Preface. Introduction How to Use This Book 1. A Chronological Snapshot of New York History and Family History,

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1 Table of Contents Foreword Preface xiii xv Introduction How to Use This Book 1 Frequently Used Abbreviations in This Book 1 A Chronological Snapshot of New York History and Family History, PART ONE Each chapter includes a selected bibliography and suggestions for further reading, as well as descriptions of selected repositories and online resources. Chapter 1: Colonial Era Historical Overview; Governmental Records; Non-Governmental Records; Religious Records; Personal Papers and Accounts; The Calendar Julian and Gregorian 9 Chapter 2: Vital Records History of Vital Record Keeping, Colonial Era Present; New York State Department of Health (NYSDH); Municipal Archives of New York City (MUNI); Divorce and Adoption Records; Vital Records Substitutes 15 Table 1: Vital Records Held by Selected Cities from 1852 to the present 17 Table 2: Locations of New York State Vital Records Microfiche Indexes 20 Table 3: Summary of New York City Vital Records Held at MUNI by Borough 21 Table 4: Summary of New York City Vital Records Location and Accessibility 23 Table 5: Main Online Indexes for Vital Records 24 Table 6: Original Card Indexes to New York City Vital Records at MUNI 27 Chapter 3: Census Records Federal Census for New York State; Federal Census Special Schedules; New York State Census ( ); American Indians and the New York State Census; Early Census Records and Lists; Alternative Census Resources and Census Substitutes 33 Table 1: New York State Census: Preserved and Lost Records 36 Table 2: New York State Census: Selected Questions Asked Table 3: Transcriptions of Colonial Censuses 39 Table 4: Information Collected on the New York City Jury and Electoral Censuses 40 vii

2 Chapter 4: Immigration, Migration, and Naturalization New Netherland, English, and Revolutionary Periods ( ); Early Statehood Period ( ); National Period ( ); Civil War and Peak Immigration Period ( ); Current Era (1924 present); Immigration Records; Naturalization Records 43 Table 1: Selected Naturalization Records: Originals and Online Locations 45 Table 2: Differences Between AR-2 Files and A-Files 48 Table 3: Selected Immigration Records ( s) and Indexes: Original Records, Online Locations 49 Chapter 5: Court Records Colonial Era Courts; New York State Courts and Court Structure; Federal Courts in New York State; Major Repositories of Court Records in New York State 54 Table 1: The New York State Unified Court System at a Glance 54 Table 2: Federal Court Districts of New York State 60 Chapter 6: Probate Records Records before 1787; Records after 1787; Guardianship Records 63 Table 1: Simplified Summary of Probate Jurisdiction in New York 66 Chapter 7: Land Records and Maps Historical Overview; Colonial Era; Revolutionary War and the New and Old Military Tracts; Expansion into Western New York; County Records; Deeds and Mortgages; Manors and Early Patents; Leases; Land Company Records; Loyalist Land Confiscations; Reservoir-Related, Surrogate s Court, Title, Transportation-Related, and Other Records; Major Sources for New York Maps 69 Table 1: Major Land Transactions: Grants, Patents, and Manors 78 Chapter 8: Military Records Record Types and Definitions; Bounty Land Records; Military Unit Histories; Pension Records; Historical Overview and War-Related Resources: Colonial Era to Vietnam; Sources of Military Records 83 Chapter 9: Cemetery Records Locating New York Cemeteries; Gravestones and Transcriptions; Burial Records; Cremation; Potter s Fields; Institutional and Military Cemeteries 95 Table 1: Selected New York City Cemeteries Prior to Chapter 10: Business, Institutional, and Organizational Records Almshouses and Poorhouses; Orphanage Records; School Records; Business and Employee Records; Fraternal and Benevolent Organizations; Corrections and Prison Records; Medical Records 101 Chapter 1 1: City Directories and Other Directories City Directories; Social, Business, Professional, Ethnic, Fraternal, and Other Directories 111 Chapter 12: Newspapers and Periodicals Historical Overview; Identifying Newspaper Titles; Online Newspaper Resources; Print and Microfilm Resources; Periodicals for Genealogical Research; Selected List of Periodicals 115 viii Table of Contents NYG&B New York Family History Research Guide and Gazetteer

3 Chapter 13: Tax Records Colonial Era Taxes; Revolutionary Period; 1798 Federal Direct Tax; Property Taxes; Estate Taxes; Federal Taxes 123 Chapter 14: Peoples of New York Chapter Introduction: Notes about Indexes, Population Figures, and an Unlikely Resource; Selected Bibliography 129 Table 1: New York State s Foreign-born Population by Selected Place of Birth ( ) 130 Table 2: New York State s Foreign-born Population by Selected Place of Birth ( ) 131 Individual sections provide a historical overview and a description of records, repositories, and resources pertinent to the following populations African American 132 American Indian 140 Austro-Hungarian (and related but distinct ethnicities) 148 Chinese 153 Dutch 157 English 163 French and French-Speaking 166 German 171 Hispanic 176 Irish 179 Italian 184 Jewish 188 Polish 193 Russian (and related but distinct ethnicities) 196 Scandinavian 200 Scots and Ulster Scots 205 Chapter 15: Religious Records of New York Chapter Introduction: Historical Overview; Transcribed, Published, and Digitized Church Records; Locating Religious Records; Selected Bibliography 209 Individual sections provide a historical overview and a description of records, repositories, and resources pertinent to the following denominations: Baptist 212 Catholic 216 Congregational (also Independent) 221 Eastern Rite Catholic and Eastern Orthodox 224 Episcopal 228 Jewish 232 Lutheran 234 Methodist 237 Mormon (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) 240 Presbyterian 241 Quaker (Society of Friends) 245 Reformed (Dutch, Huguenot, German, and Christian) 248 Chapter 1 6: National and Statewide Repositories & Resources Government Repositories and Libraries; Repositories, Libraries, Museums, and Genealogical Societies; University and College Libraries; Online Providers of Information; Lineage Societies 253 Chapter 17: Reference Shelf for New York Research Research Guides for New York State and City; Essential References for Family History Research 271 ix

4 PART TWO Introduction to Part Two History of County Formation; Definition of Terms City, Town, Village, etc.; Navigating the County Guides; Selected Bibliography of Statewide Gazetteers 276 Table 1: Former New York Counties and County Names 276 Table 2: Key to Gazetteers 278 Individual County Guides Cover Page with Maps; Gazetteer of Past and Present Place Names; Repositories and Resources; Selected Bibliography and Further Reading; Additional Online Resources Albany 281 Allegany 292 Bronx 756 Broome 300 Cattaraugus 307 Cayuga 316 Chautauqua 324 Chemung 333 Chenango 339 Clinton 347 Columbia 354 Cortland 363 Delaware 369 Dutchess 378 Erie 391 Essex 401 Franklin 408 Fulton 415 Genesee 421 Greene 429 Hamilton 436 Herkimer 441 Jefferson 450 Kings 764 Lewis 460 Livingston 466 Madison 472 Monroe 480 Montgomery 489 Nassau 496 New York 774 Niagara 506 Oneida 513 Onondaga 524 Ontario 534 Orange 543 Orleans 554 Oswego 559 Otsego 567 Putnam 576 Queens 788 Rensselaer 584 Richmond 800 Rockland 592 Saratoga 599 Schenectady 607 Schoharie 613 Schuyler 620 Seneca 625 Steuben 630 St. Lawrence 639 Suffolk 649 Sullivan 663 Tioga 669 Tompkins 675 Ulster 682 x Table of Contents NYG&B New York Family History Research Guide and Gazetteer

5 Warren 693 Washington 700 Wayne 708 Westchester 714 Wyoming 736 Yates 743 New York City 749 Maps; Timeline; Notes on the City of New York; Government Repositories; Museums, Societies, Libraries; Ethnic Genealogical Societies; University and College Libraries; Selected Print and Online Resources Individual Borough Guides Maps; Timeline; Gazetteer of Historic Place Names; List of Contemporary Neighborhood Names; Repositories and Resources; Selected Bibliography; Additional Online Resources The Bronx (Bronx County) 756 Brooklyn (Kings County) 764 Manhattan (New York County) 774 Table 1: Wards of the Old City of New York, now Borough of Manhattan 776 Table 2: Neighborhoods of the Borough of Manhattan / New York County 779 Queens (Queens County) 788 Staten Island (Richmond County) 800 Long Island Resources Map; Introduction; Repositories and Resources Pertinent to Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk Counties 808 Index of Place Names in the Gazetteers xi