Waves. September 30, 2010
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1 Waves September 30, 2010
2 1.1 Characteristics of waves A wave is a travelling disturbance that carries energy from one point to another. Some waves are mechanical: they need a medium like air or water in order to travel. (example, sounds waves) Some waves are electromagnetic, and can travel through a vacuum (latin word meaning empty / empty space / no matter).
3 Types of waves Transverse waves: the direction in which it travels is perpendicular to the direction of the disturbance Longitudinal waves: the direction of propagation is parallel to the direction of the disturbance.
4 What type of waves are these? Pull Pull Pull
5 Periodicity of Waves The math behind waves... Terminology λ = wavelength (crest to crest) T = wave period ( time for one cycle) A = Amplitude (maximum displacement of a wave) f = wave frequency (# of cycles / second) v = velocity (metres / second or m/s)
6 Periodicity of Waves The math behind waves... w λ wavelength A Amplitude
7 Frequency: the frequency of a wave is equal to the number of cycles completed by one wave per second. f = # of cycles. total time in seconds What is happening to λ as the frequency decreases? frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) one hertz is the inverse of one second 1 Hz = 1 s -1 or 1 Hz = 1/1 s meaning 1 Hz is one cycle per second
8 Period of a wave (T): the period is equal to the time required by the wave to complete a cycle. T = Total time. Number of cycles T = 6 s /2 = 3s Note: measurement of T is in seconds
9 Formulas imperative to use units!!!!!!!! We see relationships between some of these measurements: The relationship between f and T f (Hz) = 1 / T(s) or T(s) = 1 / F(Hz) The relationship between T and λ λ = v x T The relationship between f and λ v = λ x f
10 Examples 1. A plucked violin string produces sound waves in 1.0 minute. What is the frequency of the string? 2.A whistle produces a sound having a frequency of 512 Hz. What is the period of this sound vibration? 3. A sound wave with wavelength 0.45 m has a frequency of 740 Hz. What is the speed of the sound wae?
11 Examples 1. A plucked violin string produces sound waves in 1.0 minute. What is the frequency of the string? 2. A whistle produces a sound having a frequency of 512 Hz. What is the period of this sound vibration? 3. A sound wave with wavelength 0.45 m has a frequency of 740 Hz. What is the speed of the sound wave? 4. The speed of light (c) is 3.0 x Calculate the frequency of light having a wavelength of 6.5 x 10-7 m.
12 Answers Pull f = c/λ = (3.0 x 10 8 ) (6.5 x 10-7 ) = 4.6 x Hz Pull f = # of waves/time = / 60s = 1250 Hz = 1.3 x 10 3 Hz 1. A plucked violin string produces sound waves in 1.0 minute. What is the frequency of the string? Pull T = 1/f = 1/512Hz = 2.0 X 10-3 s 2. A whistle produces a sound having a frequency of 512 Hz. What is the period of this sound vibration? 3. A sound wave with wavelength 0.45 m has a frequency of 740 Hz. What is the speed of the sound wave? 4. The speed of light (c) is 3.0 x Calculate the frequency of light having a wavelength of 6.5 x 10-7 m. Pull v = λ x f =.45 m x 740 Hz = 3.3 x 10 2 m/s
13 Problem solving in Physics: Good practice: After reading a question use the following format to organize the data you are given and you need to find Given: state the known values in the exercise (show units) Unknown: lists the unknown you are looking for Original equation: shows the equation in its original form Solve: shows the equation set up in terms of the unknown. Write the answer with the correct units
14 Homework : (flip the box) Page Homework: Page 28 all
15 1. A tuning fork produces sounds waves. Calculate the period (T) and frequency (f) of a tuning fork whose prongs vibrate 375 times in 3.00 seconds. Given: # of vibrations = 375 time = 3.00 seconds Unknown: f =? T =? Equation: f = # of cycles /time T = 1/f Solve: f= 375/3.00s 125 Hz T = 1/125 Hz = 0.008s check sig figs (3) answer = s
16 2. A longitudinal wave is created by pushing a coil forward and then pulling it backward at a frequency (f) of 2.00 Hz. If the velocity of the waves in the coil is 5.40 m/s, what is their wavelength ( ) given: f = 2.00 Hz v = 5.40 m/s unknown = equation: v = x f = v/f = 5.40m/s = 2.70 m 2.00Hz
17 3. To tune their instruments, musicians use the A note, which has a frequency (f) of 440 Hz. If the speed of sound in an auditorium is 350 m/s, what is the wavelength corresponding to this frequency. given: f= 440 Hz v = 350 m/s unknown = equation: = v/f = 350 m/s = m 440 Hz
18 4. A hummingbird can flap its wings at a maximum of 4800 flaps per minute. a) what is the frequency (f) of the flaps? b)what is the period (T) of the flaps? 1 flap = 1 cycle f= 4800 flaps / 60 seconds ` = 80Hz b) T = 1/f = seconds
19
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