Multi-MW peak power, single transverse mode operation of a 100 micron core diameter, Yb-doped photonic crystal rod amplifier
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1 Multi-MW peak power, single transverse mode operation of a 1 micron core diameter, Yb-doped photonic crystal rod amplifier Fabio Di Teodoro and Christopher D. Brooks Aculight Corporation, th Ave. SE, Bothell, WA 9828 ABSTRACT We developed a gain-staged master-oscillator/power-amplifier source featuring an Yb-doped, 1µm-core rod-like photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as the final amplifier. From this PCF, we obtained 1ns pulses of energy in excess of 4.3 mj, peak/average power ~ 4.5 MW / 42W, and spectral width ~2 GHz. The PCF emitted a near-gaussian, single-transversemode beam of M 2 ~1.3. Keywords: Photonic crystal fiber, optical amplifiers 1. INTRODUCTION Advanced applications of active imaging and remote sensing rely on optical transmitters that afford long range action, high spatial resolution, and high operation duty cycles. In many cases of interest, these requirements can be fully met by transmitters emitting ns-duration, multi-khz repetition-rate pulses of high peak power and spectral brightness, and excellent beam quality. Sources of this type, also of interest for nonlinear wavelength conversion and materials processing, exhibit somewhat intermediate characteristics between traditional bulk solid-state lasers (high pulse energy/peak power, but low repetition rate and average power) and fiber lasers/amplifiers (high average power, but relatively modest peak power). An approach to addressing these applications is to scale the peak power achievable in fiber-based sources without giving up fundamental advantages i.e. straightforward passive thermal management, excellent beam quality immune to thermooptical degradation, and amenability to rugged and compact packaging. (c) ~1 µm (b) (a) 1.5 mm ~29 µm Fig. 1. Characteristics of the 1µm-core Yb-doped PCF described in the text. (a) Cross-sectional view of the whole fiber, showing the large (1.5mm-diameter) glass outer cladding; (b) Cross-sectional microphotograph of the pump waveguide (29µm diameter), showing the central, 1µm-wide Yb-doped region; (c) Detail of the air cladding that surrounds the pump waveguide. Recently, pulsed fiber sources of peak power ~1 MW have been presented, which use large-core fibers to minimize optical nonlinearities, thus retaining good spectral brightness 1-3. These sources rely on photonic crystal technology, flattened mode field designs, or bend-loss mode selection to maintain good beam quality. Further peak power scaling requires even larger cores and, therefore, poses fundamental issues for standard fiber designs. Indeed, bending-induced Fiber Lasers IV: Technology, Systems, and Applications, edited by Donald J. Harter, Andreas Tünnermann, Jes Broeng, Clifford Headley III Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6453, , (27) X/7/$15 doi: / Proc. of SPIE Vol
2 mode discrimination becomes gradually more difficult in practice and more sensitive to thermo-mechanic perturbations as the core size increases. More importantly, bending of large-core fibers causes spatial compression in the mode field 4, which raises the in-core peak irradiance, thus quickly offsetting the benefits of using a large core in the first place. ML Preamp 1 Preamp 2 BPF BPF L Pump OI OI OI 1µm-core rod-like Yb-doped PCF DF Output Fig. 2. Schematic layout of gain-stage MOPA. ML: Nd:LSB microchip laser seed; OI: Optical isolator (providing over 2dB of isolation); Preamp 1: Pre-amplifier featuring a 2m-long piece of backward-pumped, 25µm-core solid-silica Ybdoped fiber; BPF: Band-pass filter; Preamp 2: Pre-amplifier featuring a 1.5m-long piece of backward-pumped, 4µmcore Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber; L: Coupling lens; DF: Dichroic filter. Our strategy for circumventing these problems was to implement the largest-core (1µm-diameter), Yb-doped rod-like photonic crystal fiber (PCF) fabricated to date (see Fig. 1) as the final amplifier in a master-oscillator/power-amplifier (MOPA) architecture. The PCF was designed to exhibit exceedingly low core numerical aperture so as to retain neardiffraction-limited beam quality despite its core size. To avoid micro- and macro-bend loss, the PCF is equipped with a large glass outer cladding which keeps the fiber rigidly straight. Although, recently, a large-core rod-like PCF laser operating in cw mode has been demonstrated 5, this type of fiber appears ideally suited for high-peak-power generation. Indeed, our MOPA source reported here produced peak power in excess of 4.5 MW and pulse energy/average power of 4.3mJ/42W, while still offering very high spatial and spectral beam quality. In the remainder of this paper, we will first describe our architecture and experimental procedures, then present our results, and finally summarize our findings and sketch directions for near-future work. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND TEST PROCEDURES The architecture for our MOPA is schematically illustrated in Fig. 2 and is described in detail in Ref. 6. Briefly, it comprises a passively Q-switched microchip laser (162nm wavelength, 9.6kHz pulse repetition rate, ~6µJ pulse energy, single-longitudinal-mode spectrum) seeding a backward-pumped fiber amplifier staged into three segments. This staged design affords straightforward, passive management of cw amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), which is minimized by means of inter-stage band-pass spectral filters centered at ~162nm and providing very high rejection for light in the 13-14nm wavelength range (where ASE peaks). As a result, the amplifier as a whole can provide ample energy storage. The final-stage amplifier features a piece of the above mentioned 1µm-core Yb-doped rod-like PCF (29µm pump cladding diameter, 1.5mm outer diameter), which was equipped with sealing endcaps to enable standard fiber polishing and provide adequate beam expansion at the PCF output end, thus preventing facet damage. The length of the PCF used in this experiment (~9cm) was not optimized and, in fact, we expect a PCF of equal core size and even shorter length to offer a comparable performance. Our characterization of the MOPA performance included the measurement of the output pulse energy, spectrum, temporal pulse profile, and beam quality. To discriminate unambiguously power in the pulse from residual cw ASE, the pulse energy was measured directly with a high-repetition-rate pyroelectric joulemeter (Coherent/Molectron). The pulse spectral and temporal characteristics were detected by using an optical spectrum analyzer (Ando) and a digitally sampled scope equipped with a fast optical detection head (~3ps temporal resolution). Finally, the beam quality was measured by using an in-house-calibrated knife-edge apparatus. Proc. of SPIE Vol
3 Pulse energy (mj) Pulse power ( MW ) Time (ns) Data Fit Pulse average power (W) Pump power incident on PCF (W) Fig. 3. Pulse energy and corresponding pulse average power (equal to pulse energy repetition rate) emitted by the rod-like, 1µm-core Yb-doped PCF amplifier as a function of pump power incident onto its output facet. Inset: Pulse temporal profile recorded when the PCF was emitting maximum pulse energy. The vertical scale has been calibrated in units of power by equating the integral under the profile to the measured pulse energy. The optical efficiency of the PCF amplifier was ~6%, whereas the overall electrical efficiency for the entire MOPA was approximately 14%. Note that this value was largely determined by the performance of the pump lasers used and can be significantly improved with the implementation of currently available, high-efficiency diodes. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 3 shows the measured pulse energy and corresponding pulse average power (i.e. pulse energy pulse repetition rate) emitted by the final-stage, 1µm-core PCF amplifier as a function of incident pump power. The maximum pulse energy measured was 4.3mJ, corresponding to approximately 42W of average power. This result was pump-power limited and the persistent linearity between pulse energy and pump power indicates that even higher energies are in principle possible. The inset shows the pulse temporal profile detected at maximum pulse energy. The pulse appears somewhat steepened as a result of gain depletion and, to within the resolution of our apparatus (~3ps), shows evidence of breakup ascribed to nonlinearities. To obtain an accurate value of the peak power, we calculated the integral under the pulse profile and equated it to the directly measured energy, thus obtaining a value in excess of 4.5 MW. The output spectrum of the MOPA is shown in Figure 4. Although the initial microchip-laser seed beam is experiencing overall optical gain in excess of 28dB, the spectral quality of the amplified output remains excellent and presents negligible evidence of ASE and no trace of out-of-band nonlinearities such as stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering or four-wave mixing. The pulse 3dB linewidth is < 2 GHz, i.e. more than 5 five times broader (due to self-phase modulation) than the input pulses from the microchip laser, but still very narrow for many applications of interest. The signal-to-noise ratio at the pulse wavelength exceeds 6dB. The inset in Figure 3 shows the result of our beam quality measurement, which yielded M 2 ~ 1.3, thus confirming that the PCF emits a near-diffraction-limited output beam despite the very large core diameter. The ensuing peak spectral brightness exceeds 15 kw cm -2 sr -2 Hz -1. Proc. of SPIE Vol
4 1. Spectrum (db) Beam radius (mm) M 2 ~ Distance from waist (mm) Wavelength (nm) Fig. 4. Output spectrum of rod-like PCF amplifier, recorded at maximum pulse energy. Inset: PCF output 1/e 2 beam radius vs. distance from beam waist (solid circles: data, dashed line: hyperbolic fit). 4. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the performance of a rod-like, Yb-doped PCF of very large core diameter (1µm) in the amplification of ~1ns pulses at multi-khz repetition rate. The PCF constituted the final amplifier in a gain-staged MOPA designed to manage ASE. We obtained pulse energy in excess of 4.3mJ and peak/average power of 4.5MW/42W in a neardiffraction-limited (M 2 ~ 1.3) beam of ~2 GHz linewidth. This set of parameters, all obtained concurrently, represents an unprecedented performance for pulse fiber amplifiers. Further pulse energy scaling is possible, although the peak power is expected to be ultimately limited by self-focusing (SF) in fused silica, which causes irremediable spatial beam collapse and consequent catastrophic damage. To quantify this limit, we note that the SF threshold peak power, P th, is approximately given by λ 2 /(2πn n 2 ), where λ is the optical wavelength, n is the silica refractive index (~1.47), and n 2 is the second-order nonlinear index coefficient, which is approximately equal to m 2 /W for pulses short enough to cause negligible electrostriction 7. According to these numerical values, P th ~ 5.5 MW. We stress, however, that the exact value of n 2 can be influenced by fiber composition. Overall, our results show that rod-like PCF of exceedingly large core are good candidates for the role of missing link between bulk and fiber-based solid-state technologies in serving demanding applications that require very high peak and average power but cannot give up the intrinsic practical benefits of fiber lasers/amplifiers. Future work will be devoted to demonstrating that this PCF concept can be smoothly integrated in architectures including ordinary fibers while retaining simplicity, ruggedness, and efficiency for rapid transition to field deployment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the Air Force Research Laboratory under the Contract No. FA D-412. Proc. of SPIE Vol
5 REFERENCES 1. F. Di Teodoro and C. D. Brooks, 1.1 MW peak-power, 7 W average-power, high-spectral-brightness, diffractionlimited pulses from a photonic crystal fiber amplifier, Opt. Lett. 3(2), (25). See also, from the same authors, 1-mJ energy, 1-MW peak-power, 1-W average-power, spectrally narrow, diffraction-limited pulses from a photonic-crystal fiber amplifier, Opt. Express 13(22), (25). 2. W. Torruellas, Y. Chen, B. McIntosh, J. Farroni, K. Tankala, S. Webster, D. Hagan, M.J. Soileau, M. Messerly, and J. Dawson, High peak power ytterbium-doped fiber amplifiers, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 612, 612N (26). 3. R. L. Farrow, D. A. V. Kliner, P. E. Schrader, A. A. Hoops, S. W. Moore, G. R. Hadley, and R. L. Schmitt, Highpeak-power (>1.2 MW) pulsed fiber amplifier, Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 612, 612L (26). 4. J. M. Fini, Bend-resistant design of conventional and microstructure fibers with very large mode area, Opt. Express 14(1), (26). 5. J. Limpert, O. Schmidt, J. Rothhardt, F. Röser, T. Schreiber, A. Tünnermann, S. Ermeneux, P. Yvernault, and F. Salin, Extended single-mode photonic crystal fiber lasers, Opt. Express 14(7), (26). 6. C. D. Brooks and F. Di Teodoro, Multimegawatt peak-power, single-transverse-mode operation of a 1 µm core diameter, Yb-doped rodlike photonic crystal fiber amplifier, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89(11), (26). 7. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 3rd Ed. (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 21). See Appendix B for a discussion of n 2. Proc. of SPIE Vol
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