Link Efficiency-Led Design of Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Systems
|
|
- Meredith Lester
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Link Efficiency-Led Design of Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Systems Christopher H. Kwan, George Kkelis, Samer Aldhaher, James Lawson, David C. Yates, Patrick C.-K. Luk, and Paul D. Mitcheson Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom Power Engineering Centre, Cranfield University, United Kingdom Abstract For mid-range inductive power transfer (IPT) systems, improving link efficiency entails operating in the multi- MHz region in order to increase coil Q factors. However, designing end-to-end systems at such frequencies poses challenges associated with the efficiency of the power electronics. This paper presents a set of design principles with the aim of achieving maximal DC-to-load efficiency of such systems. These include the selection of semiconductor devices and power converter topologies that are suitable for high frequencies. Through these design methods, a 6.78 MHz ISM-band IPT system has been implemented, transferring W of power across cm with a DC-to-load efficiency of ~7 %. Index Terms DC-to-load efficiency, converters, mid-range wireless power I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, design principles for maximising the efficiency of a mid-range inductive power transfer (IPT) system are detailed. These principles address the challenges of operating at multi-mhz frequencies due to the potential for significant switching losses of the power electronics in the MHz region. The methods include choosing appropriate types of semiconductor devices and selecting suitable converter topologies for the power electronics. Fig. shows a block diagram of a typical IPT system. Section II explains the rationale behind operating in the MHz range in order to improve link efficiency with aircore coils. Section III describes the choice of semiconductors available for high frequency power electronics. Section IV explains the use of the Class-E inverter in semi-resonant operation mode, the Class-E inverter with a saturable reactor, and the Class-EF or Class-E/F inverter, in order to drive the transmitter coil. Section V presents Class-D and Class-E rectifiers as efficient means of rectifying the high frequency AC voltage of the receiver coil. Section VI introduces load emulation in order for the IPT system to operate at maximal efficiency regardless of the actual impedance of the connected load. Section VII outlines the guidelines and regulations on exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields, which can also influence the design and usage scenarios of IPT systems. Section VIII highlights results from an implemented 6.78 MHz mid-range IPT system which was designed with these principles in mind MHz was selected as the operating frequency because it is the first ISM band in DC Power Supply Inverter Rectifier Load Emulation Fig.. Block diagram of an inductive power transfer system Load the MHz region; an example of an IPT application at this frequency is the charging of personal devices (e.g. mobile phones) where portability and being lightweight are highly desirable characteristics of the wireless charging system. Section IX concludes by summarising the methods described in this paper for designing mid-range IPT systems with the aim of maximising link efficiency. II. MAGNETIC DESIGN Coils with ferrite cores can be heavy and thus not very portable; in [], a khz system transferring.5 kw over 7 mm uses an H-shaped ferrite core which weighs.9 kg. Also, their directed magnetic flux leads to a restricted freedom of movement for both the transmitter and receiver sides due to the need for accurate coil alignment. Therefore, there are many situations in which air-core coils, with their wide flux coverage, are more suitable for wireless power transfer applications. In order to achieve high-q factors with an air core, MHz frequencies are necessary to maximise the coil Q factors. With the coils acting as a weakly-coupled air-core transformer, efficiency can deteriorate rapidly with distance. To maximise link efficiency, receiver resonance should be used to cancel the secondary leakage inductance, and the optimal load should be connected to the receiver s resonant tank. For a parallel resonant secondary, the optimal load is given by (), where k is the coupling factor, Q TX is the Q factor of the transmitter coil, Q RX is the Q factor of the receiver coil, ω is the frequency of operation and C RX is the secondary tank capacitance chosen to resonate with the receiver coil []. The optimal load for a series resonant secondary is given by (),
2 where L RX is the inductance of the receiver coil []. ( ) R opt,par = Q RX ωc RX k Q TX Q RX R opt,ser = ωl RX ( k Q TX Q RX Q RX As a result of using either form of secondary tank resonance, the maximum link efficiency can be evaluated using () []. η link = ) () () k Q TX Q RX ( k Q TX Q RX ) () From (), it can be seen that the Q factors of both the transmitter and receiver coils influence the maximum link efficiency. Therefore, to achieve improvements in the link efficiency, the Q factor of the coils should be maximised. This can be done by increasing the frequency of operation of the IPT system, but only up to a certain point after which the coils far-field radiation begins to dominate (causing the coils Q factor to drop) []. However, it does not necessarily follow that the overall efficiency of the system will be increased as well, as switching losses of the power electronics in both the inverter and rectifier circuits rise with frequency. Therefore, efficient high-frequency soft-switching power electronics are desired. These circuits, which will be described in more detail in Sections IV and V, rely also on fast devices which will be described in the next section. The advantages of air-core coils can also be seen in longer range applications (up to m between TX and RX coils) where a network of sensors with mlliwatt-level consumption could be remotely powered [5]. In these situations, the superior tolerance to angular offsets and transverse displacements compared to coils with ferrite cores is essential to being able to supply power to multiple sensor nodes concurrently. Furthermore, the reduction in size and weight of the coils due to the absence of the ferrite core means that the wireless sensors can be kept small and lightweight. III. SEMICONDUCTORS Due to the high frequency, high voltage and high current requirements of the power electronics, the task of selecting appropriate semiconductor devices is not trivial. As midrange high power IPT systems operate near the limits of the capabilities of traditional Si devices, wide-bandgap semiconductors such as SiC and GaN ought to be considered due to their superior characteristics as power devices, e.g. faster switching rates and higher breakdown field strengths. Alternatively, specialist high-speed RF MOSFETs such as those from IXYS RF can be incorporated into designs. For example, the IXYS RF IXZDFN has a total rise and fall time of 7.5 ns [6], whilst the combined rise and fall times of high-voltage MOSFETs from International Rectifier are typically at least ns [7]. An IXYS RF power MOSFET combined with gate driver (IXZDFN) was used in the Class-E inverter of the mid-range IPT system that was designed and implemented (see Section IV). Cree SiC Schottky diodes (CD7 and CD6) were used in the Class-D and Class-E rectifiers (see Section V). The packaging of the devices used in the power electronics can influence the performance of the inverter and rectifier circuits. The Cree CD7 SiC Schottky diode in the rectifier comes in a TO-7- package [8], which has long, narrow leads, adding stray inductances to the circuit. Contrastingly, the IXYS RF IXZDFN module for the inverter has a surface-mount low-inductance package which means that parasitic effects, which could potentially reduce the switching speeds, can be minimised. It also has a low intrinsic gate resistance, leading to a decrease in rise and fall times, and enabling faster switching of the devices. IV. INVERTER Conventional hard-switching inverters are not suitable for IPT systems when operating in the MHz region. Since the switching time of the devices becomes comparable to the period of the driving signal, the result is that they can be inefficient at higher frequencies. Soft-switching inverters, such as Class-D and Class-E inverters, address this issue by employing zero-voltage switching to minimise power dissipation in the MOSFET during switching. This achieved by preventing concurrent high voltage across and current through the MOSFET. A disadvantage of Class-D inverters, which are popular with low-power systems adhering to Qi or AWP standards, is that they have lower output power compared to Class-E inverters for the same input voltage and output load. Another issue is that they require a floating gate drive due to the presence of a high-side switching device. However, in contrast to Class-E inverters, Class-D inverters are able to operate over a larger load range with zero-voltage switching if the switching frequency is below the resonant frequency of the output load network. Fig. depicts the Class-E inverter in semi-resonant operation mode [9] used to drive the transmitter coil. In this topology, the transmitter resonant tank is tuned to a slightly higher frequency than the secondary resonant tank to keep the primary tank impedance inductive, a requirement for Class- E operation. The parallel combination of the capacitor C res (in Fig. ) and the transmitter coil forms an impedance transformer, which causes the load impedance to appear larger, leading to an increase in driver efficiency. Fig. shows the simulated drain-source voltage of the MOSFET of the Class- E semi-resonant inverter. Class-E inverters may also include a saturable reactor [] to tune for optimum switching operation when a change in the load occurs (see Fig. ). A saturable reactor is essentially an AC-to-AC transformer that consists of a primary and a secondary winding, both wound on a single magnetic core. It operates by applying a low DC current in one winding, which causes the magnetic core s permeability to decrease,
3 Fig.. Semi-resonant Class-E inverter from [9] Fig. 5. Circuit diagram of the Class-EF or Class-EF inverter. Inductor L ANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS represents inductance of transmitting coil. R L represents reflected load seen 6 by inverter in addition to coil ESR. [] TABLE I COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT RESONANT INVERTER CLASSES VDS (V) IDS (A) 6 Class-E.5768 Class-EF Class-E/F...76 time (ms) time (ms) time (ms) (a) Fig. k=.5. Simulated optimumdrain-source operation voltage for(b) semi-resonant k=. coils Class-E further apart inverter (c) k=.75 coils closer Effect of changing against thetime distance in µs between [9] the primary and secondary coils on the performance of the inverter in [], [] that adding a series LC resonant network in V parallel with the MOSFET can reduce its voltage or current stresses and therefore improve the efficiency of the inverter. RFC The added LC network is tuned to either the second or r C C third harmonic of the switching frequency. Adding resonant networks in inverters is a common technique used in Class-F C DC r r r LP r Q LS C CP and Class-F - r CS inverters to shape the MOSFET drain voltage f s Mand current waveform. This hybrid configuation of Class-E switching with a resonant R L network has been referred to as V GS C L Sat C P C L P the Class-EF LS S inverter when the added resonant LC network is tuned to the second harmonic, or the Class-E/F inverter when the added resonant LC network is tuned to the third harmonic. Fig. 5 shows the circuit diagram of the Class-EF or -E/F inverter; inductor L and capacitor C form the The Class E inverter including a saturable reactor for tuning Fig.. Class-E inverter with a saturable reactor [] added resonant network and their values are set such that their resonant frequency is either twice or three times the switching ance factor Al of nh/turn. The control windings frequency TABLE []. IFig. 6 compares the waveforms of the Classh toroids consist and therefore of 5 turns effectively giving achanging total inductance the impedance of of VALUES the second AND RANGES EF OFand SEVERAL Class-E/F PARAMETERS inverter OF THE with CLASS theeclass-e inverter. The INVERTER AND THE INDUCTIVE LINK MEASURED AT 8 KHZ H and the primary winding. windings The tuning consist procedure of turns relies giving on varying a the switching Class-EF inverter results in lower voltage stresses whereas nductance of frequency 5. µhand for the eacheffective toroid. reactance The DC control of capacitor C in Fig. the Class-E/F inverter results in lower current stresses through Component/Parameter Value ESR Value t (I C ) applied viatothe thesaturable control windings reactor. ranges from ma the MOSFET. L P 5.76 µh r LP.7 Ω ximum inductance Although to 5Class-E ma forinverters minimumcan inductance. achieve zero voltage and L S Table I shows6.69 a comparison µh r LS of the.8 normalised Ω output power o the low inductance current switching and lowoperation, number of their turns voltage of the and current stresses C S (Polypropylene) of the Half-Bridge 5.9Class-D nf ZVS, r CS the.5 Class-D Ω ZCS, the Class- R y windings, can it can be large be assumed compared thattothe other current inverters. flowing It has been reported L Range E, the Class-EF -and kωthe Class - E/F -inverters. Frequency Range. - MHz - - primary windings will not cause the magnetic core to Mutual Inductance (M) Range µh - - te. Figure shows the measured effective capacitance Coupling Coefficient (k) Range when the saturable reactor is connected in parallel with it Distance Range.5-5 cm - - nction of the DC control current. Hysteresis is observed Resonant Frequency f o 8 khz - - the core of the saturable reactor is ferromagnetic. A Component/Parameter Value ESR Value raph of the complete WPT system is shown in Fig.. Input Voltage 5 V - - Inductive Link 6 Inverter Class Normalised Output ( ) PoR L Power Vi Half-Bridge Class-D ZVS.6 Class-D ZCS.98
4 v DS VIN v DS VIN v DS VIN π π π π π π i S IIN i S IIN i S IIN π π π π π π (a) Class-E (b) Class-EF (c) Class-E/F Fig. 6. Comparison of normalised voltage and current waveforms of different inverters [] v in i in v Lr L r v Cr i Cr C r D r i Dr C st i Cst R dc I dc V dc be absorbed into L r. In addition, the diode-capacitor parallel combinations means that the diode s junction capacitance can be absorbed into C r. When designing a Class-E rectifier, the primary objective is to ensure that the rectifier s input impedance, R in is equal to the optimal load R opt. Since the rectifier depicted in Fig. 7 is a voltage-driven Class-E rectifier for a parallel-tuned secondary, the optimal load is given by R opt,par in (). The input impedance R in relates to the output load R dc of the Class-E rectifier by (), where M is the AC-to-DC gain [5]. Fig. 7. A voltage-driven low dv/dt class-e rectifier [] V. RECTIFIER As with hard-switching inverters, rectifiers can suffer from significant diode reverse recovery losses in the MHz region if they are hard-switched. The use of soft-switching rectifiers avoids the requirement of a hard recovery and almost eliminating the associated losses with re-establishing reverse blocking function. Class-E rectifiers are soft-switching topologies; one such circuit topology with low dv/dt that is voltage-driven is shown in Fig. 7 []. This specific Class-E topology contains an inductor L r in series with a parallel connection of a capacitor C r and a diode D r. The inductor L r is in resonance with the capacitor C r at the operating frequency of the system. Therefore, the L r -C r -D r connection provides half-wave rectification. Output filtering is performed by the first-order low-pass filter consisting of stabilising capacitor C st and the output load R dc. Any leakage inductance from the secondary coil can R dc = M R in () Fig. 8 shows the waveforms of the Class-E rectifier. The top plot is the rectifier s diode voltages, whilst the bottom plot shows the current through the diode D r (dotted) and the capacitor C r (solid). Another type of Class-E rectifier is shown in Fig. 9 []. This half-wave low dv/dt Class-E rectifier is current-driven, so it is suitable for a series tuned receiver. This rectifier consists of a capacitor-diode network connected to a second-order output filter. This filter is made up of an inductor L f, a capacitor C f and the output load R dc, and provides load independent filtering. For this rectifier, C d acts as a snubber capacitor and therefore ensures zero voltage at turn-on and turn-off and zero rate of voltage change at turn off. The relationship between the input impedance R in of this current-driven rectifier and its output load R dc is given by (5), where K I is the AC-to-DC current gain. R dc = R in K I (5)
5 Class-E Rectifier, Class-D Inverter. Diode Voltage [V] Diode (solid) and Capacitor (dotted) Current [A] I. INTRODUCTION The dependence of maximal IPT link efficiency on the ac resistive load connected at the receiving end has been highlighted in several 5 publications [], []. However, in a complete IPT system the ac load is represented by the input impedance of the, rectifier []. Therefore, when a rectifier is integrated to the system it not only has to be efficient at the frequency of operation,5and comply with the output type of the receiving resonant tank (voltage output when parallel tuned and current output when series tuned) but Time it must [s] also emulate 6 the required ac resistance for maximal link efficiency. This paper compares two types of current driven rectifiers for high power IPT applications at 6.78 MHz. The rectifiers The input impedance of the topology is functionally resistive, attached to its output. Therefore, in order to have maximum link i.e. efficiency, the fundamental a load emulation frequency circuit component should be of attached the square to are suitable for connection.5 to series tuned receiving coils and voltage the output across of the rectifier, currentsosource that theisrectifier in phase (andwith the receiver the input they must emulate an ac resistance given by () in order for current resonant and tank) hence, is always the rectifier presented haswith a resistive the optimal input load, impedance. given the link efficiency to be maximised []. Furthermore, by () for aitparallel is frequency tuned secondary independent and () if the for aparasitic series tuned capacitances secondary. of theotherwise, diodes have different negligible levels impedance of current draw compared in the to ( ) k Q T x Q Rx the load impedance would detune of the the resonant magnetic tank link, capacitor. resulting The in a dc dropload in is R ac,ser = ω L Rx () Q Rx the efficiency only component and received thatpower. affects the input ac resistance (R in ) Such a circuit may take the form of a DC-to-DC converter, Time [s] 6 which must equal to R ac,ser when the rectifier is integrated such as the Buck converter, which can be controlled to achieve where ω the frequency of operation, L Rx the inductance to an optimal IPT loading. system. This The is following done by measuring expression the voltage relates at the the two of the receiving Fig. 8. Simulated coil, voltage-driven k the coupling Class-E rectifier coefficient waveforms: between [Top] Voltage resistances output of[]. the rectifier and dividing by the desired load in order the coils forming across D r; the [Bottom] magnetic Current through link and D r (solid) Q T x and and C r (dotted) Q Rx [] the to obtain the current demand. R unloaded quality factors of the transmitting and receiving coils dc = π This R in current demand is then () compared with the actual measured current in order to give an respectively. L f therefore functions as the input current source applying power i Lf B. Class-E error signal Topology with which the duty cycle of the Buck converter can the be adjusted rectifiertounder emulate test the[7]. desired load. i Cd i D i I II. SELECTED CURRENT DRIVEN HALF WAVE dc Cf RECTIFIERS TheIncurrent addition, driven from () Class-E and (), it low candv/dt be seenrectifier that optimal (Fig. load ) is composed i in C d D v D C f R dc V varies with of athe capacitor-diode coupling factor, network which in connected turn changes to awith second A. Class-D Topology dc order distance filter. between The second the transmitter order filter and receiver includes coils. a filter Hence, inductor the The current driven Class-D half wave rectifier utilises two (L f load ), a filter emulation capacitor circuit(c should f ) and bethe controlled dc load C Rx Lin Rx (R such dc ). a Lway f ensures that diodes (D i and D ). With respect to the input current source the the flowoptimal of dcload current is always through beingremulated dc, and even C f bypasses distanceany Fig.. Class-E Low dv/dt Half Rectifier V in of Fig., D provides Fig. 9. Current a path Drivenfor Class-E the positive Low dv/dt Half partwave of the Rectifier input [] uncompressed changes to ensure ac current maximal fromlinkl efficiency. f. The capacitor (C d ) across current to flow to the dc load (R dc ) and D circulates the the diode In the acts case asof a snubber longer range capacitor. systems v in It(up Rectif provides to m ier under zero between voltage TX and RX coils) such as those for wireless sensor network test negative part of the current back to the source. The filter across the diode at turn ON and it suppresses the rate of change As Although the capacitor-diode conventional network hard-switching is shunting rectifiers the input cancurrent be applications, the coupling coefficient is extremely low, which capacitor (C source inefficient f ) is large enough to ensure the voltage across of voltage and the in the second multi-mhz orderregion, output Class-D filter, rectifiers the current withflowing SiC means that during the optimal turn OFF, load varies thus little minimising with distance the switching and is the load is through Schottky dc. Furthermore, the diodesand have it capacitor shown conducts is be the the usable ac component input inac thecurrent MHz region. of losses. superimposed An on example the output of suchdc a topology current. istherefore shown in Fig. the, softwhich switching is tank impedance. In these scenarios, receiver power is typically dominated by the complex conjugate of the receiver s resonant Fig.. Rectifier Test Rig a half-wave Class-D rectifier consisting of two diodes []. It is very small (in the tens of mw range), so an open-loop type property of the topology increases conduction losses as the The real power delivered from the inverter to the rest of the also current driven, making it appropriate for series resonant of load emulation circuit is preferred; this type of circuit diode receivers. current The exceeds input impedance the resonant of this tank current-driven current, rectifier when theeliminates circuit the (average power input consumption power) of can anybeactive calculated controlby cir- therequired rms of forthe a closed-loop input square system. voltage, Examples theof acsuitable current through multiplying tankiscurrent affected is only negative by its output (Fig. load, ). Furthermore, and relationship the peak is given diodecuitry voltage by (6). during reverse bias is larger than the output voltageultra-low the resonant power open-loop tank (input loadcurrent) emulators and include the phase the buckboost measured and the flyback by the converter Power Analysis operatingutility discontinuous of the oscilloscope. difference, or and consequently, device utilisation is poorer than in the Class- D circuit. Nevertheless, soft R dc switching = π R in allows the utilisation (6) of conduction Using mode the power [6]. delivered to the dc load (output power), large diodes, slower than the frequency of operation, as reverse thevii. efficiency ELECTROMAGNETIC of the receiving FIELD end LIMITS of theand IPT system can be recovery The effects advantages are largely of the Class-D eliminated. rectifier, which include a calculated. This efficiency REGULATIONS also includes losses in the Rx coil simpler design process, lower cost implementation, higher The component stress and the input impedance of the circuit and thus, part of the inductive link efficiency. Furthermore, tolerance to DC load variation and better semiconductor In addition to the challenge of operating efficiently in the depend on the duty cycle, which is affected by R dc, C d and utilisation, are more noticeable in higher voltage operation, MHzR region, in canthe be design determined of IPTfrom systems themust values alsoofconsider input power and thewhere frequency semiconductor of operation. parasitic Theeffects Class-E arerectifier minimised. presented haslimits input on electromagnetic current. When(EM) thefield inverter levelsvoltage that are and in place input current an input impedance of a series connection between a capacitor in order are in to phase protect the humans impedance from theatadverse Rxhealth endeffects is resistive and (C in ) and a resistor VI. RECEIVER (R in ) [], LOAD [5]. When EMULATION the rectifier is addedof exposure represented to EMby fields. the input Oneresistance of these isofthermal rectifier. effects, to anas IPTshown system in (), R in (5) must and be (6), evaluated the Class-D forand maximal Class-Elinkwhich are caused by tissue heating through energy absorption B. Experimental Results efficiency rectifiersand havecan in input must resistance be taken which intodepends consideration the load whenfrom EM fields in the tissue. The other is non-thermal tuning the receiving coil. Designers have a degree of freedom in selecting a duty cycle value. The other components are hence evaluated in [] as: R dc = R in () losses, the topology has a high output power capability as the diodes are stressed to the input current during conduction and stressed to the output voltage when reverse biased, giving good semiconductor utilisation. i in D i D v D D i D v D C f i Cf R dc The experiments investigated the efficiency of the selected topologies under several input resistance designs. Cree SiC schottky diodes (CD6) were used for high power operation at 6.78 MHz. The evaluation of R ac,ser was made using the information I dc Fig.. Fig. Current. Class-D Driven Class-D Half Wave Half Wave Rectifier Rectifier [] V dc
6 effects, caused by the stimulation of muscles, nerves and sensory organs. Working at 6.78 MHz means that both thermal and non-thermal effects need to be taken account of when designing such IPT systems. A European Union (EU) Directive [7] was adopted on 6 June by the European Parliament and the Council of Europe, which sets out limits on the exposure of workers to EM fields. This Directive is to be transposed into UK law by July 6. Prior to the passing of this Directive, there have been no statutory limits on EM fields for both workers and the general public in the UK. The safety limits described in the directive are based on the 998 and ICNIRP limits [8], [9]. The Directive defines both exposure limit values (ELVs) and action levels (ALs). The ELVs (which ICNIRP calls basic restrictions) are quantities that are directly related to established health effects (i.e. tissue heating and nerve stimulation). These quantities, which are generally difficult to measure, must not be exceeded. The particular ELV which relates to thermal effects is the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), whilst the ELV for non-thermal effects is the internal electric field induced in the body. At 6.78 MHz, the SAR limit is. W kg (whole body, averaged over 6-minute period and g of tissue) and the induced internal electric field limit is 576 V m (peak). Because ELVs are difficult to measure directly, the Directive also defines ALs (referred to as reference levels by ICNIRP). These external quantities, which can be measured, are external electric field and external magnetic field. At 6.78 MHz, the magnetic field ALs are µt for non-thermal effects (induced internal electric field) and. µt for thermal effects (SAR). Compliance with these ALs ensures compliance with the respective ELVs. However, if the ALs are exceeded, it does not necessarily follow that the ELVs will be exceeded as well. In these cases, further tests are needed to prove compliance with the ELVs such as performing D EM simulations. In reality, depending on the power requirements of the application, it may not be possible to deliver enough power to a load whilst at the same time keeping magnetic field levels within the EU Directive AL limits. Hence, it would be necessary to define an exclusion zone, outside of which it would be safe for humans to be physically present. Nevertheless, these EM field limits and regulations imply that it is important to design IPT systems with high link efficiencies, so the required level of power can be delivered to the receiver load with minimal magnetic field. VIII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A 6.78 MHz mid-range IPT system capable of transferring W of power across a distance of cm with a DC-to-load efficiency of ~7 % has been implemented and demonstrated. This system was designed with the principles introduced in this paper. The experimental setup is shown in Fig.. The transmitter coil is a cm -turn air-core coil made from copper piping. A Class-E inverter in semi-resonant operation was selected to drive the transmitter coil, with the IXYS RF Fig.. Experimental setup of 6.78 MHz mid-range IPT system IXZDFN combined gate driver and MOSFET module used as the switching device. The receiver coil is a cm 5-turn air-core coil, also made from copper piping. The chosen rectifier topology is the voltage-driven Class-E low dv/dt rectifier, utilising the Cree CD7 SiC Schottky diode. These methods have resulted in a reduction in losses and an improvement in efficiency of the power electronics. Consequently, this mid-range IPT system is able to operate feasibly in the MHz region, leading to an increase in coil Q- factors, link efficiency and overall DC-to-load efficiency. IX. CONCLUSION The design of a lightweight and portable IPT system calls for the use of air-core coils in favour of coils with ferrite cores. The weak coupling of air-core coils suggests that the operating frequency should be increased to the multi-mhz region to maximise link efficiency. However, the efficiency of the power electronics will tend to decrease with frequency, unless suitable high frequency power converters are utilised. Inverters that are appropriate for multi-mhz frequencies include the Class-E semi-resonant inverter, the Class-E inverter with a saturable reactor, and the Class-EF or Class-E/F inverter. Class-D or Class-E rectifiers may be used to rectify the high frequency coil voltage. Different types of semiconductor devices need to be considered, including GaN, SiC and specialist high-speed RF Si devices. Receiver load emulation may be needed to maintain maximum link efficiency by emulating the optimal load seen by the rectifier. The regulations on human exposure to EM fields may also influence IPT system design and usage scenario, and ultimately encourage the design of a highly efficient system. By following the link efficiency-led design principles in this paper, a mid-range IPT system can be designed with maximum link efficiency and overall DC-to-load efficiency. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London for financial support.
7 REFERENCES [] M. Chigira, Y. Nagatsuka, Y. Kaneko, S. Abe, T. Yasuda, and A. Suzuki, Small-size light-weight transformer with new core structure for contactless electric vehicle power transfer system, in Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), IEEE, Sept, pp [] K. van Schuylenbergh and R. Puers, Inductive Powering, Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems. Springer, 9. [] G. Kkelis, D. C. Yates, and P. D. Mitcheson, Comparison of current driven class-d and class-e half-wave rectifiers for 6.78 MHz high power IPT applications, in Wireless Power Transfer Conf. (WPTC), 5 IEEE, May 5. [] D. C. Yates, A. S. Holmes, and A. J. Burdett, Optimal transmission frequency for ultralow-power short-range radio links, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 5, July. [5] J. Lawson, M. Pinuela, D. C. Yates, S. Lucyszyn, and P. D. Mitcheson, Long range inductive power transfer system, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 76, no., p. 5,. [6] (5, January) IXYS RF IXZDFN RF Power MOSFET & DRIVER. [Online]. Available: ixzdfn.pdf [7] (5, January) International Rectifier IRFB8PbF HEXFET Power MOSFET. [Online]. Available: datasheets/data/irfb8pbf.pdf [8] (5, January) Cree CD7H - Silicon Carbide Schottky Diode. [Online]. Available: Data%Sheets/CD7H.pdf [9] M. Pinuela, D. C. Yates, S. Lucyszyn, and P. D. Mitcheson, Maximizing DC-to-load efficiency for inductive power transfer, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 7 7, May. [] S. Aldhaher, P. C.-K. Luk, and J. F. Whidborne, Tuning class E inverters applied in inductive links using saturable reactors, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 9, no. 6, pp , June. [] Z. Kaczmarczyk, High-efficiency class E, EF, and E/F inverters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 5, no. 5, pp , Oct 6. [] S. D. Kee, I. Aoki, A. Hajimiri, and D. Rutledge, The class-e/f family of ZVS switching amplifiers, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 5, no. 6, pp , June. [] S. Aldhaher, G. Kkelis, D. C. Yates, and P. D. Mitcheson, Class EF inverters for wireless power transfer applications, in Wireless Power Transfer Conf. (WPTC), 5 IEEE, May 5. [] G. Kkelis, J. Lawson, D. C. Yates, M. Pinuela, and P. D. Mitcheson, Integration of a class-e low dv/dt rectifer in a wireless power transfer system, in Wireless Power Transfer Conf. (WPTC), IEEE, May, pp [5] A. Ivascu, M. K. Kazimierczuk, and S. Birca-Galateanu, Class E resonant low dv/dt rectifier, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 6 6, Aug 99. [6] C. H. Kwan, J. Lawson, D. C. Yates, and P. D. Mitcheson, Positioninsensitive long range inductive power transfer, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 557, no., p. 5,. [7] European Union, Directive /5/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (th individual directive within the meaning of Article 6() of Directive 89/9/EEC) and repealing Directive //EC. in Official Journal of the European Union, vol. 56, no. L79, June, pp.. [8] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to GHz), in Health Physics, vol. 7, no., 998, pp [9] International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields ( Hz - khz), in Health Physics, vol. 99, no. 6,, pp
Link Efficiency-Led Design of Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Systems
Link Efficiency-Led Design of Mid-Range Inductive Power Transfer Systems Christopher H. Kwan, George Kkelis, Samer Aldhaher, James Lawson, David C. Yates, Patrick C.-K. Luk, and Paul D. Mitcheson Department
More informationInverter and Rectifier Design for Inductive Power Transfer COST WIPE Summer School, Bologna, April 2016
Inverter and Rectifier Design for Inductive Power Transfer COST WIPE Summer School, Bologna, April 2016 Paul D. Mitcheson Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, U.K.
More informationInductive Power Transfer in the MHz ISM bands: Drones without batteries
Inductive Power Transfer in the MHz ISM bands: Drones without batteries Paul D. Mitcheson, S. Aldhaher, Juan M. Arteaga, G. Kkelis and D. C. Yates EH017, Manchester 1 The Concept 3 Challenges for Drone
More informationPower Electronics for Inductive Power Transfer Systems
Power Electronics for Inductive Power Transfer Systems George Kkelis g.kkelis13@imperial.ac.uk Power Electronics Centre Imperial Open Day, July 2015 System Overview Transmitting End Inductive Link Receiving
More informationMulti-Frequency Class-D Inverter for Rectifier Characterisation in High Frequency Inductive Power Transfer Systems
Multi-Frequency Class-D Inverter for Rectifier Characterisation in High Frequency Inductive Power Transfer Systems George Kkelis, David C. Yates, Paul D. Mitcheson Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department,
More information8322 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 32, NO. 11, NOVEMBER Class-E Half-Wave Zero dv/dt Rectifiers for Inductive Power Transfer
8322 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 32, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2017 Class-E Half-Wave Zero dv/dt Rectifiers for Inductive Power Transfer George Kkelis, Student Member, IEEE, David C. Yates, Member,
More informationWEAKLY coupled inductive links, Fig. 1, tend to operate. Class-E Half-Wave Zero dv/dt Rectifiers for Inductive Power Transfer
1 Class-E Half-Wave Zero dv/dt Rectifiers for Inductive Power Transfer George Kkelis, Student Member, IEEE, David C. Yates, Member, IEEE, and Paul D. Mitcheson, Senior Member, IEEE. Abstract This paper
More informationPower Electronics for Inductive Power Transfer Systems. George Kkelis, PhD Student (Yr2) 02 Sept 2015
Power Electronics for Inductive Power Transfer Systems George Kkelis, PhD Student (Yr) g.kkelis13@imperial.ac.uk Sept 15 Introduction IPT System Set-Up: TX DC Load Inverter Power Meter ectifier Wireless
More informationMethods for Reducing Leakage Electric Field of a Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles
Methods for Reducing Leakage Electric Field of a Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Masaki Jo, Yukiya Sato, Yasuyoshi Kaneko, Shigeru Abe Graduate School of Science and Engineering Saitama
More informationEfficiency Improvement of High Frequency Inverter for Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Series Reactive Power Compensator
IEEE PEDS 27, Honolulu, USA 2-5 December 27 Efficiency Improvement of High Frequency Inverter for Wireless Power Transfer System Using a Series Reactive Power Compensator Jun Osawa Graduate School of Pure
More informationOptimum Mode Operation and Implementation of Class E Resonant Inverter for Wireless Power Transfer Application
Optimum Mode Operation and Implementation of Class E Resonant Inverter for Wireless Power Transfer Application Monalisa Pattnaik Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela,
More informationLong range inductive power transfer system
Long range inductive power transfer system James Lawson, Manuel Pinuela, David C Yates, Stepan Lucyszyn, and Paul D Mitcheson James Lawson, Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, Imperial College
More information10 kw Contactless Power Transfer System. for Rapid Charger of Electric Vehicle
EVS6 Los Angeles, California, May 6-9, 0 0 kw Contactless Power Transfer System for Rapid Charger of Electric Vehicle Tomohiro Yamanaka, Yasuyoshi Kaneko, Shigeru Abe, Tomio Yasuda, Saitama University,
More informationSaturable Inductors For Superior Reflexive Field Containment in Inductive Power Transfer Systems
Saturable Inductors For Superior Reflexive Field Containment in Inductive Power Transfer Systems Alireza Dayerizadeh, Srdjan Lukic Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State
More informationA Compact Class E Rectifier for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer
1 A ompact lass E ectifier for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer Ming Liu, Minfan Fu, hengbin Ma University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute Shanghai, hina Abstract It is promising
More informationLOW PEAK CURRENT CLASS E RESONANT FULL-WAVE LOW dv/dt RECTIFIER DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE GENERATOR
Électronique et transmission de l information LOW PEAK CURRENT CLASS E RESONANT FULL-WAVE LOW dv/dt RECTIFIER DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE GENERATOR ŞERBAN BÎRCĂ-GĂLĂŢEANU 1 Key words : Power Electronics, Rectifiers,
More informationFREQUENCY TRACKING BY SHORT CURRENT DETECTION FOR INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM
FREQUENCY TRACKING BY SHORT CURRENT DETECTION FOR INDUCTIVE POWER TRANSFER SYSTEM PREETI V. HAZARE Prof. R. Babu Vivekananda Institute of Technology and Vivekananda Institute of Technology Science, Karimnagar
More informationHighly Efficient Resonant Wireless Power Transfer with Active MEMS Impedance Matching
Highly Efficient Resonant Wireless Power Transfer with Active MEMS Impedance Matching Bernard Ryan Solace Power Mount Pearl, NL, Canada bernard.ryan@solace.ca Marten Seth Menlo Microsystems Irvine, CA,
More informationA Large Air Gap 3 kw Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles
A Large Air Gap 3 W Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Hiroya Taanashi*, Yuiya Sato*, Yasuyoshi Kaneo*, Shigeru Abe*, Tomio Yasuda** *Saitama University, Saitama, Japan ** Technova Inc.,
More informationAutomotive Compatible Single Amplifier Multi-mode Wireless Power for Mobile Devices
Automotive Compatible Single Amplifier Multi-mode Wireless Power for Mobile Devices Dr. Michael A. de Rooij Efficient Power Conversion El Segundo, U.S.A. Abstract The proliferation of wireless power products
More informationImprovements of LLC Resonant Converter
Chapter 5 Improvements of LLC Resonant Converter From previous chapter, the characteristic and design of LLC resonant converter were discussed. In this chapter, two improvements for LLC resonant converter
More informationDC/DC Converters for High Conversion Ratio Applications
DC/DC Converters for High Conversion Ratio Applications A comparative study of alternative non-isolated DC/DC converter topologies for high conversion ratio applications Master s thesis in Electrical Power
More informationA Novel Single-Stage Push Pull Electronic Ballast With High Input Power Factor
770 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 48, NO. 4, AUGUST 2001 A Novel Single-Stage Push Pull Electronic Ballast With High Input Power Factor Chang-Shiarn Lin, Member, IEEE, and Chern-Lin
More informationSIMULATION STUDIES OF HALF-BRIDGE ISOLATED DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER
POZNAN UNIVE RSITY OF TE CHNOLOGY ACADE MIC JOURNALS No 80 Electrical Engineering 2014 Adam KRUPA* SIMULATION STUDIES OF HALF-BRIDGE ISOLATED DC/DC BOOST CONVERTER In order to utilize energy from low voltage
More informationConventional Single-Switch Forward Converter Design
Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > Amplifier and Comparator Circuits > APP 3983 Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > Power-Supply Circuits
More informationA HIGHLY EFFICIENT ISOLATED DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER
A HIGHLY EFFICIENT ISOLATED DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER 1 Aravind Murali, 2 Mr.Benny.K.K, 3 Mrs.Priya.S.P 1 PG Scholar, 2 Associate Professor, 3 Assistant Professor Abstract - This paper proposes a highly efficient
More informationEfficient Power Conversion Corporation
The egan FET Journey Continues Wireless Energy Transfer Technology Drivers Michael de Rooij Efficient Power Conversion Corporation EPC - The Leader in egan FETs ECTC 2014 www.epc-co.com 1 Agenda Overview
More informationSINGLE-STAGE HIGH-POWER-FACTOR SELF-OSCILLATING ELECTRONIC BALLAST FOR FLUORESCENT LAMPS WITH SOFT START
SINGLE-STAGE HIGH-POWER-FACTOR SELF-OSCILLATING ELECTRONIC BALLAST FOR FLUORESCENT S WITH SOFT START Abstract: In this paper a new solution to implement and control a single-stage electronic ballast based
More informationTranscutaneous Energy Transmission Based Wireless Energy Transfer to Implantable Biomedical Devices
Transcutaneous Energy Transmission Based Wireless Energy Transfer to Implantable Biomedical Devices Anand Garg, Lakshmi Sridevi B.Tech, Dept. of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, SRM University
More informationSiC MOSFETs Based Split Output Half Bridge Inverter: Current Commutation Mechanism and Efficiency Analysis
SiC MOSFETs Based Split Output Half Bridge Inverter: Current Commutation Mechanism and Efficiency Analysis Helong Li, Stig Munk-Nielsen, Szymon Bęczkowski, Xiongfei Wang Department of Energy Technology
More informationEMERGING technologies such as wireless power transfer
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 3, NO. 5, MAY 06 345 Modeling and Analysis of Class EF and Class E/F Inverters With Series-Tuned Resonant Networks Samer Aldhaher, David C. Yates, Member, IEEE,
More informationTwo-output Class E Isolated dc-dc Converter at 5 MHz Switching Frequency 1 Z. Pavlović, J.A. Oliver, P. Alou, O. Garcia, R.Prieto, J.A.
Two-output Class E Isolated dc-dc Converter at 5 MHz Switching Frequency 1 Z. Pavlović, J.A. Oliver, P. Alou, O. Garcia, R.Prieto, J.A. Cobos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Centro de Electrónica Industrial
More informationDesigners Series XII. Switching Power Magazine. Copyright 2005
Designers Series XII n this issue, and previous issues of SPM, we cover the latest technologies in exotic high-density power. Most power supplies in the commercial world, however, are built with the bread-and-butter
More informationHIGH FREQUENCY CLASS DE CONVERTER USING A MULTILAYER CORELESS PCB TRANSFORMER
HIGH FREQUENCY CLASS DE CONVERTER USING A MULTILAYER CORELESS PCB TRANSFORMER By Somayeh Abnavi A thesis submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering In conformity with the requirements
More informationSiC Power Schottky Diodes in Power Factor Correction Circuits
SiC Power Schottky Diodes in Power Factor Correction Circuits By Ranbir Singh and James Richmond Introduction Electronic systems operating in the -12 V range currently utilize silicon (Si) PiN diodes,
More informationCHAPTER 2 AN ANALYSIS OF LC COUPLED SOFT SWITCHING TECHNIQUE FOR IBC OPERATED IN LOWER DUTY CYCLE
40 CHAPTER 2 AN ANALYSIS OF LC COUPLED SOFT SWITCHING TECHNIQUE FOR IBC OPERATED IN LOWER DUTY CYCLE 2.1 INTRODUCTION Interleaving technique in the boost converter effectively reduces the ripple current
More informationCHAPTER 3 DC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
47 CHAPTER 3 DC-DC CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES 3.1 INTRODUCTION In recent decades, much research efforts are directed towards finding an isolated DC-DC converter with high volumetric power density, low electro
More informationAT2596 3A Step Down Voltage Switching Regulators
FEATURES Standard PSOP-8/TO-220-5L /TO-263-5L Package Adjustable Output Versions Adjustable Version Output Voltage Range 1.23V to 37V V OUT Accuracy is to ± 3% Under Specified Input Voltage the Output
More informationGaN in Practical Applications
in Practical Applications 1 CCM Totem Pole PFC 2 PFC: applications and topology Typical AC/DC PSU 85-265 V AC 400V DC for industrial, medical, PFC LLC 12, 24, 48V DC telecomm and server applications. PFC
More informationChapter 6 Soft-Switching dc-dc Converters Outlines
Chapter 6 Soft-Switching dc-dc Converters Outlines Classification of soft-switching resonant converters Advantages and disadvantages of ZCS and ZVS Zero-current switching topologies The resonant switch
More informationVoltage Fed DC-DC Converters with Voltage Doubler
Chapter 3 Voltage Fed DC-DC Converters with Voltage Doubler 3.1 INTRODUCTION The primary objective of the research pursuit is to propose and implement a suitable topology for fuel cell application. The
More informationTwo-Transmitter Wireless Power Transfer with LCL Circuit for Continuous Power in Dynamic Charging
Two-Transmitter Wireless Power Transfer with LCL Circuit for Continuous Power in Dynamic Charging Abstract Wireless power transfer is a safe and convenient method for charging electric vehicles (EV). Dynamic
More informationHigh Performance ZVS Buck Regulator Removes Barriers To Increased Power Throughput In Wide Input Range Point-Of-Load Applications
WHITE PAPER High Performance ZVS Buck Regulator Removes Barriers To Increased Power Throughput In Wide Input Range Point-Of-Load Applications Written by: C. R. Swartz Principal Engineer, Picor Semiconductor
More informationComparison Between two Single-Switch Isolated Flyback and Forward High-Quality Rectifiers for Low Power Applications
Comparison Between two ingle-witch Isolated Flyback and Forward High-Quality Rectifiers for Low Power Applications G. piazzi,. Buso Department of Electronics and Informatics - University of Padova Via
More informationLong Range Passive RF-ID Tag With UWB Transmitter
Long Range Passive RF-ID Tag With UWB Transmitter Seunghyun Lee Seunghyun Oh Yonghyun Shim seansl@umich.edu austeban@umich.edu yhshim@umich.edu About RF-ID Tag What is a RF-ID Tag? An object for the identification
More informationAN Analog Power USA Applications Department
Using MOSFETs for Synchronous Rectification The use of MOSFETs to replace diodes to reduce the voltage drop and hence increase efficiency in DC DC conversion circuits is a concept that is widely used due
More informationGaN is Crushing Silicon. EPC - The Leader in GaN Technology IEEE PELS
GaN is Crushing Silicon EPC - The Leader in GaN Technology IEEE PELS 2014 www.epc-co.com 1 Agenda How egan FETs work Hard Switched DC-DC converters High Efficiency point-of-load converter Envelope Tracking
More informationDifferential-Mode Emissions
Differential-Mode Emissions In Fig. 13-5, the primary purpose of the capacitor C F, however, is to filter the full-wave rectified ac line voltage. The filter capacitor is therefore a large-value, high-voltage
More informationSwitch Mode Power Supplies and their Magnetics
Switch Mode Power Supplies and their Magnetics Many factors must be considered by designers when choosing the magnetic components required in today s electronic power supplies In today s day and age the
More informationMitigation of Common mode Noise for PFC Boost Converter by Balancing Technique
Mitigation of Common mode Noise for PFC Boost Converter by Balancing Technique Nasir *, Jon Cobb *Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK, nasir@bournemouth.ac.uk, Faculty
More informationAT7450 2A-60V LED Step-Down Converter
FEATURES DESCRIPTION IN Max = 60 FB = 200m Frequency 52kHz I LED Max 2A On/Off input may be used for the Analog Dimming Thermal protection Cycle-by-cycle current limit I LOAD max =2A OUT from 0.2 to 55
More informationSmall-Size Light-Weight Transformer with New Core Structure for Contactless Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System
Small-Size ight-weight Transformer with New Core Structure for Contactless Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Masato Chigira*, Yuichi Nagatsuka*, Yasuyoshi Kaneko*, Shigeru Abe*, Tomio Yasuda**, and
More informationMAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS PART A (2 Marks)
MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI-621213. UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS PART A (2 Marks) 1. What is meant by tuned amplifiers? Tuned amplifiers are amplifiers that are designed to reject a certain
More informationThe 2014 International Power Electronics Conference Contactless Power Transfer System Suitable for Low Voltage and Large Current Charging for EDLCs Ta
Contactless Power Transfer System Suitable for ow Voltage and arge Current Charging for EDCs Takahiro Kudo, Takahiro Toi, Yasuyoshi Kaneko, Shigeru Abe Department of Electrical and Electronic Systems Saitama
More informationIn addition to the power circuit a commercial power supply will require:
Power Supply Auxiliary Circuits In addition to the power circuit a commercial power supply will require: -Voltage feedback circuits to feed a signal back to the error amplifier which is proportional to
More informationReduction in Radiation Noise Level for Inductive Power Transfer System with Spread Spectrum
216963 Reduction in Radiation Noise Level for Inductive Power Transfer System with Spread Spectrum 16mm Keisuke Kusaka 1) Kent Inoue 2) Jun-ichi Itoh 3) 1) Nagaoka University of Technology, Energy and
More information3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator
3A Step-Down Voltage Regulator DESCRIPITION The is monolithic integrated circuit that provides all the active functions for a step-down(buck) switching regulator, capable of driving 3A load with excellent
More informationPCB layout guidelines. From the IGBT team at IR September 2012
PCB layout guidelines From the IGBT team at IR September 2012 1 PCB layout and parasitics Parasitics (unwanted L, R, C) have much influence on switching waveforms and losses. The IGBT itself has its own
More informationPerformance Comparison for A4WP Class-3 Wireless Power Compliance between egan FET and MOSFET in a ZVS Class D Amplifier
The egan FET Journey Continues Performance Comparison for A4WP Class-3 Wireless Power Compliance between egan FET and MOSFET in a ZVS Class D Amplifier EPC - The leader in GaN Technology www.epc-co.com
More informationUnderstanding and Optimizing Electromagnetic Compatibility in Switchmode Power Supplies
Understanding and Optimizing Electromagnetic Compatibility in Switchmode Power Supplies 1 Definitions EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference EMC = Electro Magnetic Compatibility (No EMI) Three Components
More informationStudy of Power Loss Reduction in SEPR Converters for Induction Heating through Implementation of SiC Based Semiconductor Switches
Study of Power Loss Reduction in SEPR Converters for Induction Heating through Implementation of SiC Based Semiconductor Switches Angel Marinov 1 1 Technical University of Varna, Studentska street 1, Varna,
More informationPush-Pull Class-E Power Amplifier with a Simple Load Network Using an Impedance Matched Transformer
Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer Engineering and their Applications, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 214 Push-Pull Class-E Power Amplifier with a Simple Load Network
More informationCHAPTER 2 A SERIES PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER WITH OPEN LOOP CONTROL
14 CHAPTER 2 A SERIES PARALLEL RESONANT CONVERTER WITH OPEN LOOP CONTROL 2.1 INTRODUCTION Power electronics devices have many advantages over the traditional power devices in many aspects such as converting
More informationCHOICE OF HIGH FREQUENCY INVERTERS AND SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES
Chapter-3 CHOICE OF HIGH FREQUENCY INVERTERS AND SEMICONDUCTOR SWITCHES This chapter is based on the published articles, 1. Nitai Pal, Pradip Kumar Sadhu, Dola Sinha and Atanu Bandyopadhyay, Selection
More informationExperimental study of snubber circuit design for SiC power MOSFET devices
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering Vol. 13 2015 Experimental study of snubber circuit design for SiC power MOSFET devices Łukasz J. Niewiara, Michał Skiwski, Tomasz Tarczewski Nicolaus Copernicus
More informationZCS-PWM Converter for Reducing Switching Losses
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-issn: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 9, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. 2014), PP 29-35 ZCS-PWM Converter for Reducing Switching Losses
More informationDesign considerations for a Half- Bridge LLC resonant converter
Design considerations for a Half- Bridge LLC resonant converter Why an HB LLC converter Agenda Configurations of the HB LLC converter and a resonant tank Operating states of the HB LLC HB LLC converter
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Science Invention Research & Development; Vol. II Issue VIII February e-issn:
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF SOFT SWITCHING BASED INTERLEAVED FLYBACK CONVERTER FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS K.Kavisindhu 1, P.Shanmuga Priya 2 1 PG Scholar, 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
More informationINVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OF HIGH CURRENT SOURCES FOR B-H LOOP MEASUREMENTS
INVESTIGATION AND DESIGN OF HIGH CURRENT SOURCES FOR B-H LOOP MEASUREMENTS Boyanka Marinova Nikolova, Georgi Todorov Nikolov Faculty of Electronics and Technologies, Technical University of Sofia, Studenstki
More informationCompact Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles
The International Power Electronics Conference Compact Contactless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles Y. Nagatsua*, N. Ehara*, Y. Kaneo*, S. Abe* and T. Yasuda** * Saitama University, 55 Shimo-Oubo,
More informationAN726. Vishay Siliconix AN726 Design High Frequency, Higher Power Converters With Si9166
AN726 Design High Frequency, Higher Power Converters With Si9166 by Kin Shum INTRODUCTION The Si9166 is a controller IC designed for dc-to-dc conversion applications with 2.7- to 6- input voltage. Like
More informationHigh-Efficiency Forward Transformer Reset Scheme Utilizes Integrated DC-DC Switcher IC Function
High-Efficiency Forward Transformer Reset Scheme Utilizes Integrated DC-DC Switcher IC Function Author: Tiziano Pastore Power Integrations GmbH Germany Abstract: This paper discusses a simple high-efficiency
More informationMotivation. Approach. Requirements. Optimal Transmission Frequency for Ultra-Low Power Short-Range Medical Telemetry
Motivation Optimal Transmission Frequency for Ultra-Low Power Short-Range Medical Telemetry Develop wireless medical telemetry to allow unobtrusive health monitoring Patients can be conveniently monitored
More informationTUNED AMPLIFIERS 5.1 Introduction: Coil Losses:
TUNED AMPLIFIERS 5.1 Introduction: To amplify the selective range of frequencies, the resistive load R C is replaced by a tuned circuit. The tuned circuit is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow
More informationDesign Methodology of The Power Receiver with High Efficiency and Constant Output Voltage for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer
Design Methodology of The Power Receiver with High Efficiency and Constant Output Voltage for Megahertz Wireless Power Transfer 1 st Jibin Song Univ. of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ. Joint Institute
More informationANALYSIS OF BROADBAND GAN SWITCH MODE CLASS-E POWER AMPLIFIER
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 38, 151 16, 213 ANALYSIS OF BROADBAND GAN SWITCH MODE CLASS-E POWER AMPLIFIER Ahmed Tanany, Ahmed Sayed *, and Georg Boeck Berlin Institute of Technology,
More informationHigh-efficiency class E/F 3 power amplifiers with extended maximum operating frequency
LETTER IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.15, No.12, 1 10 High-efficiency class E/F 3 power amplifiers with extended maximum operating frequency Chang Liu 1, Xiang-Dong Huang 2a), and Qian-Fu Cheng 1 1 School
More informationDesigning reliable and high density power solutions with GaN. Created by: Masoud Beheshti Presented by: Paul L Brohlin
Designing reliable and high density power solutions with GaN Created by: Masoud Beheshti Presented by: Paul L Brohlin What will I get out of this presentation? Why GaN? Integration for System Performance
More informationTemperature-Dependent Characterization of SiC Power Electronic Devices
Temperature-Dependent Characterization of SiC Power Electronic Devices Madhu Sudhan Chinthavali 1 chinthavalim@ornl.gov Burak Ozpineci 2 burak@ieee.org Leon M. Tolbert 2, 3 tolbert@utk.edu 1 Oak Ridge
More informationInvestigation of Electromagnetic Field Coupling from DC-DC Buck Converters to Automobile AM/FM Antennas
CST North American Automotive Workshop Investigation of Electromagnetic Field Coupling from DC-DC Buck Converters to Automobile AM/FM Antennas Patrick DeRoy, CST of America, Framingham, Massachusetts,
More informationSOFT SWITCHING TECHNIQUE USING RESONANT CONVERTER FOR CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE
16 Journal on Intelligent Electronic Systems, Vol.2, No.1, July 2008 Abstract SOFT SWITCHING TECHNIQUE USING RESONANT CONVERTER FOR CONSTANT SPEED DRIVE 1 2 Sukhi.Y and Padmanabhan.S 1 Research Scholar,Sathyabama
More informationIntegration of Supercapacitors into Wirelessly Charged Biomedical Sensors
Integration of s into Wirelessly Charged Biomedical Sensors Amit Pandey, Fadi Allos, Aiguo Patrick Hu, David Budgett The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Auckland Auckland,
More informationCHAPTER 3 MODIFIED FULL BRIDGE ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER
53 CHAPTER 3 MODIFIED FULL BRIDGE ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the Full Bridge Zero Voltage Switching (FBZVSC) converter. Operation of the circuit is
More informationDigital Control for Power Electronics 2.0
Digital Control for Power Electronics 2.0 Michael Harrison 9 th November 2017 Driving Factors for Improved SMPS Control 2 End market requirements for improved SMPS performance: Power conversion efficiency
More informationSiC-JFET in half-bridge configuration parasitic turn-on at
SiC-JFET in half-bridge configuration parasitic turn-on at current commutation Daniel Heer, Infineon Technologies AG, Germany, Daniel.Heer@Infineon.com Dr. Reinhold Bayerer, Infineon Technologies AG, Germany,
More informationHybrid Impedance Matching Strategy for Wireless Charging System
Hybrid Impedance Matching Strategy for Wireless Charging System Ting-En Lee Automotive Research and Testing Center Research and Development Division Changhua County, Taiwan(R.O.C) leetn@artc.org.tw Tzyy-Haw
More information2A 150KHZ PWM Buck DC/DC Converter. Features
General Description The is a of easy to use adjustable step-down (buck) switch-mode voltage regulator. The device is available in an adjustable output version. It is capable of driving a 2A load with excellent
More informationNovel Soft-Switching DC DC Converter with Full ZVS-Range and Reduced Filter Requirement Part I: Regulated-Output Applications
184 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 16, NO. 2, MARCH 2001 Novel Soft-Switching DC DC Converter with Full ZVS-Range and Reduced Filter Requirement Part I: Regulated-Output Applications Rajapandian
More informationVishay Siliconix AN724 Designing A High-Frequency, Self-Resonant Reset Forward DC/DC For Telecom Using Si9118/9 PWM/PSM Controller.
AN724 Designing A High-Frequency, Self-Resonant Reset Forward DC/DC For Telecom Using Si9118/9 PWM/PSM Controller by Thong Huynh FEATURES Fixed Telecom Input Voltage Range: 30 V to 80 V 5-V Output Voltage,
More informationAn Experimental Verification and Analysis of a Single-phase to Three-phase Matrix Converter using PDM Control Method for High-frequency Applications
An Experimental Verification and Analysis of a Single-phase to Three-phase Matrix Converter using PDM Control Method for High-frequency Applications Yuki Nakata Nagaoka University of Technology nakata@stn.nagaokaut.ac.jp
More informationIncorporating Active-Clamp Technology to Maximize Efficiency in Flyback and Forward Designs
Topic 2 Incorporating Active-Clamp Technology to Maximize Efficiency in Flyback and Forward Designs Bing Lu Agenda 1. Basic Operation of Flyback and Forward Converters 2. Active Clamp Operation and Benefits
More informationA High Step-Up DC-DC Converter
A High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Krishna V Department of Electrical and Electronics Government Engineering College Thrissur. Kerala Prof. Lalgy Gopy Department of Electrical and Electronics Government Engineering
More informationCONTENTS. Chapter 1. Introduction to Power Conversion 1. Basso_FM.qxd 11/20/07 8:39 PM Page v. Foreword xiii Preface xv Nomenclature
Basso_FM.qxd 11/20/07 8:39 PM Page v Foreword xiii Preface xv Nomenclature xvii Chapter 1. Introduction to Power Conversion 1 1.1. Do You Really Need to Simulate? / 1 1.2. What You Will Find in the Following
More informationEVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE 28V, PWM, Step-Up DC-DC Converter PART V IN 3V TO 28V
19-1462; Rev ; 6/99 EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE 28V, PWM, Step-Up DC-DC Converter General Description The CMOS, PWM, step-up DC-DC converter generates output voltages up to 28V and accepts inputs from +3V
More informationA Novel Technique to Reduce the Switching Losses in a Synchronous Buck Converter
A Novel Technique to Reduce the Switching Losses in a Synchronous Buck Converter A. K. Panda and Aroul. K Abstract--This paper proposes a zero-voltage transition (ZVT) PWM synchronous buck converter, which
More informationLecture 4 ECEN 4517/5517
Lecture 4 ECEN 4517/5517 Experiment 3 weeks 2 and 3: interleaved flyback and feedback loop Battery 12 VDC HVDC: 120-200 VDC DC-DC converter Isolated flyback DC-AC inverter H-bridge v ac AC load 120 Vrms
More informationA Novel Dual-Band Scheme for Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 80, 53 59, 2018 A Novel Dual-Band Scheme for Magnetic Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Keke Ding 1, 2, *, Ying Yu 1, 2, and Hong Lin 1, 2 Abstract In
More informationS.Tiwari, O.-M. Midtgård and T. M. Undeland Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Experimental Performance Comparison of Six-Pack SiC MOSFET and Si IGBT Modules Paralleled in a Half-Bridge Configuration for High Temperature Applications S.Tiwari, O.-M. Midtgård and T. M. Undeland Norwegian
More informationPresentation Content Review of Active Clamp and Reset Technique in Single-Ended Forward Converters Design Material/Tools Design procedure and concern
Active Clamp Forward Converters Design Using UCC2897 Hong Huang August 2007 1 Presentation Content Review of Active Clamp and Reset Technique in Single-Ended Forward Converters Design Material/Tools Design
More informationZero Voltage Switching in a Low Voltage High Current DC-DC Converter
Zero Voltage Switching in a Low Voltage High Current DC-DC Converter Ms. Poornima. N M.Tech Student,Dept of EEE, The National Institute of Engineering (Autonomous institute under VTU, Belagavi) Mysuru,
More information