Connecticut Cigar Wrapper Leaf: The result of practical research & 375 years of tobacco production

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1 James LaMondia, Chief Scientist, CAES Valley Laboratory, Windsor CT Connecticut Cigar Wrapper Leaf: The result of practical research & 375 years of tobacco production

2 Tobacco in Connecticut?

3 CT Cigar Wrapper Tobacco Two distinct types: Shade grown wrapper exclusively wrapper primarily wrapper, some binder & filler Broadleaf wrapper field grown

4 Shade-grown primed wrapper

5 Broadleaf stalk-cut wrapper

6 Tobacco is closely tied to the history of Connecticut

7 Windsor CT: settled in 1633 Trading & control of area, alliance with native tribes Good location for agriculture, the important trade crop was tobacco

8 Scant records exist for the first 100 years Nicotiana rustica was grown initially, primarily for trade, replaced by N. tabacum seed from Virginia and Barbados that developed into a CT type called shoestring.

9 Shoestring tobacco was either smoked in pipes or rolled into rough cigars

10 1640 enacted by the CT General Court Later regulations, among others, required a physician s note to smoke. No persons shall smoake any other tobacco but such as is or shall be planted within these districts except they have license from the Courte.

11 Apparently the CT shoestring tobacco and first cigars were good enough for local use and had a modest export. General Israel Putnam was credited with increasing the popularity of cigars when he returned from Cuba in 1762 with a large number of Havana cigars.

13 Connecticut cigar manufacturers brought in Cuban rollers to improve cigar quality in Connecticut shoestring tobacco was likely similar to the historic Maryland narrowleaf type.

14 It is interesting that Havana tobacco seed was not documented until 1870 and it was noted in 1950 that no Cuban seed could be traced as a source. In 1833 an East Windsor grower brought in a Maryland broadleaf strain that was selected over time to become Connecticut broadleaf.

15 Connecticut Broadleaf

16 Connecticut Havana seed

17 From the 1630 s to the 1870 s: seed types were brought in from other areas, open pollinated and selected for adapted strains with favored traits by growers.

18 1905: A.D. Shamel - First publication on controlled tobacco plant breeding. In the 1870 s: Experiment Station and USDA scientists started scientific studies on fertility, soils and plant selection.

19 1921: Tobacco Station 1940: New building 2018: Renovation & addition

20 By 1900, CT scientists crossed Sumatra seed, Havana and Broadleaf and created a shade-grown environment to result in a superior cigar wrapper leaf s: Wrapper leaf from Sumatra, light, thin and mild, gained favor.

21 Connecticut Shade Wrapper

48 Broadleaf and Havana

56 1875 CAES Fertilizer studies, soils Curing and bulk fermentation Development of shade tobacco Plant disease and insect control Plant breeding Role of Research

57 Science should not only be good, it should be good for something J.G. Horsfall, Director

58 E.M. East, H.K. Hayes (Shamel) 1915 to 1960 D.F. Jones (Beinhart) 1954 to 1964 S.A. Sand 1953 to 1987 G.S. Taylor 1986 to present J.A. LaMondia CT Tobacco Breeders (USDA)

59 East, Hayes and DF Jones in collaboration with EG Beinhart of the USDA released inbred Connecticut Round Tip tobacco in Initial crosses were made around This tall rounded-leaf type was important in the development of modern shade tobacco.

60 Sumatra Bdlf Cuban Round Tip Cuban Bdlf BC to Cuban and selected AST Connecticut Shade Tobacco strains

61 Gordon Taylor, CAES

62 1921 Wildfire 1950s fleck due to ozone, pollutants 1960s Tobacco mosaic virus 1970s Black shank 1980s Fusarium wilt Crises Affecting CT Tobacco

63 1970 s Black shank 1980 s Fusarium wilt Current Blue mold, target spot, black root rot, cyst nematode, and PVY Crises Affecting CT Tobacco

64 1921 Wildfire Copper in seedbeds, resistance 1950s fleck due to ozone, pollutants Genes for resistance/tolerance 1960s Tobacco mosaic virus Resistance from N. glutinosa Tobacco Station Valley Lab

65 1921 Wildfire Copper in seedbeds, resistance 1950s fleck due to ozone, pollutants Genes for resistance/tolerance 1960s Tobacco mosaic virus Resistance from N. glutinosa Tobacco Station Valley Lab

66 Resistance to wildfire, not angular leaf spot which still occurs sporadically Pseudomonas syringae pv angulata

67 Tobacco Station Valley Lab 1921 Wildfire Copper in seedbeds, resistance 1950s fleck due to ozone, pollutants Antioxidants, genes for resistance

68 Weather fleck symptoms

69 Ozone fleck

70 Tobacco Station Valley Lab 1960s Tobacco mosaic virus Sanitation, milk Resistance from N. glutinosa

71 Green spot symptoms on cured leaves Mosaic symptoms on green leaves

72 N. glutinosa hypersensitive N-gene resistance

73 TMV Resistant Hypersensitive N-gene

74 1970 s Black shank Fungicides, shade with resistance 1980s Fusarium wilt Plant resistance Current Blue mold, target spot, black root rot, and PVY Tobacco Station Valley Lab

75 Root and stem not foliar resistance

76 Broadleaf black shank resistance

77 1970 s Black shank Fungicides, shade with resistance 1980s Fusarium wilt Fumigation, Plant resistance Current Blue mold, target spot, black root rot, and PVY Tobacco Station Valley Lab

78 Multigenic wilt resistance C9

79 1970 s Black shank Fungicides, shade with resistance 1980s Fusarium wilt Plant resistance Current Blue mold, cyst nematode target spot, black root rot, and PVY Tobacco Station Valley Lab

80 Multigenic resistance to blue mold

81 Tobacco cyst nematode

83 Treatment Susceptible Fallow Fumigation Fum + Susc Resistant B2 Effect on nematodes increase of ~100% 20 percent decrease % decline no net change % decline TCN single gene resistance

84 Target spot

85 Target spot fungicide trial

86 Treatment Diseased lvs Lesions None: UTC 12.2 a 27.2 a Quadris foliar 7.0 a 9.0 a Q drench+layby 1.8 ab 2.2 ab Resistant? b 1.3 b Resistant? a 6.8 a Target Spot Control 2016

87 Tobacco Potato virus infection Poty viruses group includes PVY, Tobacco etch virus, and Tobacco vein mottling virus. Symptoms vary with viruses and strains, time of infection. All aphid transmitted viruses.

88 PVY - infected

89 Vein necrosis

91 PVY Resistance Source = TN86 Resistance to common but not N strains. PVY management through potato No known sources?

92 CAES Tobacco Breeding Current breeding is developing male-sterile lines with different resistance profiles for both shade and broadleaf tobaccos.

93 D1 Bdlf Wilt-R BRR-R TMV-R Fleck-R B1 Bdlf Wilt-R TMV-R Fleck-R

94 B2 Bdlf Wilt-R TCN-R TMV-R Moderate R: Blue Mold BRR

95 D2 Bdlf Wilt-R BRR-R TMV-R TCN-R Fleck-R

96 Resistant line Shade Blue Mold Resistance 8212 standard

97 Historical: Resistance to wildfire, black shank, tolerance to fleck; Current: Resistance to Fusarium wilt, TMV, TCN, Blue mold, fleck, Black shank. New projects: BRR, Target spot, and PVY CAES Tobacco Breeding

98 For over 380 years, different tobacco strains have been introduced, crossed (intentionally or by chance) and selected for adaptation to our environment and for cigar wrapper characteristics. Connecticut Wrapper Tobacco

99 The result: Unique cigar wrapper tobaccos from an unexpected location. with innovations that continue to develop quality and value in some of the same fields farmed by colonists in the 1600s. Connecticut Wrapper Tobacco

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