Nd:Glass Laser Design for Laser ICF Fission Energy (LIFE)
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1 Nd:Glass Laser Design for Laser ICF Fission Energy (LIFE) 18th Topical Meeting on the Technology of Fusion (TOFE) San Francisco, CA September 28 October 2, 2008 John A. Caird Fusion Energy Systems and Science This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
2 NIF is the origin of LIFE Fluence is identical He cooling enables high average power Diode pumping enables high efficiency NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 2
3 LIFE laser system 17 MW 1.3 MJ 13.3 Hz Availability (Optics durability or lifetime) Targeting accuracy 2 μrad, Hot Spot Ignition 0.4 μrad, Fast Ignition Efficiency & cost η > 10% $ < $100/W Thermal management 250 W/cm 2, 1ω output NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 3
4 NIF architecture is well suited for a LIFE Laser fusion driver Key features Close to optimal and uniform aperture size Number of beams effectively uses solid angle of target chamber Operating fluence is sub-damage AND well saturated Could be run at ~ Hz repetition rates with flowing-he cooling NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 4
5 Laser diodes and helium gas cooling enable a NIFlike architecture to meet LIFE driver requirements High Power Diode Arrays High Speed Gas Cooling 100 kw peak power 3 W/cm 2 cooling (average) These technologies have been developed as part of the Mercury HAPL Project NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 5
6 Official Use Only LLNL Proprietary Mercury Laser at LLNL 90 Up to 617 W achieved 0.3 Million shots to date in consecutive hr operations NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 6 Official Use Only LLNL Proprietary
7 LLNL/DOD Heat Capacity Laser NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 7
8 Eight LIFE Engine options have varying laser energy, power, and pulselength requirements Fusion Power (MW) Fusion Yield (MJ) Ignition Type λ comp (μm) Illumination Geometry E comp (MJ) P comp (TW) τ esp (ns) 1ω τ esp (ns) HSI 0.35 NIF-like FI (100 kj) 0.35 NIF-like NIF-like LIA HSI 0.35 NIF-like FI (150 kj) NIF-like NIF-like LIA Fast-Ignition Options use a 10 ps, μm ignition laser FI = fast ignition HSI = hot-spot ignition LIA = low-incidence angle τ esp = equivalent square-pulse length λ comp, E comp, and P comp are compression laser wavelength, energy, and peak power NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 8
9 The current baseline design produces 3ω pulses using a NIF-like multipass architecture 150 mj front end deformable mirror 7.4 kj, 11 J/cm 2 20cm x 40cm booster amplifier cavity amplifier 12.5 kj, 19 J/cm kj, 2.7 J/cm 2 Pockels cell polarizer neutron pinhole 7.4 kj, 5.7 J/cm 2 hohlraum target 7.0 kj, 3ω final optic harmonic converter 40cm x 40cm Amplifier aperture is 20-cm x 40-cm Magnification factors are adjusted to give desired fluence at final optics NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 9
10 Optical finishing defects are seed locations for high average power crack growth With NIF finishing specifications slabs must be sliced into 4 or 5 slablets New glass compositions or finishing methods may enable a single slab NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 10
11 Thermal management of LIFE laser components is facilitated by flowing He gas cooling 20 cm Laser in Laser Amplifier 6 MW, 5.2 kw/cm 2 6 Window Nd3+:LHG-8 slablets Window Laser out Optical Switch 0.5 cm thick He flow Channels 6 6 MW, 5.2 kw/cm 2 λ pump = 872 nm Laser thin slab glass LRUs Transverse Electrode Pockels Cell NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 11
12 Amplifier Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) concept has been developed Flow channels between slablets 4 Stack Cutaway view of individual amplifier NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 12
13 A NIF equivalent Tripler design (Type I/Type II) using DKDP will achieve high efficiency DKDP (NIF DKDP shown below) Optimized for frequency tripling Haan pulse (58% efficiency) Thermally robust (95-99%D) 3ω fluence 6 J/cm 2 He gas cooling He gas cooling 40 x 40-cm aperture DKDP (5.1 mm) DKDP (5.1 mm) 40 x 40-cm aperture DKDP (5 mm) DKDP (5 mm) Doubler Tripler NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 13
14 Diodes are experiencing rapid learning 1000 CW diode bar output increased 35x since Diode bar prices drop with growing market CW Power (W) 100 Cost ($/W) W bar 60% learning curve Potential of VCSELs Year Mercury diodes, 2002 $0.35 Mercury price quote, 2007 $0.09 Vendor est., packaged edge emitters $0.007 Vendor est., 20 GW VCSELs $0.025 LLNL Eng g est., 5 GW edge emitters $ LLNL Eng g est., 2.8 GW, VCSELs Cumulative number of bars NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/ ω LIFE
15 Surface emitters have larger optical emission area and higher safety margin for operation Edge Emitters Laser bar horizontal cavity Surface Emitters Vertical cavity (VCSEL) Facet coatings Cavity coatings 2.5 MW/cm 2 at facet Active Volume 50 kw/cm 2 peak at surface Output irradiance reduced by 50x in VCSELs results in higher reliability Wafer-scale production process enables substantial cost reduction Vendor cost estimate based on cell phone technology is $0.007/W NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 15
16 At $0.01/Watt diodes are a small fraction of cost Nth Direct System Cost Cost ($M) ($M) 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, Ignition Type Laser Energy Fusion Yield 1 2FI HSI MJ 1.9 MJ 37.5 MJ 75 MJ HSI 1.3 MJ 37.5 MJ FI 0.8 MJ 75 MJ Fast-Ignition Optics Building Power Conditioning Diodes Main laser NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 16
17 Diode pumping allows NIF laser technology to meet LIFE efficiency requirements Efficiency (%) NIF (3ω) Lamp- Pumped NIF (3ω) & Diodes Today LIFE (3ω) & Diodes Radiative NIF & Flashlamps cooling Nd:glass Frequency conversion Nd:glass Power Conditioning Diodes / Lamps Pump transport Absorption Quant Defect Decay Fraction NIF & Diodes Trubulent cooling Frequency conversion Extraction, Fill & 1ω Transport Freq Conv & 3ω Transport Cooling Total Efficiency (%) NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 17
18 A hot, thin Fresnel lens (diffractive optic) is our choice for the LIFE focusing optic 25-m Focal Length Fresnel Lens 1 mm thick, 80 cm diameter Static loss due to neutrons saturates quickly and drops when heated Laser operations will replace optic as loss becomes excessive NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 18
19 We have made large Fresnel optics at LLNL NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 19
20 NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 20
21 LIFE targeting requirement is similar to that of other demanding systems Airborne Laser LIFE ~1 μrad angular precision (~10 cm, 100 km) 2 μrad precision (HS, 50 μm, f = 25 m) 0.4 μrad (FI, 10 μm, f = 25 m) NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 21
22 Preliminary cost model based on NIF experience Costs are based on NIF historical data with corrections for changes in technology and experience Flashlamp pumping diode pumping Passive cooling active cooling of slabs and diodes Addition of a 3rd spatial filter for neutron shielding Learning Scaling factors are applied to account for variations in beam size, wavelength (1ω, 2ω, and 3ω), repetition rate, and system size We are developing a model that accounts for detailed beamline design parameters that have been omitted here NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 22
23 Laser cost is reasonable when pump-diode cost is ~ 1 /W Fusion Power (MW) Fusion Yield (MJ) Ignition Type λ comp (μm) Illumination Geometry E comp (MJ) Nth System Cost ($M) HSI 0.35 NIF-like FI (100 kj) 0.35 NIF-like NIF-like LIA HSI 0.35 NIF-like FI (150 kj) 0.35 NIF-like NIF-like LIA FI = fast ignition HSI = hot-spot ignition LIA = low-incidence angle τ esp = equivalent square-pulse length λ comp, E comp, and P comp are compression laser wavelength, energy, and peak power NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 23
24 A LIFE pilot plant could be operational by 2020 and a commercial demo by 2025 Research and Dev Plan Fiscal Year (20xx) Ignition on NIF Fast Ignition Dev on NIF Laser Components Prototype LIFE Laser Beamlet Design Construct Demo Reliability Diode production Downselect & Facilitize 20GW Diode production Pilot Optic Production Pilot Plant Design Construct Operate Demo Plant Construct Design Construct Operate Demo Plant Operations Start Plant Operations NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 24
25 Conclusions NIF architecture with diode laser pumping and He-gas cooling is our baseline LIFE Laser design Optimization of the architecture will further improve system performance and economics Emerging but less proven technologies could also improve performance and economics We are developing a full sub-system R&D path outline NIF is a prototype for LIFE laser performance NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 25
26 Acknowledgement of contributors Contributors Ryan Abbott Peter Amendt Andy Bayramian Ray Beach Jerry Britten John Caird Diana Chen Rick Cross Chris Ebbers Al Erlandson Joe Farmer Dain Holdener Tony Ladran Jeff Latkowski Ken Manes Joe Menapace Bill Molander John Murray Greg Rogowski Kathleen Schaffers Erik Storm Tayyab Suratwala Steve Sutton Steve Telford John Trenholme Dave Van Lue Collaborators C. Gosh, Princeton Optronics V. Agrawal, Coherent, Inc. Bruce Chai, Crystal Photonics Drew Felker, UC Davis Schott Glass Technologies Program Management Ed Moses Chris Barty John Caird NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 26
27 NIF ppt TOFE, Caird, 9/28 10/2/08 27
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