LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Harri Holma and Antti Toskala. Edited by

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1 LTE for UMTS - OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala both of Nokia Siemens Networks, Finland John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

2 Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations xiii xv xvii Harri Holma andantti Toskala Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth Mobile Data Usage Growth Wireline Technologies Evolution Motivation and Targets for LTE Overview of LTE 3GPP Family of Technologies Wireless Spectrum New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07 LTE-Advanced LTE Standardization Antti Toskala Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process LTE Targets LTE Standardization Phases Evolution Beyond Release 8 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced LTE Specifications and 3GPP Structure System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE Atte Länsisalmi andantti Toskala System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP Basic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRAN Access Network

3 3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Configuration Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Configuration Self-configuration of S1 -MME and X2 interfaces Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Configuration Roaming in Basic System Architecture Configuration System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Roaming in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration Inter-working with cdma2000 Access Networks Architecture for cdma2000 HRPD Inter-working Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000 HRPD Interworking Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000 HRPD Inter-working Inter-working with cdma2000 lxrtt IMS Architecture Overview Session Management and Routing Databases Services Elements Inter-working Elements PCC and QoS PCC QoS to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila LTE Multiple Access Background OFDMA Basics SC-FDMA Basics MIMO Basics

4 vii 5 Physical Layer 83 Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli and Juha Korhonen Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels Modulation Uplink User Data Transmission Downlink User Data Transmission Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) PUCCH Configuration Control Signaling on PUSCH Uplink Reference Signals PRACH Structure Physical Random Access Channel Preamble Sequence Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Downlink Transmission Modes Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Synchronization Signal Physical Layer Procedures HARQ Procedure Timing Advance Power Control Paging Random Access Procedure Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology Cell Search Procedure Half Duplex Operation UE Capability Classes and Supported Features Physical Layer Measurements enodeb Measurements UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure Physical Layer Parameter Configuration LTE Radio Protocols 137 Antti Toskala and Woonhee Hwang Protocol Architecture Medium Access Control Logical Channels Data Flow in MAC Layer 142

5 Vlll Contents Radio Link Control Layer RLC Modes of Operation Data Flow in RLC Layer Packet Data Convergence Protocol Radio Resource Control (RRC) UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures X2 Interface Protocols Handover on X2 Interface Load Management Early UE Handling in LTE Mobility Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen Mobility Management in Idle State Overview of Idle Mode Mobility Cell Selection and Reselection Process Tracking Area Optimization Intra-LTE Handovers Procedure Signaling Handover Measurements Automatic Neighbor Relations Handover Frequency Handover Delay Inter-system Handovers Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility Radio Resource Management 181 Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa and Ingo Viering Overview of RRM Algorithms Admission Control and QoS Parameters Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms Packet Scheduling with MIMO Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 196

6 ix Uplink Link Adaptation Uplink Packet Scheduling Interference Management and Power Settings Downlink Transmit Power Settings Uplink Interference Coordination Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) RRC Connection Maintenance Performance Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, Istvän Z. Koväcs, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates Terminal Categories Link Level Performance Downlink Link Performance Uplink Link Performance Link Budgets Spectral Efficiency System Deployment Scenarios Downlink System Performance Uplink System Performance Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2x Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) Spectral Efficiency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth Spectral Efficiency Evaluation in 3GPP Benchmarking LTE to HSPA Latency User Plane Latency LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum Dimensioning Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks Data Volume Analysis Cell Performance Analysis Voice over IP (VoIP) 259 Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lunden, Esa Malkamäki, Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang VoIP Codecs VoIP Requirements Delay Budget Scheduling and Control Channels 263

7 10.6 LTE Voice Capacity Voice Capacity Evolution Uplink Coverage Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) Performance Requirements 283 Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunei, Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl McCune and Laurent Noel Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements Frequency Bands Channel Bandwidth Channel Arrangements enodeb RF Transmitter Operating Band Unwanted Emissions Coexistence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same Operating Band Coexistence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands Transmitted Signal Quality enodeb RF Receiver Reference Sensitivity Level Dynamic Range In-channel Selectivity Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and Narrow-band Blocking Blocking Receiver Spurious Emissions Receiver Intermodulation enodeb Demodulation Performance PUSCH PUCCH PRACH UE Design Principles and Challenges RF Subsystem Design Challenges RF-Baseband Interface Design Challenges LTE vs HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity UE RF Transmitter LTE UE Transmitter Requirement LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (Desense) Transmitter Architecture UE RF Receiver Requirements Reference S ensitivity Level to UE Self-desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 336

8 xi ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges EVM Contributors: A Comparison Between LTE and WCDMA Receivers UE Demodulation Performance Transmission Modes Channel Modeling and Estimation Demodulation Performance Requirements for Radio Resource Management Idle State Mobility Connected State Mobility when DRX is Not Active Connected State Mobility when DRX is Active Handover Execution Performance Requirements LTE TDD Mode 367 Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming andantti Toskala LTE TDD Fundamentals LTE TDD Frame Structure Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation Co-existence with TD-SCDMA Channel Reciprocity Multiple Access Schemes TDD Control Design Common Control Channels Sounding Reference Signal HARQ Process and Timing HARQ Design for ULTTI Bundling UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over PUCCH Semi-persistent Scheduling MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals LTE TDD Performance Link Performance Link Budget and Coverage for TDD System System Level Performance Evolution of LTE TDD HSPA Evolution 399 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho andantti Toskala Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 400

9 xii Contents 13.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA Enhanced FACH and RACH Downlink MIMO and 64QAM Dual Carrier HSDPA Uplink 16QAM Layer 2 Optimization Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS Architecture Evolution Index 417