ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 3 N 427

Transcription

1 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 3 N 427 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG 3 Planning Secretariat: DIN (Germany) Document type: National Body Contribution Title: CESI contribution on possible work on Smart Cities in JTC 1 Status: The document will serve as basis for the discussion in item 9 on the agenda of the meeting of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SWG Planning in St. Denis, FR, on 19/20 June Date of document: Source: Expected action: China Electronics Standardization Institute, Ms Yuan Yuan COMM Action due date: of secretary: Committee URL: cord.wischhoefer@din.de

2 China contribution of possible future work on Smart Cities in JTC 1 May 19 th, 2013

3 Contents Page 1 Scope Terms and Abbreviations Terms and definitions Abbreviations, acronyms and conventions Introduction of Smart Cities General concept Characteristics of Smart Cities Related technologies Applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities Relevant standardization activities on Smart Cities Standard needs analysis on Smart Cities and related work in JTC ICT standard needs analysis on Smart Cities Mapping between existent work in JTC 1 SCs/WGs and Smart Cities Examples of gaps between standard needs and existent work in JTC Recommendations to JTC Recommendation 1: Establishment of a Study Group on Smart Cities Recommendation 2: Potential Standard Areas on Smart Cities Bibliography... 26

4 1 Scope The concept of Smart Cities has aroused great attention around the world nowadays. Application of information and communication technology (ICT) has been recognized as key issue on Smart Cities. Many standardization development organizations (SDOs) have initiated standardization work for Smart Cities, including ISO, IEC, ITU-T, IEEE, CEN, ANSI, BSI, CESI (China Electronics Standardization Institute) etc. There is a need for JTC 1 to establish a study group on Smart Cities to analyze the requirements, gap and potential standard items. The objectives of this document are: - to explain concepts, characteristics and related technologies of Smart Cities, - to analyze applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities, - to study current international, regional and national standardization activities on Smart Cities, - to recognize standard needs on Smart Cities and related work in SCs and WGs within JTC1, - to propose recommendations of establishing a study group on Smart Cities in JTC 1 and potential standard areas. 2 Terms and Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 2.1 Terms and definitions Smart(Intelligent) Cities While almost all cities (and municipalities and regions) want to be smart, there is no accepted definition of what this means in practice be it in technological, developmental, or administrative terms. A Smart Cities is more than a digital city. A Smart Cities is one that is able to link physical capital with social one, and to develop better services and infrastructures. It is able to bring together technology, information, and political vision, into a coherent programme of urban and service improvements. A city can be defined as smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory action and engagement. (Definition taken from Wikipedia) Smart Environment Collectively refers to a particular domain or system that uses a mixture of reality and virtuality as its main presentation medium. Different descriptors are given to reality systems in terms of the relative composure of physical reality and virtuality (e.g. computer graphic objects or scene)

5 in the medium. In the case of augmented reality, medium representing the physical objects (e.g. video) are embedded into the virtual world. In other words, the virtual reality has relatively higher composure than the physical. Internet of Things The internet of things is a network of physical objects that are seamlessly integrated into the information network allowing 2 way communications. Interoperability Interoperability refers to the technical capability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. Multiple degrees of interoperability are possible, ranging from basic Physical layer (e.g., frequency, modulation and coding) compatibility up to full Application layer information exchange. System-Oriented, Importunate Smartness The space would be active, (in many cases even proactive) and in control of the situation by making decisions on what to do next and actually take action and execute them automatically (without a human in the loop). People-Oriented, Empowering Smartness keep the human in the loop thus empower people to make informed decisions and take actions as mature and responsible people who are in control. In this case, the environment will collect data about what is going on and aggregates the data but provides and communicates the resulting information - hopefully in an intuitive way so that ordinary people can comprehend it easily - for guidance and subsequent actions determined by the people. In this case, a smart space might also make suggestions based on the information collected but the people are still in the loop and in control of what to do next. Here, the place supports smart, intelligent behaviour of the people present (or in remote interaction scenarios people being away on the road but connected to the space). This view can be summarized as smart spaces make people smarter. Sensor (1) A term synonymous to hardware Device, (2) A term interchangeably used for Event (because a sensor, software or hardware) often generates an event(s). In this document, we avoid the usage of the term Sensor to avoid confusion. 2.2 Abbreviations, acronyms and conventions For the purposes of this document, the following expansion of acronyms and abbreviations apply. RM: Reference Model

6 SNS: Social Network Service SOA: Service Oriented Architecture SC-RM: Smart Cities referenced model 3 Introduction of Smart Cities 3.1 General concept The concept of Smart Cities is gaining increasingly high importance as a means of making available all the services and applications enabled by ICT to citizens, companies and authorities that are part of a city s system. It aims to improve citizens quality of life and improve the efficiency and quality of the services provided by governing entities and businesses. This perspective requires an integrated vision of a city and of its infrastructures, in all its components, and extends beyond the mere digitalisation of information and communication: it has to incorporate a number of dimensions that are not related to technology, e.g., the social and political ones. It is a mistake to think that making smarter cities requires just more investment in IT (Information Technologies) what cities need to be able to do is to use IT as a means to deliver local (and national and national levels) aims and objectives. The most important issue confounding efforts to make cities smarter is not the development of appropriate technologies, but to tackle the difficulties in changing organisations and existing ways of working to use these new technologies to deliver smarter cities. 3.2 Characteristics of Smart Cities This definition of domains and factors can serve as a good starting point for the crystallisation of the Smart Cities concept. The research [1], looking for an operational definition of Smart Cities, bases themselves on the study mentioned above and propose their own definition: We believe a city to be smart when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.. While this definition remains broad, the Smart Cities concept does entail many diverging elements, which are all in some way captured by it. This document addresses several aspects that are critical for understanding the Smart Cities concept and the current progress in this area. Based on studies and foresight reports we aim to shed light on how the concept of Smart Cities is currently adopted by cities and what the ambitions and expectations are in using this concept. Underlying approaches to Smart Cities are discussed, both in terms of the strategies and planning approaches. From this point of view, we explore the conditions that must be established to stimulate the transformation towards Smart Cities, and the resources that are available or should be made available such as investments in broadband networks and in smart applications, as well as in the capabilities to innovate. This also points to the changing structures and processes of innovation and city development. We see a

7 tendency towards more decentralized and bottom - up approaches to planning and innovation. Innovation ecosystems are characterized by a combination of top down and bottom up initiatives, leading to networking and collaboration among stakeholders, which eventually extend to real innovation communities. Increasingly, citizens, advanced businesses and local governments act as proactive catalysers of innovation, shaping cities as agents of change. [2] The authors of [3], describing medium-sized European Smart Cities, define a Smart Cities by using six characteristics in which such a city performs in a forward-looking way : Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Governance, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment and Smart Living. They use these six concepts to describe specific factors that can be important when describing a Smart Cities, which are presented in Figure 1. Figure 1 - Characteristics and factors of a Smart Cities (extracted from [3]). Given the broad definition of the Smart Cities concept, and the wide array of domains it may impact on, its potential is equally broad. In its most basic and general interpretation, the idea behind a Smart Cities should be an increase in quality of life for its citizens and travellers. This goal can be reached by increasing efficiency and efficacy of government, developing environment-friendly applications, increasing mobility, providing better health services, stimulating economic prowess, etc. In order to reach these and many other goals, it is vital that a city intending to become smart clearly outlines them in policy making, then defines a strategy that is founded in research to reach them, and which role(s) the city should play, e.g., as a service facilitator/incubator, service provider, network provider, etc. 3.3 Related technologies We found that the future Internet domain landscape comprises a great diversity of research streams and related topics for designing alternatives for Smart Cities. However, most connected and influencing Smart Cities are the following technology streams. Ubiquitous Computing

8 One particular challenge in the context of Smart Cities relates to open data business models. As services become pervasive and ubiquitous, the matter of opening up databases will become more important. Transparency towards the end users on how their information is being used, with clear opt-in options and secured environments, has to be the starting point when providing services that leverage personal data. The Public Sector Information re-use and utilisation of open data introduces a paradigm shift that will impact on many people working in public administration. Among many activities necessary for Public Sector Information provision and re-use, one can identify achieving most easy comparability and comprehensibility through furthering meta-data and data standardisation, and supporting the publishing of more fine granular data through mechanisms for automatic anonymisation or pseudonymisation of data sets. Networking Technology Networking Technology is about bringing higher broadband capacity with FTTH, 4G LTE and IP Multimedia Systems (IMS) as well as future networking technologies. These will enable the democratization, in terms of reasonable cost for high quality service, of Immersive Digital Environments. Such environments enable, for example, the radical increase of telecommuters (far less people travelling in and out the city), remote diagnosis in healthcare, and web-streaming of cities events. All these examples would contribute to reduce the level of congestion and wasted time and resources in every situation. Research areas such as Content Centric Networking (CCN) and Ubiquitous Computing are also promising faster processing that would increase the real-time capacity that is vital for mass interactions. Cloud Computing An element related to the trend of platformisation is cloud computing, which is increasingly helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and work smarter. From a business perspective, cloud computing is a key concept to enable a global ecosystem, where organisations are able to be more competitive. In the context of this ever-increasing complexity and platformisation, interoperability between systems will be exceedingly important. Standardisation is clearly an important task, affecting all levels of middleware implementation, assuring transparent and reliable interfaces to the middleware, as well as interoperability between products and services across very different domains. Thus, interoperability and standardised ways of communication between systems is an important research subject, crosscutting all smart ccity domains. Extremely important is the expected standardisation of Smart Cities systems, platforms, and applications, which is necessary to provide on-demand self services. Standardisation will accelerate technology diffusion and learning curves as city administrations and their IT departments will become aware of proven solutions for the main districts and sectors of the city. We should expect a standardisation of platforms and applications in different domains of cities, related to typical city districts (CBD, manufacturing, housing, education), city utilities (transport, energy, water, broadband), and city management (administration, democracy, planning). Collaborative innovation ecosystems may emerge in these areas.

9 SOA Pre-built integration into back-office applications and multi-channel access to maximize citizen self-service results in higher efficiencies and cost savings, and must be implemented with a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) that facilitates a fully shared environment. Taking a SOA approach for local and city government organizations will require a new way of thinking about IT infrastructure, not only technically but organizationally. SOA can leverage a world of multiple vendors that build systems, which create interoperability and use each other s capabilities. By interoperating and mapping an SOA approach across IT systems, local governments can achieve dramatic results. This shifts the old IT model of proprietary systems that cannot be transformed from older generations of technology to a flexible, shared model that leaves room for scalable, incremental growth. With flexibility for the future, government organizations are no longer beholden to legacy systems or partners that promote them, nor are they faced with a step-function such as the need to remove large data systems all at once. E-Government The development of efficient and effective e-government is a prerequisite for the development of Smart Cities. The lack of horizontal and vertical integration across the various e-government and urban initiatives, and the relatively low level of interest shown by many national authorities, limit efforts for the systemic development and implementation of local e-government. The development of transnational authentication systems for citizens and businesses, the development of agreed frameworks for data privacy, and the sharing and collection of individual and business data, are key. Standardisation and interoperability are key requirements for the widespread adoption of technologies and services to provide e-government at the city level. Cities will need to be able to better integrate wireless networks, making provision seamless and transparent. Cities will increasingly move from being service providers to platform ones, providing an infrastructure that enables the development of a broad range of public and private applications and services. Standardised technologies and infrastructures that are necessary to provide personalised and location-based services need to be developed. Embedded networks Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are expected advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0 applications, social media and crowdsourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence is emerging having a direct impact on the services cities offer to their citizens. Collective intelligence and social media has been a major driver of spatial intelligence of cities. Social media have offered the technology layer for organizing collective intelligence with crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other means of collaborative problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight another route of spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information. Smart Cities with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can collect and analyse data and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows, thus push city intelligence forward.

10 Internet of Things Internet of Things (IoT) is considered as a major research and innovation stream leading to create plenty of service opportunities in interconnecting physical an virtual worlds with a huge amount of electronic devices distributed in houses, vehicles, streets, buildings and many other public environments. These technologies open up a new innovation technology paradigm of embedded spatial intelligence cities, emerging from cloud computing, embedded smart sensors and devices, and open data. Internet of Things including sensor networks and RFID is another important emerging strand. These technologies may overcome the fragmented market and island solutions of Smart Cities applications and provide generic solutions to all cities. Examples of generic architecture include networked RFID tags (passive and active tags, mobile devices), sensor networks (multimodal sensors and actuators, built-in intelligent agents), and connected objects such as distributed intelligent systems, intelligent objects and biometrics [4]. A new round of applications, such as location aware applications, speech recognition, Internet micro payment systems, and mobile application stores, which are close to mainstream market adoption, may offer a wide range of services on embedded system into the physical space of cities. Augmented reality is also a hot topic in the sphere mobile devices and smart phones, enabling a next generation location-aware applications and services [5]. While the future uses of IoT technologies that will bridge the physical and virtual worlds are still largely a matter for speculation, there are estimations that they will bring significant economic benefits. The OECD policy guidance encourages research on economic and social impacts and foster business R&D encouraging technological neutrality, open global standards, and harmonization of frequency bands [6]. Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are expected to enable a new type of spatial intelligence, advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0 applications, social media and crowdsourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence having a direct impact on the services cities offer to their citizens. The concept of spatial intelligence of cities refers to mechanisms that make a city intelligent or smart and allows unifying those of intelligent city" and Smart Cities under a common field of study focusing on their underlying informational and cognitive processes ( Internet of Things brings us closer to the way describing the intelligence of cities as residing in "the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive competence)". Collective intelligence and social media has been a major driver of spatial intelligence of cities. Social media have offered the technology layer for organizing collective intelligence, with crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other means of participatory problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight another route of spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information. Smart Cities with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors can collect and analyse data

11 and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban flows, thus push city intelligence forward [7]. For this type of embedded spatial intelligence it is important to develope the Urban IoT platforms offering a common framework for ambient sensor networks as intelligent information infrastructure under universal ubiquitous sensor network architecture [8]. 4 Applications, requirements and challenges of Smart Cities Applications and requirements are grouped into 5 topics: Economic, Social & Privacy Implications; Developing E-Government; Health, Inclusion and Assisted Living; Intelligent Transportation Systems; and Smart Grids, Energy Efficiency, and Environment. Each of the topics is put into perspective according to its potential, challenges, technical requirements, and roadmaps. All these domains raise new challenges in security and privacy, since users implicitly expect systems to be secure and privacy-preserving. One of the critical elements is which role(s) the city will take up as an actor within an increasingly complex value network. New players enter the market, actors shift their business strategies, roles change, different types of platforms emerge and vie for market dominance, technological developments create new threats and opportunities, etc. An element related to the trend of platformisation is cloud computing, which is increasingly helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and work smarter. One particular challenge relates to open data business models. Activities necessary for Public Sector Information provision can be identified. Health, inclusion and assisted living will play an essential role, since the demand for related services is rising, because ageing is changing disease composition. Requirements address a number of technologies, beyond the ones related to mobile and fixed networks. An integrated perspective on healthcare solutions for the near- to long-term can be foreseen, bridging a direct gap in between the health area and the technological development of communications (radio and network components). The needs for mobility in urban areas result into a number of problems, such as traffic congestion and energy consumption, which can be alleviated by exploiting Intelligent Transportation Systems and further adoption of vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication networks. The information being managed in this area can be relevant to other domains, which increases its potential. An effective deployment poses a number of technical, sociological, regulatory and economic challenges. Smart energy grids are the backbone of the Smart Cities, a major requirement being to leverage energy consumption between the different producers and consumers. The successful combination of smart processes and technologies will enable energy efficiency and savings to be achieved in the residential and business markets. Intelligent systems and integrated communication infrastructure are highly demanded, which can assist in the management of power distribution grids in an optimised way. Smart grids are seen as a major opportunity to merge power and ICT industries and technologies. When looking at the potential impact that telecommunications, and the services made available

12 by them, may have in cities, a number of opportunities, challenges and barriers can be identified. The deployment of these services implies that other sectors need to be brought to work together with the telecommunications one, hence, requiring that the latter is aware of a number of requirements and constraints, coming from the many applications made possible in a Smart Cities environment. The cooperation between the IT industry, other sectors, and public authorities, should be stimulated to accelerate development and wide-scale roll out of IT-based solutions for smart grids, meters etc. The IT sector should deliver modelling, analysis, monitoring, and visualisation tools to evaluate the energy performance and emissions of cities and regions. In the context of this ever-increasing complexity and platformisation, interoperability between systems will be exceedingly important. Standardisation is clearly an important task, affecting all levels of middleware implementation, assuring transparent and reliable interfaces to the middleware, as well as interoperability between products and services across very different domains. Thus, interoperability and standardised ways of communication between systems is an important research subject, crosscutting all Smart Cities domains. In conclusion, we have addressed application areas within Smart Cities, i.e., e-government, Health, Inclusion and Assisted Living, Intelligent Transportation Systems, and Smart Grids, Energy Efficiency, and Environment. In order to achieve the goal of Smart Cities, quite a number of technologies in the area of wireless and fixed communications networks, cross-sector data and service fusion, smarter services delivery have to be developed, and many research challenges have been identified. Meanwhile, standards on Smart Cities are urgently needed, which are fundamental and essential for the development of Smart Cities. 5 Relevant standardization activities on Smart Cities Specific Smart Cities standardization working items are being developed by a variety of new and also by well established SDOs/consortia outside ISO/IEC JTC 1. The following table gives an overview of the major standardization initiatives, national or regional strategy, and commercial solutions on Smart Cities. Title Table 1 - Smart Cities standardization initiatives and activites outside ISO Related fields and corresponding work to Smart Cities 1. ITU-T ITU-T Study Group 5 Environment and climate change Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, will act as an open platform for smart-city stakeholders such as municipalities; academic and research institutes; non-governmental organizations (NGOs); and ICT organizations, industry forums and consortia to exchange knowledge in the interests of identifying the standardized frameworks needed to support the integration of ICT services in Smart Cities. Smart Sustainable Cities is also the theme of ITU s 3rd Green ICT Application Challenge. 2. IEC Japan and Germany proposed to establish a technical committee on Smart Cities in the SMB meeting, 2013.

13 IEC/SMB/SG3 Strategic Group on Smart Grid 3. IEEE Standards Association 1. IEC/TR 62357:2003 Power system control and associated communications - Reference architecture for object models, services and protocols 2. IEC Power Utility Automation 3. IEC Common Information Model (CIM) / Energy Management 4. IEC Common Information Model (CIM) / Distribution Management 5. IEC Security IEC PC IEEE SCC21 2. IEEEP IEEE 1888 (Ubiquitous Green Community Control Network) 4. IEEE 802 refers to a family of IEEE standards dealing with local area networks and metropolitan area networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC). The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs. An individual Working Group provides the focus for each area. 4. European Commission 5. CEN/ CENELEC and ETSI 1. By launching a Smart Cities and Communities European Innovation Partnership (SCC) the European Commission aims to boost the development of smart technologies in cities by pooling research resources from energy, transport and ICT and concentrating them on a small number of demonstration projects which will be implemented in partnership with cities. For 2013 alone, 365 million in EU funds have been earmarked for the demonstration of these types of urban technology solutions. 2. EU s Seventh Framework Programme for Research(FP7) will investe 4.8 billion in thematic areas, with specific priorities to preserve oceans and water, better use of raw materials, efficient energy, promote efficiency in the processing of biological resources, develop Smart Cities and tackle issues such as public sector reform, brain research and anti-microbial resistance. 3. European Smart Cities Ranking A very significant development is the launch of the European Innovation Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and Communities. CEN/CENELEC and ETSI initiate Smart Cities standardization work in the high-level group, which also includes the EU Commissioners in charge of Energy, Transport, and Information Society, together with leaders from industry and local governments. They have taken the initiative in order to discuss their standardization needs in relation to energy aspects relating to the Smart Cities' concept. 6. NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability 7. ANSI On April 4, 2013, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) convened a Joint Member Forum with subject matter experts from standards developing organizations, industry, government, and academia to discuss the role that standards and conformance solutions can play in contributing to national and

14 international Smart Cities initiatives. 8. BSI The UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills commissioned BSI to develop a standards strategy for Smart Cities. This strategy aims to accelerate the implementation of Smart Cities and minimize the risks of failure in April The strategy outlines a foundation of knowledge to help cities as the embark on a programme to become smarter: guidelines metrics management processes technical specifications 1. BS 8904 Guidance for community sustainable development provides a decision-making framework that will help setting objectives in response to the needs and aspirations of city stakeholders 2. BS Collaborative relationship management 3. New PAS Guide for a Decision-Making Framework for the Establishment of a Smart Cities 4. BSI PAS on Smart Cities terminology 5. BSI workshop on standards requirements for the interoperability ecosystem 6. Smart Cities guide to information governance 7. Smart Cities robustness standard 9. ACR NEMA Digital Imaging and Communication of Medicine 10. China In China, several national standardization committees and consortia have started standardization work on Smart Cities, including China National IT Standardization TC (NITS), China National CT Standardization TC, China National Intelligent Transportation System Standardization TC, China National TC on Digital Technique of Intelligent Building and Residence Community of Standardization Administration, China Strategic Alliance of Smart City Industrial Technology Innovation. NITS is the mirror committee of JTC1 in China. The progress on Smart Cities are: 1. <Investigation Report on Status of Smart Cities and Standard Needs in China> 2. Draft <Research Report on China Standard System on Smart Cities> 3. Started studying on several standard items on Smart Cities, such as terminology, reference model, evaluation model and basic indexes, data and services fusion, methodology for planning and designing based on EA, guidance on how to use current SOA standards 4. A book <Implementation Guidance for Smart Cities> 11. Korea Standardization of ICT infrastructure, processes and governance norms will lead to the creation of an extensive information-led ecosystem which can deliver

15 uniform citizen and business services. A symbiotic collaboration model of ownership and accountability across government and private institutions will be crucial. Going forward, U-City projects will have an intrinsic lifecycle management process aligned to changing business and citizen requirements, thereby driving sustained competitive edge. 12. Germany Member of European Innovation Partnership (EIP) for Smart Cities and Communities. DKE and DIN work together on roadmap and Smart Cities recommendations for action in Germany. The following table on Smart Cities gives an overview of the major concerns of cities today and how ISO standards provide the support for better, healthier and safer city living. It highlights how International Standards contribute to building Smart Cities by improving energy efficiency, increasing safety, planning sustainable urban development, developing reliable road networks and effective means of transportation, reducing pollution and dealing with water and wastewater management. TC No. Table 2 - ISO standardization work on Smart Cities Related fileds and corresponding work to Smart Cities TC 268, Sustainable development in communities, focuses on the development of a management system standard. ISO/TC 268/ SC 1, Smart community infrastructures, is dedicated to smart urban infrastructures. 1. ISO 37101, Sustainable development and resilience of communities Management systems General principles and requirements 2. ISO 37120, Sustainable development and resilience of communities Global city indicators for city services and quality of life 3. ISO/TR 37150, a technical report on smart urban infrastructures around the world 4. ISO standard on harmonized metrics for benchmarking smartness of infrastructures 2. ISO/TC 163 and ISO/TC 205 A joint working group (JWG) helps coordinate common areas between ISO/TC 205, Building environment design, and ISO/TC 163, Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment, and has developed a holistic approach to address buildings energy performance. The JWG has started work on a standard for addressing the indoor environmental conditions assumed in energy performance calculations. 1. ISO 16346, Energy performance of buildings Assessment of overall energy performance 2. ISO 16343, Energy performance of buildings Methods for expressing energy performance and for energy certification of buildings 3. ISO 12655, Energy performance of buildings Presentation of measured energy use of buildings 4. ISO/TR 16344:2012, Energy performance of buildings Common terms, definitions and symbols for the overall energy performance rating and certification

16 5. ISO 13153:2012, Framework of the design process for energysaving single-family residential and small commercial buildings ISO/TC 257, General technical rules for determination of energy savings in renovation projects, industrial enterprises and regions, has a key role to play in cutting global energy consumption. Energy savings and the resulting improved energy efficiency are the best ways to restrain energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Measurement, calculation and verification have established themselves as the cornerstone to stimulate technologies and policies and encourage efficiency. To enhance collaboration in related technical subjects at an organizational level, an ISO/TC 242, Energy management (leading body)-iso/tc 257 joint working group (JWG) for the Measurement and verification of organizational energy performance General principles and guidelines, has also been established ISO/TC 242, Energy management, focuses on the field of energy management, including for example: energy efficiency, energy performance, energy supply, procurement practices for energy using equipment and systems, and energy use as well as measurement of current energy usage, implementation of a measurement system to document, report, and validate continual improvement in the area of energy management. 1. ISO 50001:2011, Energy management systems Requirements with guidance for use ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works, subcommittee SC 14, Design life, focuses on balancing environmental and economic impacts, applying the overall methodology of service life planning to open source data transfer. 1. ISO 15686, Buildings and constructed assets Service life planning 2. ISO 16739, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for data sharing in the construction and facility management industries ISO/TC 223, Social Security, develops standards for public and private organizations in such areas as: resilience, exercises, public/private partnership, emergency management, capability assessment, mass evacuation, and continuity management. 1. ISO 22316, Societal security Organizational resilience Principles and guideline 2. ISO 22301:2012, Societal security Business continuity management systems Requirements 3. ISO 22313:2012, Societal security Business continuity management systems Guidance 4. ISO 22398, Societal security Guidelines for exercises, helps businesses to plan and carry out joint exercises and test their preparations, ability and capacity to deal with unexpected events. 5. ISO 22320:2011, Societal security Emergency management Requirements for incident response

17 6. ISO 22324, Societal security Emergency management Colour-coded alert ISO/TC 241, Road traffic safety management systems, covers the field of RTS, Road traffic safety. ISO will assist governmental and private sector organizations alike by providing a structured, holistic approach to road traffic safety as a complement to existing programmes and regulations. 1. ISO 39001:2012, Road traffic safety (RTS) management systems Requirements with guidance for use ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, focuses on standardization of information, communication and control systems in the field of urban and rural surface transportation, including intermodal and multimodal aspects thereof, traveller information, traffic management, public transport, commercial transport, emergency services and commercial services in the intelligent transport systems (ITS) field. 9. TMB ISO/TC Technical Management Board 1. ISO 20121:2012, Event sustainability management systems Requirements with guidance for use, specifies requirements for an event sustainability management system for any type of event or event-related activity, and provides guidance on conforming to those requirements. It has been developed to help ensure that events, ranging from local celebrations to mega events such as the Olympic and Paralympic Games, leave behind a positive legacy in terms of economic, environmental and social benefits, with minimum material waste, energy consumption, or strain on local communities. 2. ISO 26000:2010 guidance on social responsibility (SR) is intended to provide organizations with guidance concerning social responsibility and can be used as part of public policy activities. Currently, there are many initiatives to make the standards related to Smart Cities. However, since some of those activities are very beginning stage and some of them are only focused on narrow work scope which is not global perspective, more activities are being done by international/national/regional SDOs recently. 6 Standard needs analysis on Smart Cities and related work in JTC1 6.1 ICT standard needs analysis on Smart Cities The concept of Smart Cities is a complex giant system, which is the integrated application of the mobile Internet, Internet of things, cloud computing, Big Data, SOA, IT service management, information security etc. So the standardization work of Smart Cities should not only include developing the specific standards for smart cities but also consider how to adopt and use existing standards effectively. In general, Smart Cities standard needs should be divided into three categories: the first category is the existing standard to follow directly; the second category for smart cities needs to focus on the development of the new standards; the third category is the guidelines of existing standards according to different scene of Smart Cites.

18 Following are detailed analysis on the representative standard needs for Smart Cities. Throughout the world there is a need for advanced monitoring methodologies and benchmarking scoreboards (such as the EU Innovation Scoreboard) to assess effectively and comparatively costs and benefits from investments in broadband infrastructure in cities, sensor networks, Smart Cities platforms, e-services, and user-driven innovation initiatives over this tangible and intangible infrastructure. There should be also concrete methods and indicators to evaluate the enrichment of user experience, the level of people/citizens engagement and the resulting co-created value and empowerment of citizens, as innovation is all about empowering humans. The development of Smart Cities requires a pragmatic approach to technological development and deployment that is based on open standards and interoperability, which is vendor neutral and focused on the needs of cities, citizens, and businesses. Technologies need to be deployable, and supported by sound business models. Smart networks and infrastructures need to be developed in order to exchange information from person to person, from people to machines, from machines to people, or from machines to machines. Smart Cities need to be able to integrate themselves into national, regional and international infrastructures. Although implementation aspects depend strongly on national, regional and local authorities, worldwide recommendations and directives will definitely contribute to accelerate the deployment of Smart Cities in their government perspectives. According to investigation work on Smart Cities, it is needed to initiate a dialogue with relevant consortia as identified in this document with a view to establishing the state of the work on Smart Cities in the various consortia. In order to achieve the goals of a Smart Cities, it is necessary to increase efficiency and efficacy of government, developing environment-friendly applications, increasing mobility, providing better health services, stimulating economic prowess, etc. It is vital that a city clearly outlines these goals in policy making, defining a strategy founded in research to reach them, and which role the city should play. In order to achieve user consent, trust in, and acceptance of Smart Cities, integration of security and privacy-preserving mechanisms must be a key concern of future research. Overall research challenges can be classified into the following aspects: handling of the increasing complexity of distributed systems from the security perspective is required; identity and privacy management, where, e.g., pseudonymisation must be applied throughout the whole system, in order to separate the data collected about a user from the user s real identity; integration into systems of security technologies, e.g., advanced encryption and access control, and intelligent data aggregation techniques. A roadmap in this area foresees that the technological development should be accompanied by legal and communication aspects. 6.2 Mapping between existent work in JTC 1 SCs/WGs and Smart Cities Regarding the work scope of existing SCs/WGs in JTC 1, there are some relationships with their work on several Smart Cities issues.

19 Table 3 - Mapping between SCs/WGs and Smart Cities No. Subcommittee Title Relationship to Smart Cities WG 7 Sensor networks Infrastructures of sensor network: 1. ISO/IEC DIS Information technology -- Sensor networks: Sensor network reference architecture (SNRA) -- Part 1: General overview and requirements 2. ISO/IEC WD Information technology -- Sensor Networks: Sensor Network and its interfaces for smart grid system 3. ISO/IEC WD Information technology -- Sensor Networks -- Generic Sensor Network Application Interface 4. ISO/IEC DIS Information technology Sensor networks -- Services and interfaces supporting collaborative information processing in intelligent sensor networks WG 8 Governance of IT Specifically, Governance of IT incorporates the mechanisms, methods, and models which ensure the conformance of IT to underlying and required policies, regulations, laws, and ethical guidelines. Additionally, Governance of IT considers the mechanisms, methods, and models which ensure that the IT organization s performance can be measured again such conformance requirements. Governance of IT also considers organizational and IT strategy and the means by which these critical functions should be aligned to ensure value is derived for the organization from the IT investment. The area of work includes standardization (or alignment with existing standards work) in the following areas: - Corporate Governance of IT - IT Service Management - IT Forensics - IT Audit - IT Security and Privacy - IT Systems Architecture 1. ISO/IEC 38500:2008 Corporate Governance of IT SC 02 Coded character sets TBD SC 06 Telecommunications Infrastructures of network: and information exchange between systems 1. ISO/IEC 8802 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Specific requirements The physical layer protocol is designed for the following scope: - low carrier frequency for large magnetic field area and reliable communication in harsh environments; - simple and robust modulation for a low implementation cost and error performance;

20 - variable coding and bandwidth for a link adaptation. The media access control layer protocol is designed for the following scope: - simple and efficient network topology for low power consumption; - variable superframe structure for compact and efficient data transmission; - dynamic address assignment for small packet size and efficient address management. 1. ISO/IEC 15149:2011 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) 2. ISO/IEC NP Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 1: Air interface 3. ISO/IEC NP Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 2: In-band Control Protocol for Wireless Power Transfer 4. ISO/IEC NP Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 3: Relay Protocol for Extended Range 5. ISO/IEC NP Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Magnetic field area network (MFAN) -- Part 4: Security Protocol for Authorization 6. ISO/IEC WD Low Power Wireless Mesh Network over Channel-hopped TDMA Links (LPWMN-TDMA) 7. ISO/IEC DIS MAC/PHY standard for ad hoc wireless network to support QoS in an industrial work environment 8. ISO/IEC CD Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- PHY/MAC specifications for short-range wireless low-rate applications in the ISM band 9. ISO/IEC PDTR Information technology -- Future Network -- Problem statement and requirements SC 07 Software and systems engineering SC 07 work related to Smart Cities includes: - IT Service Management, - IT Enabled Services and Business Process Outsourcing, - IS Governance, Software asset management (SAM) SC 17 Cards and personal SC 17 work related to Smart Cities:

21 identification - Cards and devices for associated with their use in inter-industry applications and International interchange SC 22 Programming TBD languages, their environments and system software interfaces SC 23 Digitally Recorded TBD Media for Information Interchange and Storage SC 24 Computer graphics, Augmented reality is a hot topic in the sphere mobile devices and image processing and smart phones, enabling a next generation location-aware environmental data representation applications and services. SC 24 work related smart enviroment : - Augmented Reality Continuum Reference Model SC 25 Interconnection of information The energy savings expected from smart grids can be enhanced through the interaction among smart grids and smart homes. technology 1. The HES standards ISO/IEC x-y enable such equipment interactions with intelligent homes. 2. ISO/IEC x - Information technology Home electronic system (HES) Part 3-1: Architecture of smart energy home for HES 3. ISO/IEC TR has been upgraded to a standard to guide electric utilities as they deploy demand response systems for managing energy consumption, including various smart grid initiatives. SC 25 provides the emerging smart grids with access to intelligent homes and devices. 1. ISO/IEC TR : Information technology -- Intelligent homes -- Taxonomy of specifications - Part 1: Taxonomy method 2. ISO/IEC TR IT - Terminology for intelligent homes 3. ISO/IEC x Intelligent grouping and resource sharing 4. ISO/IEC 9318-XX Intelligent Peripheral Interface SC 27 IT Security techniques SC 27 work realted to ICT security in Smart Cities: - management of information and ICT security; in particular information security management systems (ISMS), security processes, security controls and services SC 28 Office equipment TBD SC 29 Coding of audio, SC 29 work related to smart enviroment : picture, multimedia 1. ISO/IEC DIS Information technology - Multimedia