Mitsuru Aida 相田満 National Institute Japanese Literature

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1 Ontology of the Japanese place name --The presentation of the knowledge discovery model using Japan place name dictionary database and GIS information-- Mitsuru Aida 相田満 National Institute Japanese Literature 1 PNC2009

2 I had been expanded the database in "The Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan) " which Prof. OKETANI,Ikuo built. This is the data. 2 PNC2009

3 3 Dainihon Chimeijisho (The Dictionary of Place Names in Greater Japan)

4 About Dainihon Chimeijisho 大日本地名辞書の索引入力 About Dainihon Chimeijisho The 1 st Dictionary of Place Names in Japan Writer : YOSHIDA,Togo (by himself) 吉田東伍 Born at Kanbara-City Niigata-Ken(Now Agano-City) 1895 start writing the Russo-Japanese War 1907 the 1 st edition (total 12volumes) 1909 sequel published Over 12,000,000 Characters PNC2009

5 The record of the database are as follows. Area The number of items JAPAN (Total) 52,547 HOKKAIDO (2,585) RYUKYU (879) [Others] (49,083) Sakhalin / Chishima 467 TAIWAN 942 Total 53,956 5 PNC2009

6 6 Result of retrieval

7 7 Details of Byodo-in data

8 8 Byodo-in Map of Geograpfical Survey Institute

9 The points to expand the database 9 PNC2009 The points to expand the database are as follows. 1.Adding the pronunciation information.(kana and Latin alphabet) 2.Extraction and the discrimination of the place name morpheme.(e.g., Fujisan Fuji-san) 3.Data error check. 4. Addition (Sakhalin / Chishima) of the GIS information. I added data newly, and the number of the records doubled. The intellectual property about this part boiled a part except the Yoshidas till now;, however As a result, I can show it after data completion. And,the Taiwan is going to add data in the same way in future, too.

10 10 An examples from Yamato in Dainihon Chimeijisho

11 The place where an underline was referred is an extended item. 項目名項目名 1. Number 16. Current Name. 2. Place Name 17. Number of the Volume. 3. Pronunciation (Japanese [KANA]) 18. Number of the Page. 4. County. 19. The candidate of the lack letter. 5. Prefecture 20. Pronunciation of No Pronunciation of the Prefecture 21. Large Item 7. Type of Shape (1:point,2:line,3:aspect) 22. An attribute of the place name 8. The method of the position description(1:point,2:line,3: etangle,4:polygon) 23. Remarks 9. The current place name(a)(10/2007) 24. A correction memo of the place name 10. The current place name(b)(10/2007) 25. A memo about the data unification 11. The current place name(c)(10/2007) 26. Pronunciation2 12. Latitude1(Degree Minutes Seconds[DMS Style]) 27. Data ID for the unification 13. Longitude1(Degree Minutes Seconds[DMS Style]) Latin alphabet[the Hepburn] 14. Latitude2(Degree Minutes Seconds[DMS Style]) Latin alphabet[the Hepburn] 15. Longitude2(Degree PNC2009 Minutes Seconds[DMS Style]) Latin alphabet[the Hepburn]

12 Because the dictionary is displayed as follows. (Vol.1, From the general remarks and an index.) PNC2009

13 WORKS 1 I comment a little in detail. 1. Adding the pronunciation information AND 2. Extraction and the discrimination of the place name morpheme For Example Original : 帷子川 Pronunciation: カタビラ [ ] Correct Pro. カタビラ [ ガワ ] Latin alhabet: Katabira Correct L.B. Katabira GAWA No information about 川 So I transcribed data as follows. An entry : 帷子 = 川 Pronunciation: カタビラ = ガワ KATABIRA=GAWA 13 PNC2009

About the Right-Side, We generally read with "MEIJI-BASI".

14 However, there is the following difficult problem. This photograph is the railings of the bridges. About the Right-Side, We generally read with "MEIJI-BASI". But, it is written as "MEIJI- HASI" on the railing of the bridge. 14 PNC2009

15 ABOUT[Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima] In JAPAN HASI (It means bridge.) is called SEION[ 清音 ] (voiceless sound). BASI is called DAKUON[ 濁音 ](a voiced consonant). It suggested that a river was muddy to read by "BASI" and a voiced consonant. It is a meaning of the floods to "have muddy river". The flood poses danger of the destruction of "the bridge". So, they wrote it as "HASI". 15 PNC2009

16 As a result, we had basic data to consider the history place name of " The Dainihon Chimeijisho " as plural groups in our hand. Then what kind of viewpoint should I set to treat the place name as plural groups? In the example to appear by using GIS information, there is a thing showing really characteristic distribution. Besides,for the explanation of the phenomenon, it is necessary to create a reasonable "story. Then, I will say two tales about GIS and the place name. The first tale is about TANUKI the ASIAN RACOON DOG. (This case was what I explained last year, but I add a different viewpoint this time and want to speak it.) And the next is about MIZUHO. 16 PNC2009

17 With GIS information, I analyze the distribution situation of the place name. The animals VS "A fox" and "a raccoon dog" are the most magical animals in Japan. I 17 PNC2009 explained the distribution of the place name including these last year.

18 In Japan,There is a proverb of "in the east, fox" "in the west, raccoon dog". But indeed, in place name : The raccoon dogs gather in the East Japan. PNC

19 Isn't this a directly opposite phenomenon? Why was "a raccoon dog" concentrated on the east? There are some legends that raccoon dogs brought happiness in KANTO area. (KANTO belongs east- Japan) For example, Shojoji (Shojoji s Dragon-song sung by Greg Irwin) (TANUKI-BAYASHI in Shojoki-temple, Kisarazu Chiba) BUNBUKU CHAGAMA in Morinji-Temple (Tatebayashi Gunma) So, there was no prejudice to the raccoon dog in the eastern Japan. But the people who live in the west, they might have a PNC2009 dyspathy to the raccoon dog. 19

20 20 PNC

21 But there is a more difficult problem. 狸 A kanji called the raccoon dog[ ] has several kinds readings of in Japan. For example, TANUKI MUJINA MAMI We will watch a map once again with care at this point. 21 PNC2009

22 22 PNC2009

23 By an area, pronunciation is different. From North Kanto, in the east, is "MUJINA". Tokyo (Edo) is "MAMI". Kinki District is "TANUKI". M.m.anakuma (Edible) Raccon Dog (The meat is very stinking.) 23 PNC2009 PNC

24 About this, a case to be called "TANUKI-MUJINA case" happens in Japan. In 1924,it was forbidden hunting a TANUKI. However, in Tochigi, TAKUKI is called MUZINA. Therefore the hunter has hunted TANUKI with an intention of MUJINA which was not prohibited. The hunter was taken for a criminal trial. But, an acquittal was announced to the defendant in Supreme Court on June 9, 1925 in the next year. This case still became the example quoted well as a precedent about "the mistakes of the fact" in Japanese criminal law Article PNC2009

25 The next case is MIZUHO MIZUHO is very venerable words. In present Japan, I confirmed 48 places of place name including these words. The Japanese first history is written down, and it appears in book KOJIKI( 古事記 ) and NIHONSHOKI( 日本書紀 )". It means "The rice ear bears fruit freshly" appearance. And MIZUHO no KUNI that is the country of MIZUHO meant Japan. However, with these books, notation of "MIZUHO" is different. 25 PNC2009

26 水 and 瑞 It is written as 水穂 in kojiki, and it is written as 瑞穂 in, nihonshoki. 古事記 :KOJIKI 水穂 Japanese 日本書紀 :NIHONSHOKI 瑞穂 Classic Chinese In fact, "KOJIKI" is transcribed in Japanese, and "NIHONSHKI" is transcribed in classic Chinese. In classic Chinese, 瑞 meant FRESH and FRUITY. But in classic Chinese, 水 meant FLOOD. In this, I become unlucky adversely. 26 PNC2009

27 Ex. MIZUHO BANK Therefore there is a bank called MIZUHO BANK in Japan, but this transcribes it into 瑞穂銀行 in China,not 水穂銀行. 瑞穂銀行水穂銀行 Then how for the place name? 27 PNC2009

28 In fact, 瑞穂 " does not appear in "The Dainihon Chimeijisho". This dictionary was started writing in the Russo-Japanese War 1907 the 1 st edition (total 12volumes) wad published. Perhaps it is thought that this place name was born this time later. 28 PNC2009

29 29 PNC2009 At the time of the editing of the dictionary, it just fell on time of cities, towns and villages size merger "of the Meiji". 年全国の状況 1888 年 ( 明治 21 年 ) 71,314 町村 1889 年 ( 明治 22 年 ) 15,859 市町村 1889 年市制町村制施行 ( 明治の大合併 ) 1908 年 ( 明治 41 年 ) 12,448 市町村 1953 年 ( 昭和 28 年 ) 9,868 市町村 1953 年 10 月町村合併促進法 ( 昭和の大合併 ) 1956 年 ( 昭和 31 年 )4 月新市町村建設促進法施行 1956 年 ( 昭和 31 年 )9 月町村合併促進法失効 1957 年 ( 昭和 32 年 ) 3,866 市町村 1970 年 ( 昭和 45 年 ) 3,280 市町村 1999 年頃 ~ 平成大合併 2003 年 ( 平成 15 年 8 月 20 日 ) 3,181 市町村 2005 年 ( 平成 17 年 4 月 1 日 ) 2,395 市町村 2005 年 ( 平成 17 年 11 月 27 日 ) 2,149 市町村 2006 年 ( 平成 18 年 1 月 1 日 ) 2,052 市町村 2006 年 ( 平成 18 年 2 月 1 日 ) 2,020 市町村 2006 年 ( 平成 18 年 3 月 20 日 ) 1,899 市町村 2007 年 ( 平成 18 年 4 月 1 日 ) 1,820 市町村 2008 年 ( 付官報告示ベース ) 1,795 市町村

30 to tell the truth,there is MIZUHO( 瑞穂 )" in Taiwan. This does not appear in The Dainihon Chimeijisho like Japan, too. This was the place name which was born since the rule era of Taiwan in Japan began.(there is not 瑞穂 in The People's Republic of China.) As a result, it may be said that MIZUHO is the really modern place name. Then what kind of distribution will "MIZUHO" show in present Japan? 30 PNC2009

31 31 PNC2009

32 Analysis According to the origin of the name, "MIZUHO" tends to be born in the new reclaimed land and merger cities, towns and villages. It is characteristic of the central southward of Tohoku district / Shikoku district / Kyushu not to exist. The correct reason is unclear, and examination is problem in the future. But, in conjunction with it, one interesting legend is left. 32 PNC2009

33 This is a legend of former Tsuriyosemura of Niigata Minami-ku. It is said that this ground was reclaimed in the days of ( ). Surroundings had a lot of shallows and did it with auspicious sign village from auspicious sign ( 瑞祥 :ZUISHO) of stupid words" because a crane formed groups. However, it will be named Tsuriyose-mura : 釣寄村 because a name is difficult. This is a legend of the districts where there is not 瑞穂 with a former map. I wonder if all of you think of this how. 33 PNC2009

34 It is important to say that a dictionary does not have it in this way. Taiwan has in particular both Japanese place name and Chinese place name. It may be said that this is important property. Then, what will the characteristic of the Japanese place name be? 34 PNC2009

35 About the number of the letters of the place name. By work to separate the place name and a suffix, I was able to analyze " The Dainihon Chimeijisho " more precisely. For example, I count Mt. Fuji( 富士山 ) with 2 characters. 富士山 = 富士 [place name] + 山 [attribute] It is thought that the pure place name is 2 characters. The results are as follows. 35 PNC2009

36 地名の字数大日本地名辞書による 10 文字の地名 8 文字の地名 7 文字の地名 6 文字の地名 5 文字の地名 4 文字の地名 3 文字の地名 2 文字の地名 1 文字の地名件数地名の文字数件数 % 10 文字の地名 % 8 文字の地名 % 7 文字の地名 % 6 文字の地名 % 5 文字の地名 % 4 文字の地名 1, % 3 文字の地名 8, % 2 文字の地名 40, % 1 文字の地名 2, % 総合計 52, ,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 件数

37 A characteristic of the number of the letters of the Japanese place name There is the most place name of two characters and occupies 75% of the whole(" The Dainihon Chimeijisho ). It was ordered that I added "LUck Character" to much place name for 713 years. As a result, much place name became it two characters. This is said to be the result that followed a Chinese system. However, the place name which was really referred an example to for China has a Japanese sound. An objective standard is necessary to distinguish that it is said that it "is Japanesque". 37 PNC2009

38 What is Japanesque? Therefore I regarded relations with the place name as "a family name". It is good that relations are close, and the Japanese place name is said to be a family name. All the Japanese citizens except the Emperor have a family name for a duke from However, it is thought that the family name that increased by these has much existing place name and things about closeness. Therefore I investigated 900,000 name data of a person born in 1989 as a sample. 38 PNC2009

39 日本人の姓の字数 1989 年生の内 90 万人分のデータより 1 字の姓字数 2 字の姓 3 字の姓 4 字の姓 5 字の姓 6 字の姓 8 字の姓 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 As a result, in the case of the place name, the number of characters distribution of the family name of Japanese showed the same distribution situation. CH83 内訳字数 1 字の姓字の姓 30,591 3 字の姓 6,289 4 字の姓字の姓 1 6 字の姓 1 8 字の姓 1 総合計 37,862

40 On the other hand, how about the family name of the Han(Chinese) race? Most family names are gathered by many scholars family name[ 百家姓 ]. With the thing which I collected family names in the Soong age and made poetry, a family name from approximately 400 to 500 was put. The inner two characters family name is 58, and the single family name (a family name of one character) is 448. For example 張王李趙 means commonplace, because there are these family names in China. 40 PNC2009

41 As for the Chinese family name, variety was able to confirm that I was poor, and the relevance with the place name was thin. 41 PNC2009

42 Then I wonder if how many place name accord with a Japanese family name. The result that I examined in data and "place name dictionary" of 900,000 people is as follows. [By 1,000 位 3,000 位 5,000 位 7,000 位 9,000 位 11,000 位 13,000 位 15,000 位 17,000 位 19,000 位 21,000 位 23,000 位 25,000 位 27,000 位 29,000 位 31,000 位 33,000 位 35,000 位 37,000 位地名と一致する姓の順位と個数 ,000 CH83 データ数 To about the 5000th place of the family name of Japanese, 50% higher than accorded with the entry of " The Dainihon Chimeijisho ". The viewpoint that the most of a family name knowing of Japanese accord with the place name is not accurate recognition, but it is not a mistake.

43 Concluion The knowledge discovery work of the history place name using a large-scale database having GIS information has character to let an overall comparison and an inspection procedure to say reverse from such a micro-investigation. And, by the analysis of "a place name morpheme" precipitated this time, I can make a chart of the place name concerned. 43 PNC2009

44 The name association network of 余戸 " is as the following. ウミベ The view-pointof of the combination 1.Pronunciation 2. Indication 余内アマリウチ神余郷カンノアマリ甘利 ( 甲斐 ) アマリ天辺余家海辺海辺町 ( 武蔵 ) 海部郡カイフアマアマベアマリアマルベオシミベ余戸アマルヘアマリベアマアマルアマリト

45 The number of the letters A description letter {Kanji Kana} Character A pl ace name morpheme (the combination of the place name element) Design The number of the syllables A Reading Pronunciation (unrelated to the notation) A morpheme to be constructed Place Name of J AP AN GIS Information The kind of the object Consistency with the topography Significance of the distribution For example,... mountain / river / village...etc The time when the place name was recognized Historical place name Current place name (Non historical place name) 45 PNC2009 The master of authorization (an author) Administration Dwellers Foreigners

Service Research and Innovation in Japan

Service Research and Innovation in Japan Kazuyoshi Hidaka Professor of Graduate School of Innovation Management Tokyo Institute of Technology Chair of SRII Japan Chapter K.HIDAKA@TOKYO TECH 1 We live in