throttle control is on right one. The RC transreceiver pair works on a particular frequency. Only the receiver which is paired with its transmitter works. The common frequency used in radio control (RC) is 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 1.3 GHz. It became RC standard after new protocols were created that introduced frequency hopping technology which allowed users

6 6 to not have to worry about picking up frequencies or channels from other pilots. Antenna is smaller and easier to carry. 1.3 GHz, 900 MHz, 433 MHz equipments are more commonly used for long range. All transmitter manufacturers switched to new channel hopping protocols which made RC very easy to maintain and use. The advantage of channel hopping is that you can fly with many other people at the same time without getting interference. Drone for Spraying Fertilizers and Pesticides, IJARCSSE,Vol.5,Issue 12 December [2] Durham K. Giles, Ryan C. Billing, Deployment and Performance of a UAV Crop Spraying,CET, Vol.44, [3] S. Meivel, Dr. Maguteeswarn,N. Gandhiraj,G.Srinivasan, Quad copter UAV based Fertilizer and Pesticide Spraying System, IARJES, VOL.No.1, ISSUE no.1, February II. Conclusion This paper elaborates an architecture based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) which is used for fertilizer or pesticide spraying in agriculture process. This will save the water and chemical requirement up to 20-90%. It is not fatal for human working in the farms. The precision agriculture can be done using this UAV for fertilizers spraying. It is the solution of problems such as scarcity of labours, human health issues which are faced by farmers while spraying chemicals on crops. It yields in large productivity of crops. The pest control and management can achieved on large scale. It is also very promising and efficient in the areas that are not easily accessible by personnel or equipment. Also the flight time can be increased in near future. It will prove an effective technology in the field of agriculture. It is also cost effective. [4] Nitish Das, Namit Maske, Vinayak Khawas, Dr S.K. Chaudhary, Dr. D. R. Dhete, Agricultural Fertilizers and Pesticides Sprayer-A Reveiw,IJIRST,Vol.1, Issue 11, April [5] Shilpa Kedari, Pramod Lohagaonkar, Monika Nimbokar, Gangaram Palve and Prof. Pallavi Yevale, Quad copter- A Smarter way of Pesticide Spraying, IJIR, Vol.2, Issue-6, References [1] Prof. Swati D. Kale, Swati V. Khandagale, Shweta S. Giakwad, Sayali S. Narve,Purava V. Gangal, Agriculture

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