UNIT II: WESTARD EXPANSION and INDUSTRIALIZATION. People lived in cities to get factory jobs. People wanted to move West for free land

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1 UNIT II: WESTARD EXPANSION and INDUSTRIALIZATION People wanted to move West for free land People lived in cities to get factory jobs NAME PERIOD

2 WESTWARD EXPANSION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION VOCABULARY 1.) SODBUSTER: Someone that builds their home out of sod (grass/mud mixture) because there were few trees on the Great Plains. 2.) HOMESTEAD ACT: Passed in 1862, the U.S. government gave 160 acres of land to anyone who farmed the land for 5 years. 3.) RESERVATION: Land set aside by the U.S. government where American Indians were forced to live 4.) INDUSTRIALIZATION: Replacing hand labor with machines. Using machines to make goods in factories, instead of making goods at home, by hand. 5.) INTERSTATE COMMERCE: trade between states; during this time period, the railroads helped to expand interstate commerce because they could ship the goods between states 6.) MASS PRODUCTION: Making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply 7.) TENEMENT: a high-rise apartment building where people lived in the late 1800 s early 1900 s that were dirty, loud, horrible places to live; only one bathroom per floor and approximately 50 people would share that same bathroom 8.) URBANIZATION: movement of people from the country to the city 9.) FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM: (also known as Capitalism) Businesses are owned by private citizens, not the government. The U.S. is a free enterprise system/capitalistic society. 10.) MONOPOLY (TRUST): Company (or group of companies) that controls all or nearly all the business of an industry, severely cutting competition 11.) STRIKEBREAKER: Someone who works the job of a man who is on strike during a strike 12.) UNION: An organization that workers joined to show their unity and to attempt to get better conditions 13.) STRIKE: Workers refuse to work until their demands are met 14.) SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT: outlawed trusts and monopolies that limited trade, but it was difficult to enforce.

3 WESTWARD EXPANSION: The U.S. government wanted to satisfy their idea of MANIFEST DESTINY or that they had the God-given right to expand. However, many Americans were afraid to go out west. They were afraid of the NATIVE AMERICANS out west and the horrifying tales they had heard about them. Therefore the U.S. government had to find a way to lure people out west. Congress passed the HOMESTEAD ACT, which gave 160 acres of land to any citizen that agreed to farm the land for 5 years. This made a lot of people really want to go west, but they were still afraid. The government decided to take some measures to make it safer for people to travel out west. 1) They decided to move the Native American Indians onto RESERVATIONS. On these, the Indians were forced to cut their hair, give up their NOMADIC lifestyle and live in houses, convert to CHRISTIANITY, learn English, go to white man s schools, and learn to farm. 2) President Lincoln signed the Pacific Railway Act which paid two railroad companies to build the TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD.

4 The companies were the Central Pacific which began in Sacramento, CA and the Union Pacific which began in Omaha, NE. They were each given $48,000 and 6,400 acres of land per mile of track built. The people that went out west were called PIONEERS or settlers or homesteaders. Many of them settled the area of the U.S. known as the GREAT PLAINS. This area lies between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Here, there were few trees. People were forced to make their homes out of SOD or a grass/mud mixture. These people were called SODBUSTERS. Some of the technologies used on the Great Plains were: barbed wire, wind mills, and grain elevators. Why were these needed on the Great Plains? KEEP OUT WILD ANIMALS AND NATIVE AMERICANS, PRODUCE ELECTRICITY, AND SHIP GRAIN BACK EAST Document 1:

5 1. What did the buffalo mean to the Native Americans? LIFE, SURVIVAL, EVERYTHING USED ALL PARTS OF THE BUFFALO Document 3: Tom Torlino (Navajo) as he appeared upon arrival to the Carlisle Indian School. October 21, 1882 Tom Torlino three years later. 2.) List the differences between the two pictures. LEFT: HAS DARK SKIN, LONG HAIR; HE S WEARING INDIAN CLOTHES; HE S WEARING A LOT OF JEWELRY; RIGHT: HE IS LIGHTER SKINNED, SHORT HAIR, IN A SUIT AND TIE, AND NO JEWELRY. 3.) What is the reason for these differences? WHEN TOM TORLINO WENT TO THE INDIAN SCHOOL, HE WAS NOT OUTSIDE HUNTING ANY MORE SO HIS SKIN BECAME LIGHTER. AT SCHOOL, HE WAS FORCED TO CHANGE HIS CLOTHES, JEWLERY, AND HAIR, TO BECOME MORE WHITE OR CIVILIZED.

6 FOR EACH OF THE PICTURES BELOW, PLEASE EXPLAIN HOW THEY LED TO DE-INDIANIZATION:Taking the INDIAN out of the INDIAN. TOOK AWAY A LOT OF LAND AND BROUGHT BUFFALO HUNTERS OUT WEST HAVE TO FIND A NEW WAY TO GET: FOOD CLOTHES SHELTER TOOLS DE-INDIANIZATION MOVED FROM THEIR RESERVATION TO A NEW ONE IF GOLD WAS FOUND *CHANGE NAME *LEARN ENGLISH *CUT HAIR *CHANGE RELIGION *CHANGE CLOTHES *LIVE AWAY FROM FAMILY AND TRIBE

7 INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANY THINGS MADE INDUSTRIALIZATION POSSIBLE IN THE US. Industrialization Document 4: GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS $600,000,000 $550,000,000 $500,000,000 $450,000,000 $400,000,000 $350,000,000 $300,000,000 $250,000,000 $200,000,000 $150,000,000 $100,000,000 $529,012,999 $403,329,208 $130,000, Use the graph above to answer the following questions. 1.) How much money was earned in 1861? 1879? ,000, ,012,999 2.) What is the difference between 1861 & 1879? Drastically increased 3.) What do you think the reason for this difference is? Many more railroads were built due to industrialization and movement west. 4.) How did the railroad effect Industrialization? It made it easier and cheaper to ship goods across the country.

8 MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 1 - Vanderbilt was successful with his shipping business - sold all of his ships and bought and built trains, tracks, bridges - closed the bridge to NYC & bought out competitors - cheated out of $ by Fisk and Gould - owns monopoly on RRs - meets with Rockefeller to start shipping oil THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 2 - Vanderbilt & Rockefeller make a deal to ship oil on RR - Rockefeller made a deal with Scott & Carnegie to ship on their RR - Rockefeller buys 90% of oil refineries Standard Oil Monopoly kerosene - Vanderbilt & Scott team up against Rockefeller - Rockefeller shuts down his oil plant to hurt RR s - Scott lays off workers; workers burn his rail yard. THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 3 - Scott tells Carnegie to build bridge across Mississippi River - Needs lots of steel to make it strong enough and needs money from investors - Finds Bessemer; Bessemer Process makes steel faster: 2 weeks->15 minutes

9 THE STEEL INDUSTRY: Document 5: TONS OF STEEL PRODUCED IN THE U.S. 1,000, , , , , , , , , , Use the graph above to answer the following questions. 1.) In 1870, how much steel was produced? 50,000 TONS OF STEEL 2.) In 1880, how much steel was produced? 1,000,000 TONS OF STEEL 3.) What was the reason for the difference (p. 579)? DEMAND FOR STEEL TO BUILD RAILROADS AND FACTORIES BESSEMER PROCESS

10 As the US economy grew during the Second Industrial Revolution, the federal government favored FREE ENTERPRISE. This means that the government usually does NOT interfere with business. The government was not passing many laws to tell businesses what to do. This made it easier for some people to start their own business. They were called ENTREPRENEUERS. Many entrepreneurs formed their business as corporations. Why would a person want to start a corporation? STOCK HOLDERS ARE NOT PERSONALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF THE BUSINESS.ONLY LOSE THE MONEY YOU INVESTED. CAN SELL STOCKS WHEN YOU WANT. Since entrepreneurs had a lot of freedom, they became robber barons - MEN WHO USED THEIR POWER TO GET WEALTHY AND POWERFUL What made a person a robber baron? (p. 582 paragraphs 3, 4, & 5 in textbook) BOUGHT OUT COMPETITORS OWNING ALL STEPS TO TURN RAW MATERIALS INTO FINISHED PRODUCT GOT RR COMPANIES TO NOT PROVIDE SERVICE TO COMPETITORS OWNED MONOPOLIES CUT COMPETITION Monopolies are bad for consumers because the owner can RAISE the price and LOWER the quality since there is no COMPETITION with other businesses. Some of these robber barons were considered to be philanthropists because they were GENEROUS with their money, donating millions to charity. How did entrepreneurs affect industrialization? THEY STARTED UP NEW BUSINESSES/FACTORIES.

11 Document 6: 1) Who is the man in this cartoon? JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER 2) What industry did he control? OIL 3) What is made to look like a factory in the background? THE CAPITOL BUILDING 4) What is the message of this cartoon? JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER WAS SO POWERFUL THAT HE EVEN CONTROLLED THE GOVERNMENT 5) What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies? THE SHERMAN ANTI-TRUST ACT

12 THERE WERE ALSO MANY PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDUSTRIALIZATION WORKING CONDITIONS: Describe what working conditions were like below (p. 586). LONG HOURS, LOW WAGES, DANGEROUS MACHINERY, UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS Document 7: 1) What type of work is shown in this picture? COAL MINING 2) Describe the worker. YOUNG, DIRTY, SAD 3) Describe the working conditions. DANGEROUS, DIRTY 4) What problem is shown in this picture? CHILD LABOR

13 DOCUMENT 8: Excerpt from The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair Then there was old Antanas. The winter came, and the place where he worked was a dark, unheated cellar, where you could see your breath all day, and where your fingers sometimes tried to freeze. So the old man's cough grew every day worse, until there came a time when it hardly ever stopped, and he had become a nuisance about the place. Then, too, a still more dreadful thing happened to him; he worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals, and it was not long before they had eaten through his new boots. Then sores began to break out on his feet, and grow worse and worse. Whether it was that his blood was bad, or there had been a cut, he could not say; but he asked the men about it, and learned that it was a regular thing it was the saltpeter. Everyone felt it, sooner or later, and then it was all up with him, at least for that sort of work. The sores would never heal in the end his toes would drop off, if he did not quit. Yet old Antanas would not quit; he saw the suffering of his family, and he remembered what it had cost him to get a job. So he tied up his feet, and went on limping about and coughing, until at last he fell to pieces, all at once and in a heap, like the One-Horse Shay. They carried him to a dry place and laid him on the floor, and that night two of the men helped him home. The poor old man was put to bed, and though he tried it every morning until the end, he never could get up again. He would lie there and cough and cough, day and night, wasting away to a mere skeleton. There came a time when there was so little flesh on him that the bones began to poke through. There was no heat upon the killing beds; the men might exactly as well have worked out of doors all winter. For that matter, there was very little heat anywhere in the building, except in the cooking rooms and such places and it was the men who worked in these who ran the most risk of all, because whenever they had to pass to another room they had to go through ice-cold corridors, and sometimes with nothing on above the waist except a sleeveless undershirt. On the killing beds you were apt to be covered with blood, and it would freeze solid; if you leaned against a pillar, you would freeze to that, and if you put your hand upon the blade of your knife, you would run a chance of leaving your skin on it. The men would tie up their feet in newspapers and old sacks, and these would be soaked in blood and frozen, and then soaked again, and so on, until by nighttime a man would be walking on great lumps the size of the feet of an elephant. Now and then, when the bosses were not looking, you would see them plunging their feet and ankles into the steaming hot carcass of the steer, or darting across the room to the hot-water jets. The cruelest thing of all was that nearly all of them all of those who used knives were unable to wear gloves, and their arms would be white with frost and their hands would grow numb, and then of course there would be accidents. Also the air would be full of steam, from the hot water and the hot blood, so that you could not see five feet before you; and then, with men rushing about at the speed they kept up on the killing beds, and all with butcher knives, like

14 razors, in their hands well, it was to be counted as a wonder that there were not more men slaughtered than cattle. QUESTIONS: 1. What was it like working in the factory? DARK COLD CHEMICALS EATING THROUGH BOOTS 2. What was wrong with Antanas as a result of the working conditions and what eventually happened to him? BAD COUGH SORE FEET HE EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED AND DIED 3. List some of the dangers of working on the killing beds. VERY COLD BLOODY SKIN STICKS TO KNIVES WORKING FAST WITH KNIVES POOR VISIBILITY (hard to see) Due to the bad working conditions, workers formed UNIONS. Sometimes the unions decided to go on STRIKEto get better conditions. Haymarket Riot What caused the strike? DEMAND FOR 8 HOUR WORK DAY. WHILE ON STRIKE 2 STRIKERS WERE KILLED. THEN WORKERS WERE PROTESTING THE KILLINGS AND SEVERAL MORE WERE KILLED AND INJURED. Was the strike successful? NO. UNION MEMBERSHIP DECLINED. Homestead Strike Pullman Strike Bad conditions, low pay, long hours PULLMAN LAID OFF WORKERS AND CUT THE NO. State Militia breaks up the strike. NO. THE COURT USED THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT AGAINST WORKERS

15 WAGES OF THOSE THAT REMAINED AND STOPPED THE STRIKE. THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA EPISODE 4 1.Frick opens South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club; Carnegie joins 2.Flood kills 2209 people;carnegie feels guilty; builds thousands of libraries and Carnegie Hall. 3. Carnegie opens Homestead Mill makes Frick the manager; cuts wages, hours go up 4.Carnegie goes to Scotland; Frick is in charge; workers form union 5.Homestead workers strike 12 hours, low pay, dangerous conditions 6. Pinkerton army kills 9 workers and state militia breaks up the strike. THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODES 5 & 6 1. Edison & Morgan work together D/C electricity 2. Rockefeller upset; it will hurt his kerosene business 3. Tesla A/C electricity with Westinghouse 4. Edison electric chair to show danger of A/C backfires 5. Julius Morgan tells J.P. Morgan to take $ out of Edison s companies 6. Morgan makes Westinghouse lose investors; Tesla gives up his patent to save Westinghouse s business and so A/C can advance 7.Westinghouse & Tesla win bid to light up Chicago World s Fair 8. Westinghouse & Tesla win Niagara Contract but Morgan blackmails Westinghouse out of the bid 9.Morgan buys stock until he controls Edison Electric- General Electric

16 10.Morgan saves US Treasury with a loan of $3 billion 11. Morganization profits by: cutting jobs, hours, pay There were many inventions and inventors during industrialization ( ). Your job is to use p to choose four inventors during this time period and one of their most important inventions. Then, fill out the chart below. INVENTOR S NAME YEAR OF INVENTION INVENTION HOW DID THE INVENTION AFFECT INDUSTRIALIZATION? BESSEMER 1870 BESSEMER PROCESS ALLOWED THE PRODUCTION OF STEEL TO BE MUCH FASTER TO MAKE FACTORIES, BRIDGES, & RAILROADS EDISON 1880 D/C electricity CAN LIGHT FACTORIES TESLA 1890 A/C electricity LIGHT FACTORIES POWER MACHINES FORD 1900 ASSEMBLY MASS PRODUCTION LINE MAKE GOODS FASTER AND CHEAPER ROCKEFELLER 1895 GASOLINE TO POWER MACHINES FUEL CARS

17 THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 7 1. W.J. Bryan is for the working class; wants to take down monopolies. 2. McKinley supported the titans. McKinley wins election. 3. Rockefeller buys iron ore mine & sells to Carnegie s competitors. Carnegie buys Rockefeller s co. 4. Morgan buys Carnegie Steel US Steel. Carnegie richest man in the world. 5. McKinley wins re-election w/ T. Roosevelt as VP. 6. T. Roosevelt breaks up Morgan s RR monopoly. T.R. wins re-election and goes after Rockefeller. THE MEN WHO BUILT AMERICA: EPISODE 8 1. Rockefeller and Standard Oil are put on trial.(monopoly ILLEGAL) 2. Ford asks permission from ALAM (own patent on car) to produce his own car. 3. ALAM says no; Ford races and wins; Ford builds Ford Plant; ALAM sues Ford. 4. Ford uses assembly line to produce cars; 12hrs to 1 ½. $5 a day, 8hrs, 5 days a week. 5. Standard Oil monopoly has to break up; Rockefeller makes more $ b/c of gas companies. 6. Ford wins lawsuit and makes his Model T. Assembly line is used to make new products. 7. Rockefeller and Carnegie give away billions of dollars to charities.

18 DOCUMENT 9: 1) What were the living conditions like in the tenements? DARK, DIRTY, RUN-DOWN Riis, Jacob. How the Other Half Lives. New York: Charles Scribner s Sons, DOCUMENT 10:

19 3.) How did industrialization affect urbanization? PEOPLE MOVED TO THE CITIES FOR FACTORY JOBS 2.) Answer: Choice 2 INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY THE ASSEMBLY LINE: PERFECTED BY HENRY FORD FOR HIS AUTOMOBILE FACTORY, IT BECAME WIDELY USED BY MANY DIFFERENT INDUSTRIES!!! MAKES MASS PRODUCTION POSSIBLE

20 MORE GOODS PRODUCED (HIGHER QUANTITY); PRICE OF GOODS WENT DOWN BECAUSE SUPPLY WENT UP WHAT WAS THE QUALITY OF GOODS PRODUCED BY THE ASSEMBLY LINE? NOT AS GOOD AS HAND MADE How did the assembly line affect industrialization? * NEED MORE FACTORIES TO MAKE THE NEW PRODUCTS * AND MORE JOBS (WORKERS) TO MAKE THE PRODUCTS * NEED MORE STORES TO SELL ALL THE NEW PRODUCTS Document 11: The environmental problem was not serious or widespread until the eighteenth century and early part of the nineteenth century. This period in history is called the Industrial Revolution, which began in England and spread to other European countries and the United States. The main feature of the Industrial Revolution was the development of factories and overcrowding with factory workers in cities. At that time coal was the prime energy fuel to power most of the factories and to heat most of the homes in the cities. Because of the burning of coal, the air over such industrial cities as London became filled with huge amounts of smoke and soot containing sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. An additional problem was poor sanitation facilities, which allowed raw sewage to get into water supplies in some cities. The polluted water caused typhoid fever and other diseases. In the early 1900 s, air pollution in industrial cities in the United States became a particularly serious problem. 1) When did environmental problems become serious? 1700 S AND 1800 S

21 2) What caused these problems? BURNING COAL 3) How did this affect cities? POLLUTION 4) What different types of pollution were there and what problems did these different types of pollution cause? AIR AND WATER POLLUTION; DISEASES 5) What was to blame for this pollution? FACTORIES