THESCHOOLOFFRANZBRENTANO

Transcription

1 THESCHOOLOFFRANZBRENTANO

2 Nijhoff International Philosophy Series VOLUME 52 General Editor: JAN T. J. SRZEDNICKI Editor for volumes on Applying Philosophy: ROBERTO POLl Editor for volumes on Logic and Applying Logic: STANISLAW J. SURMA Editor for volumes on Contributions to Philosophy: JAN T. J. SRZEDNICKI Assistant to the General Editor: DA VID WOOD Editorial Advisory Board: L. Broughton (University of Cambridge); R.M. Chisholm (Brown University, Rhode Island); Mats Furberg (Goteborg University); D.A.T. Gasking (University of Melbourne); H.L.A. Hart (University College, Oxford); S. Komer (University of Bristol and Yale University); H.I. McCloskey (La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne); 1. Passmore (Australian National University, Canberra); A. Quinton (Trinity College, Oxford); Franco Spisani (Centro Superiore di Logica e Scienze Comparate, Bologna); R. Ziedins (Waikato University, New Zealand) The titles published in this series are listed at the end o/this volume.

3 The School of Franz Brentano edited by Liliana Albertazzi University oftrento. Trento. Italy Massimo Libardi Centro Studifer la Mitteleuro Trento. Trento. Italy and Roberto Poli University oftrento. Trento. Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

4 A c.i.p. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. recording or by any information storage and retrieval system. without written permission from the copyright owner.

5 To Enzo Melandri In memoriam

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD IX XV INTRODUCTION. BRENTANO AND HIS SCHOOL: REASSEMBLING TIlE PUZZLE I Liliana Albertazzi, Massimo Libardi and Roberto Poli 1 1. FRANZ BRENTANO ( ) I Massimo Libardi 25 PART I: THE PUPILS ANTON MARTY I Liliana Albertazzi CARL STUMPF I Karl Schuhmann ALEXIUSMEINONG I Dale Jacquette CHRISTIANVONEHRENFELS I Reinhard Fabian EDMUND HUSSERL I Liliana Albertazzi KAZIMIERZTWARDOWSKI I Roberto Poli 207 PART II: TOPICS AND INFLUENCES ACT, CONTENT, AND OBJECT I Wilhelm Baumgartner INTENTIONALITY I Johannes Brandl HIGHER-ORDER OBJECTS / Paolo Bozzi LOGIC IN THE BRENTANO SCHOOL / Peter Simons 305

7 Vlll 12. LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALTI Barry Smith 13. TRUTH THEORIES I Roberto Poli 14. REISMINTHEBRENTANISTTRADITION I Jan Wolenski 15. THEORIES OF VALUES I Luigi Dappiano 16. FROM KANT TO BRENT ANO I Liliana Albertazzi INDEX OF TOPICS INDEX OF NAMES

8 ANAL YTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. BRENTANO AND HIS SCHOOL: REASSEMBLING THE PUZZLE / Liliana Albertazzi, Massimo Libardi and Roberto Poli 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE PROBLEM OF BRENTANO'S INVISIBILITY 3. BRENT ANO BETWEEN ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY 4. THE SCHOOL 5. BRENTANO'S SCHOOL AND AUSTRIAN PHILOSOPHY 6. THE THEORETICAL INTEREST OF THE SCHOOL OF BRENTANO 7. CONCLUSION 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY FRANZ BRENTANO ( ) / Massimo Libardi 1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 2. THE DIFFICULT EXPOSITION OF BRENTANO'S THOUGHT 3. HIS ARISTOTELIAN TRAINING 4. PSYCHOLOGY FROM AN EMPIRICAL STANDPOINT 5. MEREOLOGY 6. INNER PERCEPTION 7. DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY 8. THE THREEFOLD DIVISION OF PSYCHIC PHENOMENA 9. PRESENTATION 10. JUDGMENT 11. NOMINAL SEMANTICS 12. THE BRENTANIAN REFORM OF LOGIC 13. FEELING ACTS 14. ETHICS 15. THEORY OF RELATIONS 16. THEORY OF INTENTIONALITY 17. THE CONTINUUM

9 x 18. THEORY OF INTERNAL TIME REISM BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 79 PART I: THE PUPILS ANTON MARTY I Liliana Albertazzi BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION DESCRIPTIVE AND GENETIC METHOD MARTY'S PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE. AN INTRODUCTION MARTY'S DOCTRINE OF MEANING REISM AND THE ANALYSIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS SUBJECTLESS AND THETIC JUDGMENTS FROM EXISTENTIAL JUDGMENTS TO DOUBLE JUDGMENTS MODIFICATION THEORY OF LANGUAGE CRITICISM OF LANGUAGE 103 I I. BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES CARL STUMPF I Karl Schuhmann 109 I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SOME MATERIAL DIFFICULTIES STUMPF'S EMPIRICAL PSYCHOLOGY A LOGIC IN BRENTANIAN STYLE METAPHYSICS AS THE GENERAL SCIENCE OF REALITY BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES ALEXIUS MEINONG I Dale Jacquette 131 I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 13 I 2. MEINONG'S APPRENTICESHIP TO BRENT ANO THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS IN DESCRIPTIVE PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY LOGIC AND PHENOMENOLOGY: HOFLER, MEINONG, AND TWARDOWSKI ON THE ACT -CONTENT -OBJECT STRUCTURE OF THOUGHT 5. GEGENST ANDSTHEORIE: EXISTENT AND NONEXISTENT OBJECTS 6. ONTIC NEUTRALITY IN LOGIC AND SEMANTICS: PROBLEMS FOR MEINONG'S OBJECT THEORY 7. WERTTHEORIE: VALUES IN EMOTIONAL PRESENTATION 8. MEINONG'S PHILOSOPHY IN THE BRENTANIAN LEGACY 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES CHRISTIAN VON EHRENFELS I Reinhard Fabian I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

10 xi 2. THE TWO TEACHERS: BRENTANO AND MEINONG EHRENFELS' THEORY OF VALUE BRENTANIAN FOUNDATION OF ETHICS BIBLIOGRAPHY 172 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES EDMUND HUSSERL / Liliana Albertazzi BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION IN VIENNA DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARITHMETIC THE TEMPORAL CONTINUUM INTENTIONALITY EXPRESSION AND MEANING HUSSERL' S DESCRIPTION OF MEANING ADEQUACY, EVIDENCE, TRUTH NOESIS AND NOEMA FROM DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY TO PHENOMENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY BRENT ANO-HUSSERL: A RELATIONSHIP BIBLIOGRAPHY 200 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES KAZIMIERZTWARDOWSKI / Roberto Poli BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TWARDOWSKI'S PHILOSOPHICAL STYLE METAPHYSICS AND SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHY CONTENT AND OBJECT DETERMINATION AND MODIFICATION OBJECTLESS PRESENTATIONS TWARDOWSKI'S THEORY OF THE OBJECT THE PARTS OF THE OBJECT THE PARTS OF CONTENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENTATIONS TWARDOWSKI AND KANT GENERAL PRESENTATIONS APPENDIX: THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL BIBLIOGRAPHY 228 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 23 1 PART II: TOPICS AND INFLUENCES Acr, CONTENT, AND OBJEcr / Wilhelm Baumgartner PHENOMENA PHYSICAL PHENOMENA QUALITATIVE CONTENT ASCRIBED TO OBJECTS TEMPORALITY OF OBJECTS OR TEMPORALITY OF OUR RELATIONS TO OBJECTS? MODES OF RELATIONS TO THE OBJECT THE CONCEPT OF EXISTENCE 245

11 XII 7. PSYCHICAL PHENOMENA 8. 'INTENTIONAL IN-EXISTENCE' OF PHENOMENA 9. THE ACT-CONTENT DISTINCTION 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 9. INTENTIONALITY / Johannes Brandl I. INTENTIONALITY PAST AND PRESENT 2. INTENTIONALITY AND REPRESENTATION 3. BRENTANO'S RULE 4. INTENTIONALITY AND PRESENTATION 5. INTENTIONAL INEXISTENCE AND THE NONEXISTENCE PROBLEM 6. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTING ENTITIES SUBJECTIVE ENTITIES? 7. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTING ENTITIES REAL ENTITIES? 8. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTENT ENTITIES IDENTICAL WITH THE ENTITIES WE HAVE BELIEFS ABOUT, THINK ABOUT, DESIRE, ETC? 9. A FINAL OUESTION 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 10. HIGHER-ORDEROBJECfS / Paolo Bozzi 1. INFERIORA AND SUPERIORA 2. STIMULI AS ENTIA RATIONIS 3. MULTIPLYING THE NUTS 4. ESSE EST PERCIPI 5. OBSERVATIONS ON COLOURS 6. TEMPORAL STRUCTURES 7. THE CASE OF THE LIVED PRESENT 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 11. LOGIC IN THE BRENTANO SCHOOL / Peter Simons 1. TERMINOLOGY 2.BRENTANO 3. HUSSERL 4. MEINONG 5. TWARDOWSKI AND THE INFLUENCES OF THE BRENT ANO SCHOOL 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALT / Barry Smith 1. THE PROVINCE OF LOGIC 2. PREHISTORY OF THE SACHVERHALT 3. BRENT AN IAN IMMANENTISM 4. FROM OBJECTS TO SACHVERHALTE 5. CONTENT AND OBJECT 6. SACHVERHALT, OBJECTIVE AND PROPOSITION 7. LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALT

12 xiii 8. REAL SEMANTICS BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 341 lruth TIIEORIES / Roberto Po Ii THEORIES OF CORRESPONDENCE FRANZ BRENTANO DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF TRUTH AS EVIDENCE ANTON MARTY ALEXIUS MEINONG EDMUND HUSSERL BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 355 REISM IN THE BRENTANISTTRADITION / Jan Wolenski 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY 373 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 375 TIIEORIES OF V ALVES / Luigi Dappiano THE TWO AUSTRIAN SCHOOLS IN THE THEORY OF VALUES HISTORICAL SETTING THE ECONOMIC SCHOOL THE PHILOSOPHICAL STANDPOINT: FRANZ BRENTANO THE ECONOMIC APPROACH: CARL MENGER ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 1: ALEXIUS MEINONG ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 2: CHRISTIAN VON EHRENFELS DEVELOPMENTS OF ECONOMICS - 1: EUGEN VON BOHM-BAWERK ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 3: OSKAR KRAUS DEVELOPMENTS OF ECONOMICS - 2: FRIEDRICH VON WIESER THE AUSTRIAN MODEL FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: NICOLAI HARTMANN AND EDMUND HUSSERL APPENDIX: THE SUBJECTIVIST FRAMEWORK IN ECONOMICS BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 422 KANT IN THE BRENTANIAN TRADITION / Liliana Aibertazzi INTRODUCTION WHATIS TRANSCENDENTAL? THE (TRANSCENDENTAL) 'OBJECT IN GENERAL' AND THE 'GENERAL OBJECT' THE THREE CATEGORICAL DEDUCTIONS IN THE TWO EDITIONS OF KRITIK DER REINEN VERNUNFT 'BACK TO KANT' PSYCHOLOGY AND LOGIC: CASSIRER'S POINT OF VIEW BRENTANO VERSUS KANT BRENTANOANDKANT THE DOCTRINE OF MODES PERCEPTION AND APPERCEPTION INNER SENSE AND INTENTIONAL MODIFICATIONS 446

13 XIV 12. SYNTHETIC A PRIORI JUDGMENTS 13. THEORY OF JUDGMENT 14. THE BRENTANIANS' POINT OF VIEW: CARL STUMPF 15. PSYCHOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS 16. CONCLUSIONS 17. BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES INDEX OF TOPICS INDEX OF NAMES

14 FOREWORD The central idea developed by the contributions to this book is that the split between analytic philosophy and phenomenology - perhaps the most important schism in twentieth-century philosophy - resulted from a radicalization of reciprocal partialities. Both schools of thought share, in fact, the same cultural background and their same initial stimulus in the thought of Franz Brentano. And one outcome of the subsequent rift between them was the oblivion into which the figure and thought of Brentano have fallen. The first step to take in remedying this split is to return to Brentano and to reconstruct the 'map' of Brent ani sm. The second task (which has been addressed by this book) is to revive interest in the theoretical complexity of Brentano' s thought and of his pupils and to revitalize those aspects that have been neglected by subsequent debate within the various movements of Brentanian inspiration. We have accordingly decided to organize the book into two introductory essays followed by two sections (Parts 1 and 2) which systematically examine Brentano's thought and that of his followers. The two introductory essays reconstruct the reasons for the 'invisibility', so to speak, of Brentano and set out the essential features of his philosophical doctrine. Part 1 of the book then examines six of Brentano's most outstanding pupils (Marty, Stumpf, Meinong, Ehrenfels, Husserl and Twardowski). Part 2 contains nine essays concentrating on the principal topics addressed by the Brentanians. In order to facilitate cross-referencing between the various essays contained in the book, each chapter concludes with a table giving the other points in the book where the same topics are dealt with. The Editors