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1 Integrated Micro Machines Inc. Segmented Galvanometer-Driven Deformable Mirrors Keith O Hara The segmented mirror array developed for an optical cross connect Requirements for the cross-connect Requirements for adaptive optics Adapting the technology 2
2 The Optical Cross-Connect Mirror Array Mirror Array Collimators on single-mode fibers 3
3 Cross Connect Core output collimator array input collimator array MEMS Mirror Arrays 4
4 Built of Linear Arrays Cards are stacked to form arrays of mirrors. 5
5 Mirror Array 3 H x 3.5 W x 3 D 6
6 Reconfiguration Time Optical coupling into single-mode fiber Time, 20milliseconds per division 7
7 Cross-Connect Requirements Array of mirrors Range of ±4º in tip and tilt (our design moves ±100µm in piston) Resolution ±0.001 this is ±0.03µm over a 3mm aperture Reconfigure within 20msec Hold stable calibration Digital bus scaleable to large arrays 8
8 Adaptive Optics Requirements High fill-factor Match the deformed wavefront with range ±100 λ accuracy ±λ/20 Reconfigure to follow the defomation Hold stable calibration Digital bus scaleable to large arrays 10
9 Mirror Array 3 H x 3.5 W x 3 D 13
10 Zoom In 14
11 Modular Assembly MEMS mirrors assembled in 1xN arrays. Solder balls provide both electrical interconnect and gap to enable movement. 18
12 Adapted for Adaptive Optics Mirror Segment Tip/tilt, ±Z actuator Inductive Position Sensor Exploded View 20
13 Single Mirror Prototype First prototypes had R > 20meter Peak Valley <50nm 1/3 550 nm λ/6 550 nm figure λ/9 850 nm figure λ/ nm figure λ/5 850 nm wavefront λ/ nm wavefront 22
14 Mirror Movies (1) (3) (2) (4) 23
15 Mirror Movies (1) (3) 100um (2) (4) 24
16 Array Mirror Prototype 26
17 Bowl Shape Bowl Shape 27
18 Flat Segments Fitting a Surface L= segment size D= aperture diameter (Residual Error) = B n,m (L 2 /D 2 ) (Desired Correction) n\m B n,m giving the residual error for each Zernike polynomial 28
19 Number of Segments Required RMS wavefront corrections for human eyes [J. Porter et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 18 (8), (2001)] 4 µm in the n = 2 Zernike polynomials, 0.15 µm in n = 3, 0.15 µm in n = 4, 0.05 µm in n = 5. Residual error = 10 µm L 2 /D 2 (mainly in the n=2 terms) Fitting error below λ/10 at 0.5µm L/D < 1/15 29
20 Outlook for Galvanometer-Driven Segmented Mirrors Galvanometer Drive Piston (stroke) greater than ±50µm Segment sizes of 3mm and above (could require too long an optical path for retinal imaging) Segmented mirror Modular construction Can follow branch cuts in the wavefront but, diffraction artifacts limit use in astronomy Integrated control electronics Digital interface Local servo control (~1kHz) of 3 DoF per mirror Local intelligence allows a convenient command set (Zernike coefficients, for example) Calibration stored digitally with temperature compensation if necessary Free Space Optical Communication Retinal Imaging 33
21 Summary of IMMI s Array Tip/Tilt range ±6deg with 0.001deg resolution Piston (stroke) greater than ±50µm with 0.015µm resolution Tip/Tilt/Piston all under a fast 1kHz closed-loop servo control Control electronics for each mirror are integrated onto an ASIC. Mirror flatness is <λ/30, typical rms flatness of <20nm over a 3mm diameter mirror Mirror surface can be coated with metals and/or dielectrics. Fill factor 98% IMMI array is scalable and modular Initial calibration Can absorb instrument error Is stable over time Is stored digitally in EPROM memory Absorbs temperature changes from 0 to 80C Digital bus can update 128 mirror segments in 62.5ms 34
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