LIGHTING Common terminology 2. Sources and luminaires 3. Controls

Transcription

1 LIGHTING Common terminology 2. Sources and luminaires 3. Controls

2 DISCUSSION: COMMON LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY 1. What are the definitions of the following lighting terms? 2. Do you use these terms in professional practice? 3. What other lighting terminology do you use on the job? LUMINOUS FLUX EFFICACY FLUX ILLUMINANCE CCT FOOTCANDLE EFFICIENCY LUMINOUS INTENSITY CRI 3/13/2014 SLIDE 14 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

3 CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY Luminous flux: rate of flow of visible light emitted from a light source over time, measured in lumens (lm). Lux: equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminous flux is analogous to the flow rate of water, represented by gallons per hour. Footcandle: equal to one lumen per square foot (1 footcandle = 10 lux). Illuminance: the amount of luminous flux that covers a surface (measured in lux or footcandles). 3/13/2014 SLIDE 15 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

4 CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY 3/13/2014 SLIDE 16 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

5 CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY Luminous Intensity: the concentration of light emitted from a given source in a particular direction, measured in candela (cd) (1 cd = 1 lm per steradian). *Note: color represents intensity not CCT or CRI 3/13/2014 SLIDE 17 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

6 EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY Efficiency: the ratio between the useful output of energy and the input of energy. Luminous Efficacy compares the amount of light produced by a lamp (lumens), to the amount of power consumed to produce it (watts). A high-efficacy luminaire provides more light for less energy. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 18 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

7 EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY Efficiency is usually dimensionless we compare the lumens exiting a fixture to the lumens produced by the light source. Efficacy is normally used where input and output units differ. We compare the lumens produced to the number of watts consumed. Which is more efficient? Efficiency = miles/gallon (energy out, energy in) Which has a higher efficacy? Efficacy = fun/gallon 3/13/2014 SLIDE 19 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

8 CCT Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) A specification of the color appearance of light emitted by a lamp, relating its color to the color of light from a source when heated to a particular temperature. A light source s CCT rating indicates the general warmth or coolness of the light it emits, in terms of color quality & appearance. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 20 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

9 WARM COOL CCT EXAMPLES Photo: Steelcase Photo: Acuity Photo: Acuity Photo: Soraa 3/13/2014 SLIDE 21 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

10 DYNAMIC SPD LUMINAIRES 12000K, 65fc average 6000K, 100fc average 3500K, 50fc average 2900K, 50fc average 3/13/2014 SLIDE 22 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

11 TUNABLE LUMINAIRES 3/13/2014 SLIDE 23 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

12 80 CRI 95 CRI CRI Color Rendering Index (CRI) Measures the color fidelity of a light source to render the colors of various objects as compared with an ideal light source. A lamp s CRI measurement (up to 100) indicates how accurately its light renders a given set of color samples. Photo: Soraa 3/13/2014 SLIDE 25 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

13 LIGHTING FACTS LABEL 3/13/2014 SLIDE 27 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

14 DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI 1. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT in an office lighting design? 2. What factors are there to consider for workplace applications to balance energy use and occupant needs? 3. How has the perception of the quality of light in workplaces changed over time? Photo Credit: Acuity Brands Photo Credit: Focal Point Photo Credit: Acuity Brands 3/13/2014 SLIDE 29 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

15 TWO MAIN STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING Efficacious luminaires Lighting fixtures that are designed to operate only energy-efficient light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Controls Occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors, motion sensors, and daylight sensors are all devices that automatically turn lights off (or dim them) in response to conditions that they sense or see. Photo: GE Photo: Cooper Photo: WattStopper Photo: Lutron 3/13/2014 SLIDE 30 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

16 LED chip: Determines raw brightness and efficacy Lens Phosphor system: Determines color point and color point stability Package / lens: Protects the chip and phosphor Helps with light and heat extraction Primary in determining LED lifetime LED Chip Phosphor 3/13/2014 SLIDE 31 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

17 Reflector LEDS ARE A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE LED lighting is directional. Thermal management is achieved by conduction. No IR or UV in the light beam. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 32 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

18 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE Heat sink Driver LED array Photo: Cree Optical components 3/13/2014 SLIDE 33 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

19 SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE Heat sink LED array Optical components Product: Acuity Brands 3/13/2014 SLIDE 34 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

20 LED LUMINAIRES Photo: Finelite Photo: Philips Photo: Finelite Photo: Finelite Photo Credit: Philips 3/13/2014 SLIDE 35 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

21 OCCUPANCY CONTROLS Occupancy controls frequently use passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic sensors or a combination of both. PIR sensors detect occupants presence by sensing changes in heat levels. They require a direct line of sight between the sensor and the occupant. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 36 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

22 OCCUPANCY CONTROLS Ultrasonic sensors do not need a line of sight and can detect movement behind obstacles. They are also more sensitive to small movements. Ultrasonic sensors excel in: Spaces where a line of sight is not possible, such as open offices, enclosed hallways, stairwells, and restrooms Spaces requiring a higher level of sensitivity 3/13/2014 SLIDE 37 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

23 OCCUPANCY CONTROLS Photo: WattStopper Photo: WattStopper 3/13/2014 SLIDE 38 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

24 OCCUPANCY CONTROLS Microphonic sensors use a microphone placed inside the occupancy sensor to detect sounds that indicate occupancy. They are designed for use in conjunction with PIR sensors as well. Microwave sensors can detect the movements of a room s occupants by the Doppler Effect, comparing changes in frequency between the transmitted electromagnetic wave and the return wave. Microphonic Sensor Microwave Sensor Photo: Acuity Photo: WattStopper 3/13/2014 SLIDE 39 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

25 ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the available daylight in the area. These are typically seen in spaces with skylights or large sidelit areas. Closed-loop photosensors are limited in terms of how well they can respond to some changes within a space. Photo: WattStopper 3/13/2014 SLIDE 40 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

26 ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the available daylight in a space. These are typically seen in spaces with skylights or large sidelit areas. Open-loop photosensors are less affected by interior changes in reflectance, but they face limitation in adapting to changing exterior light levels, as occurs on partly cloudy days. Photo: WattStopper 3/13/2014 SLIDE 41 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

27 DUAL-LOOP SENSORS Dual-loop photosensors are a new solution. They combine the advantages of open- and closed-loop photosensors. By integrating the both sensor types, the dualloop photosensor adapts to interior space changes, lumen depreciation, and changes in daylight contribution. The first commercially available dual-loop photosensor also features daily automatic recalibration to maintain functional accuracy. Photo: WattStopper 3/13/2014 SLIDE 42 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

28 CONTROLS Individual controls Individual controls that are connected only to the luminaires they control can satisfy T-24 requirements. Luminaire-integrated controls Fluorescent and LED-based luminaires can be controlled with on-board sensors that are either integrated into a larger system or function alone. Networked lighting The lighting market has seen a significant increase in systems that control groups of luminaires. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 43 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

29 INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS 3/13/2014 SLIDE 44 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

30 INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS Photo: Lutron 3/13/2014 SLIDE 45 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

31 INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS TECHNOLOGY 3/13/2014 SLIDE 46 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

32 LUMINAIRES WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS 3/13/2014 SLIDE 47 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

33 LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS 3/13/2014 SLIDE 48 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

34 LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS 3/13/2014 SLIDE 49 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

35 NETWORKED CONTROLS Image: enlighted 3/13/2014 SLIDE 50 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

36 NETWORKED SYSTEMS 3/13/2014 SLIDE 51 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

37 NETWORKED SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3 3/13/2014 SLIDE 52 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

38 LED TROFFER RETROFITS The TLED (Tubular LED) is a newer replacement for traditional linear fluorescent lamps. There are four types of LED replacement options for recessed troffers: 1. Luminaire replacements: The entire luminaire is replaced with a new LED luminaire 2. LED retrofit kits: The fluorescent troffer s housing is retained and the ballast is replaced with a driver that powers linear LED boards. Photo: CALiPER 3. TLEDs with external drivers: The power supply is outside the tube 4. TLEDs with integral drivers: The power supply is inside the tube 3/13/2014 SLIDE 53 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

39 CONCERNS WITH TLEDs Potential safety concerns being investigated by manufacturers focus on heat and electric shock. The installer must modify the fixture by bypassing or removing the existing ballast so that the LED can run directly off the line voltage. In some cases, the UL safety rating becomes invalid when the ballast is removed or bypassed. TLEDs with integral drivers suffer from high heat, decreasing the expected lifetime of the LEDs. Dimming compatibility is inconsistent with currently available technologies. LEDs are a directional light source. Most linear fluorescent fixtures were not designed with a linear source in mind. Light output and distribution vary between fluorescent and LED lamps, and among TLED products TLEDs are more expensive: $30-$75 for LEDs vs. $3 for fluorescents LEDs have not improved recessed troffers. But they have made them more efficient. DOE, CALiPER 3/13/2014 SLIDE 54 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

40 RETROFIT KITS Retrofit kits typically replace the entire fixture housing, and sometimes the optics and lenses as well. These upgrades are more costly than TLED lamp replacement, but they often perform better than TLEDs. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 55 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

41 RETROFIT KITS Photo: CALiPER 3/13/2014 SLIDE 56 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

42 TROFFER REPLACEMENTS While replacing an entire luminaire can be expensive, it is typically the safest and best-performing solution. Most existing troffers using linear fluorescent lamps are not designed to use directional light sources like LEDs. Replacement troffers range in price and specifications, with some as low as about $100 each after utility rebates and incentives. A list of industry-accepted products can be found at the Design Lights Consortium website: 3/13/2014 SLIDE 57 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

43 TROFFER REPLACEMENTS Photo: CALiPER 3/13/2014 SLIDE 58 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

44 3/13/2014 SLIDE 59 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

45 TASK LIGHTING 3/13/2014 SLIDE 60 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

46 TASK LIGHTING Finelite Curve Lumens: 362 Watts: 7.4 Efficacy: 49 CRI: 82 CCT: 3500K Cost: $220 Photo: Finelite Photo: LittleFootprint LittleFootprint Task Lamp Lumens: 220 Watts: 4 Efficacy: 55 CRI: 82 CCT: 3000K Cost: $199 Photo: Herman Miller Herman Miller Flute Lumens: Unavailable Watts: 5.2 Efficacy: Unavailable CRI: Unavailable CCT: Unavailable Cost: $250 3/13/2014 SLIDE 61 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

47 STAIRWELL/CORRIDOR LUMINAIRE WITH CONTROLS Acuity WL Series (LED) Lumens: Watts: Efficacy: 100 CRI: 82 CCT: 3000K-5000K On-Q Aura (LED) Lumens: 480 Watts: 5 Efficacy: 96 CRI: 80 CCT: 5000K Acuity FXSW (LED) Lumens: Watts: Efficacy: 81 CRI: 85 CCT: 4000K 3/13/2014 SLIDE 62 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

48 OUTDOOR LUMINAIRES 3/13/2014 SLIDE 63 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

49 CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3

50 OCCUPANCY AT NIGHT IN OUTDOOR SPACES UC Davis, April 24, 2012: Preliminary data gathered from the pathway leading to the university s Aggie Stadium indicates an average energy savings of 60%, compared to a static installation of the same fixture. 3/13/2014 SLIDE 65 SECTION 2 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

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52 SLIDE 67 CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY

53 Photo: Lutron

54 BREAK beverage refill and stretch