BME 3511 Bioelectronics I - Laboratory Exercise #2. Series Resistive Circuits

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1 BME 3511 Bioelectronics I - Laboratory Exercise #2 Series Resistive Circuits Introduction: Electrical measurements are essential techniques for trouble shooting electronic equipment/circuits. The three quantities of voltage, current, and resistance are the basis for most analyses of both constant (direct current DC) and time variant (alternating current AC) circuits. Frequency, capacitive reactance, and inductive reactance are three additional factors related to AC circuits. Multimeters are the most frequently used instrument to measure current, voltage, and resistance. Digital Multimeters (DMM) are convenient, accurate, portable, and durable. MCM DMM Model is an inexpensive, yet relatively accurate DMM that will be used in BME Note on Biomedical Electronics Lab Safety: Electric shock can be fatal; read and heed the BME 3511 Bioelectronics Safety Guidelines. In general, the undergraduate BME electronic laboratory experiments conducted in BME Teaching Laboratories, do not use voltages greater than 30 V (± 15 V); therefore, the chance of receiving an electrical shock is greatly reduced. However, all voltages do have the potential to burn materials and start fires, destroy electronic components, and present hazards to the person performing the operations. Common sense and an awareness of electrical circuits is important whenever you are working on these experiments. Objectives: Become familiar with DMM functions and characteristics; and with the techniques for using a DMM to measure resistance, DC voltages, and DC currents. Be knowledgeable of voltages and current flow in series resistive circuits. Laboratory Equipment and Supplies: Background: DMM DC Variable Power Supply Assorted Resistors Breadboard The MCM DMM Model features a rotary switch that can used be to select various functions and range of measurement values. For DMM specifications, please refer to the Digital Multimeter DMM Model Functions, Ranges, Resolutions, and Accuracy (page 4 of the BME 3511 Bioelectronics I - Laboratory Exercise #1 procedures guidelines). Refer to the DMM itself for examples of the function labels; starting at the top center and moving clockwise: Off, AC Voltage, DC Current, Square Wave Output, Battery Tester, Diode Test, Resistance, and DC Voltage. AC current measurement is not supported. Note: The maximum allowable DC current is 200 ma. Page 1

2 Measuring DC Voltages and DC Currents Using the MCM DMM Model DC Voltage Measurement Procedure The DC voltage measurement positions are: 200mV, 2000mV, 20V, 200V, and 300V. To measure DC voltage, connect the meter as follows: 1. Set the rotary switch to an appropriate measurement position in the DC voltage range. The rotary switch should be placed in the desired position prior to connecting the leads. This position should not be changed while the leads are connected. 2. Connect the test leads in parallel across with the component being measured. The measured value shows on the display. 3. When the DC voltage measurement has been completed, disconnect the testing leads from the circuit under test. Notes: DO NOT connect the DMM in series while using the DC Voltage Function. If the value of DC voltage to be measured is unknown, use the maximum measurement position (300V) and reduce the range step by step until a satisfactory reading is obtained. In each DC voltage range, the DMM has an input impedance of greater then 1 MΩ. This loading effect can cause measurement errors in high impedance circuits. If the circuit impedance is less than 1 KΩ, the error is negligible (0.1% or less). Source: MCM DMM Model Operating Manual DC Current Measurement Procedure The DC current measurement positions are: 2000 μa, 20 ma, and 200 ma. To measure DC current, connect the meter as follows: 1. Turn off power to the circuits. Discharge all high-voltage capacitors. 2. Set the rotary switch to an appropriate measurement position in the DC current range. The rotary switch should be placed in the desired position prior to connecting leads. This position should not be changed while the leads are connected. 3. Break the circuit continuity of the current path to be tested. Connect the red lead in series to the more positive side of the current path break and the black lead to the more negative side of the current path break. 4. Turn on the DC power to the circuit. The measured value shows on the display. Notes: DO NOT connect the DMM in parallel across the load while using the DC Current Function. If the value of DC current to be measured is unknown, use the maximum measurement position (200 ma) and reduce the range step by step until a satisfactory reading is obtained. After completing the DC current measurement, turn off the DC power and disconnect the connection between the testing leads and the circuit under test. Source: MCM DMM Model Operating Manual Page 2

3 Procedure: Measuring Resistance, DC Voltage, and DC Current Values Step 1. Select three resistors (560Ω, 2200Ω, 6800Ω) that were used in Laboratory Exercise #1. Record the nominal values on the Laboratory Exercise # 2 Report Form. Use the appropriate range scale on the DMM to measure the resistor values and record your readings in Table 1. Using the measured resistor values, calculate and record each of the following values: Step 2. Equivalent resistance for all three resistors if they were placed in series with one another. Circuit current if the circuit voltage source were 12 VDC. Voltage drop across each of the resistors in series and across all three resistors together. Construct a series circuit using a breadboard and the three resistors. Do Not connect any voltage source. Using the DMM Resistance Function: Step 3. Measure across each resistor and confirm the resistive value. Measure across all three series resistors and confirm the equivalent resistance value. Confirm that the DC power supply is turned off. Connect the DC power supply in series with the resistors. Turn on the power supply and set the output voltage to 12 VDC. Using the DMM DC Voltage Function, select the appropriate VDC Range: Measure the voltage across each resistor and record your readings. Measure the voltage across all three resistors in series and record your readings. Turn off the power supply and disconnect it from your circuit. Step 4. Confirm that the DC Power Supply is turned off. Connect the DMM in series with the resistors. Select the DC Current Function and Range = 20 ma. Do Not use any function other than DC Current. Confirm that the DC Power Supply is turned off. Connect the DC power supply in series with the resistors and the DMM. Turn on the power supply and set the output voltage to 12 VDC. Record the current reading. Turn off the power supply and disconnect it from your circuit. Page 3

4 Laboratory Report Comments and Observations Safe guard your resistors from Laboratory Exercise #2. You will need these same resistors for later laboratory exercises. You must annotate any references you consulted in answering the questions below. You may wish to use a word processor to complete your answers and attach the printout to your Laboratory Exercise #2 Report Form. 1. What is the maximum allowable DC current when using the DMM Model DC Current Function? 2. What is the maximum allowable AC current when using the DMM Model AC Current Function? 3. In addition to completing Table 1, provide comments regarding any differences between the nominal, calculated, and measured values for resistance, current, and voltage. 4. Use the Internet or other reference sources of your own choice to explain what would happen a) if a DMM is connected in series with a DC voltage source and another function other than the DC Current Function is selected. b) if a DMM is connected in parallel across a load with a DC voltage source applied and the DC Current Function is selected. Page 4

5 BME 3511 Bioelectronics I Laboratory Exercise #2 Report Form Series Resistive Circuits I affirm that I personally participated in the collection and analysis of the data for this laboratory exercise and that I personally contributed to the completion of this laboratory report. Student Name: Signature: Date: I affirm that I personally participated in the collection and analysis of the data for this laboratory exercise and that I personally contributed to the completion of this laboratory report. Student Name: Signature: Date: Grade: Grader Comments:

6 BME 3511 Bioelectronics I Laboratory Exercise #2 Report Form Nominal Value DMM Measurement Calculated Value DMM Measurement R1 R2 R3 V R1 V R2 V R3 R EQ Calculated Series Current (12 VDC) V REQ Measured Series Current (12 VDC) Table 1 Recorded DMM Nominal, Calculated, and Measured Values