MICROWAVE OVER FIBER Applications and Performance
|
|
- Quentin Young
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MICROWAVE OVER FIBER Applications and Performance IEEE North Jersey LEOS November 12, 2012 John A. MacDonald Vice President of Engineering, LLC Dr. Allen Katz President, Linearizer Technology, Inc. Professor, The College of New Jersey 1
2 OUTLINE 1. MICROWAVE LINKS: ANALOG / DIGITAL 2. INTENSITY MODULATION & DETECTION 3. PRACTICAL LINK STRUCTURES DIRECT MODULATION EXTERNAL MODULATION PHOTORECEIVERS TRANSMISSION MEDIUM 4. PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS LINEAR EFFECTS NONLINEAR EFFECTS 5. NONLINEAR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT/LINEARIZATION 6. SUMMARY 2
3 Analog / Digital The bulk of fiber optic communications uses digital modulation Fast switching and low pulse distortion determine link fidelity Certain applications not suited to digital: Bandwidth too high to be digitized System complexity favors a broad pipe Primary distinction between digital and analog is linearity Analog/Microwave links depend upon low distortionto achieve high fidelity 3
4 Microwave Fiber Optic Link RF Input E to O transducer Optical Fiber O to E transducer RF Output Ideally, the output is a linearcopy of the input E/O transducer modulates the RF information onto an optical carrier O/E transducer reverses the operation Transducers must effectively transfer RF power (information) 50 Ω impedance to RF environment Modern Microwave Link technology is dominated by: Intensity modulation of semiconductor lasers Envelope detection using PIN or APD photodiodes 4
5 Microwave Link Applications Radar Low weight, complexity Beamsteering and Direction-finding Antenna and Signal Remoting Direct-RF over longer distances (many km) Reliable alternative to wireless in fixed services Electronic Warfare / SIGINT / ELINT Secure Comms(EMI hard) Towed Decoys Space-based Mass advantage Deployed fiber: can be radiation hard; less thermally sensitive Precise Time and Frequency Distribution High RF and Magnetic EMI Environments Fiber is almost completely EMI-proof, and non-metallic High Voltage Environments Fiber will not conduct 5
6 Practical Intensity Modulation Direct Laser diode is modulated directly External Laser source drives a separate optical component 6
7 Direct Modulation 12 Bias I L P 10 8 Diode Laser Power vs. Current Modulating Signal i m 6 4 Slope Efficiency η L Semiconductor 2 Laser Optical Intensity Mean Offset + Modulation I TH I L Laser Modulation Current DC Bias + RF P ( im ) =ηl ( I L ITH + im) 7
8 External Modulation A CW optical signal is intensity modulated via a field-dependent optical medium µwave / mm-wavemodulation speeds can be achieved with 2 major methods: Electro-Optic Modulation Field-dependent change in optical index (electooptic effect) Electro-Absorption Modulation Field-dependent change in optical attenuation 8
9 Electro-Optic Modulation Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Index of refraction is dependent on applied field (modulating signal) Electro-Optic effect can be realized in Lithium Niobate(LiNbO 3 ), InP, and other crystal structures, i.e. KDP (KH 2 PO 4 ) 2 4 Optical Vector Diffused Optical Waveguide on LiNbO 3 substrate Vm (RF + Bias) Propagation constant of the beam in the lower leg is retarded due to applied electric field experiences less phase shift than upper leg. Optical intensity (power) is modulated by the applied RF signal due to summation of out-of-phase vectors. 9
10 Mach-Zehnder 1 Intensity 0.5 Optical Intensity Mean Offset + Modulation Vm Modulation Voltage DC Bias + RF Optical Output power follows cos 2 function o Vector phase summation V π is DC voltage that causes 180 phase rotation o Depends on crystal physics and electrode length o Corresponds to min and max output power o Digital Modulation: variation between min and max Analog Modulation: Bias at Quadrature (shown) o Results in linear intensity modulation o Slope = 1 at quadrature point o Even order distortions are balanced (zero) 10
11 Electro-Absorption Absorption of optical signal dependent on applied bias Transmission follows exponential relationship with applied field Generally not as linear as MZM V m P in P transmitted P out P( V m ) = e f ( Vm) 0.5 N i a absorbed 0.25 Transmitted Optical Intensity Mean Offset + Modulation Modulation Voltage DC Bias + RF 11
12 Photodetection P-I-N diodes are most common VDC Iave iout I ( P) = R P R = responsivity (amps/watt) = ηq / hω Intrinsic bandwidth limited by diode capacitance Package and launch considerations may also limit performance ~30 GHz bandwidth from lateral PIN ~100 GHz from waveguide PIN 12
13 Transmission Medium Fiber is Optical Waveguide n core > n clad Fiber has very low loss < 0.25 db/km at 1550 nm Singlemode High-fidelity Microwave Links require Single-Mode fiber 13
14 Qualitative Link Measures E to O transducer Optical Fiber O to E transducer RF Input RF Output Gain (Loss) Added Noise Gain Broadband links are lossy Gain Slope / Ripple important to system design Noise Figure Generally higher than the link loss Third-Order Intercept Intercept of fundamental and 3 rd -order IMD curves Spur-Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) Power Range over which the intermodulation distortion is below the noise floor Useful Quality Factor incorporates Noise and Third-order Distortion Nonlinear Distortion, LLC 14
15 Performance Limits Linear Factors affect the Gain and Noise of the output signal Microwave Launch Inherent Bandwidth Limited by device and package reactances Noise Fiber Medium Absorptive Loss Dispersion (Chromatic, Polarization Mode) Nonlinear Factors affect the shape of the output signal Distortion (Harmonic, Intermodulation, ) Fiber Medium Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Raman Scattering Four-wave Mixing 15
16 Linear Impacts: Microwave Launch Primary source of microwave loss is input/output matching 10 GHz DC R S C L R L R S C J Forward Biased Laser Diode Small real resistance R L Junction Capacitance and Ohmic Resistance Narrow band links can be reactively tuned Limited Bandwdith Fano s rule: (BW)(Reflection Coefficient) < c However: Many or Most links require Broadband Must use lossy matching affects link gain Reverse Biased Photo Diode Large reactive impedance dominated by junction capacitance Ohmic Resistance adds dissipative loss 16
17 Linear Impacts: Noise Laser Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) Caused by spontaneous emission Laser is not a perfect oscillator 100 THz carrier is spread over 100 s of GHz Receiver detects as microwave noise Noise Power follows detection square-law: N o ~ I 2 RIN Receiver Shot Noise Random arrival of photon quanta Output Noise power is white and follows the optical power: N o ~ I Thermal Noise Ubiquitous Johnson Noise Output Noise Power is constant and white Noise power delivered to the RF load is the sum of 3 independent sources 17
18 Noise Figure Output Noise of F/O Link Gain of F/O Link Noise Figure of F/O Link Noise Power Density (dbm/hz) Thermal Shot RIN Total Gain (db) Noise Figure (db) Optical Receive Power (dbmo) Optical Receive Power (dbmo) Optical Receive Power (dbmo) Output noise depends on optical power 2:1 in RIN region 1:1 in shot region constant in thermal region Gain also depends on optical power Always 2:1 Noise Figure decreases with optical power Asymptotic Link Noise Figure and Dynamic Range vary with optical power defined in conjunction with the operational system 18
19 Linear Impacts: Fiber Medium SM Fiber Attenuation Due primarily to Rayleigh (elastic) Scattering 0.25 db/km (1550 nm) 0.5 db/km (1310 nm) Chromatic Dispersion Wavelength dependent propagation velocity Sidebands arrive out-of-phase: gain nulling Polarization mode Dispersion Orthogonal Polarization Modes different propagation velocities Non-uniform through fiber length concentricity defects mechanical and thermal perturbations laser spontaneous emission Nondeterministic Affects pulsed (digital) systems Affects Time/Freq Distribution systems SLOW AXIS FAST AXIS Chromatic Dispersion Polarization Mode Dispersion 19
20 Nonlinear Impacts: Modulator Transfer Function Optical Power Bias Current Direct Modulation Gain Compression Even and Odd order amplitude distortion Phase distortion due to laser chirp (FM to PM) Laser wavelength = function(drive level, temperature) Intensity Vm MZM External Modulation Gain Compression Primarily Odd order amplitude distortion Very little phase distortion 20
21 Linearity Measures Third-Order Intercept (IP3) (Imaginary) point where two-tone third-order intermodulation products (IMD3) are equal to the fundamental Spur-Free Dynamic Range Range of power over which the fundamental is above the noise floor and the IMD3 are below the noise floor SFDR 3( db Hz ) = + db 3 [ 174 NF( db) + IIP3( dbm) BW ( )] P out Output Noise Floor SFDR-3 IIP3 P in 21
22 Nonlinear Impacts: Fiber Stimulated Brilluoin Scattering (SBS) Vibrational/Acoustic oscillations generated by high energy photons Forward wave energy is converted to acoustic backward wave (phonons) Threshold Effect Reduced forward gain; Increased noise floor Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) Inelastic photon scattering Nonlinear fiber effects must be considered during link design phase. Wavelength translation Reduction in gain Self-Phase Modulation AM-PM conversion of a single signal Cross-Phase Modulation AM-PM Transfer from one signal to another (WDM systems) 4-Wave Mixing Intermodulation Distortion (WDM systems) 22
23 Intensity Modulation Summary TYPE COMPLEXITY SIZE DIRECT Low: one optical component (laser) WEIGHT POWER PRACTICAL MODULATION FREQUENCY LINEARITY Lowest 15 GHz Poor 2 nd and 3 rd -order performance COST Lowest ELECTRO- Moderate: Similar to 40 GHz Poorest Higher, ABSORPTION requires separate direct mod comparable source laser and to EOM small modulator ELECTRO- OPTIC (MZM) Highest: requires source laser, large modulator, plus optical and electrical controls for bias locking Highest > 60 GHz Well-defined (sin curve). Operation at quadrature provides 2 nd - order null. Highest 23
24 Closing the Link LINK Directly Modulated Laser / PIN Receiver / Postamplifier Reactively Tuned GHz LINK E-O Modulator (MZM) / Waveguide PIN Receiver Broadband Response to 40 GHz PHOTORECEIVER Broadband O/E Response to 20 GHz and Output Return Loss Link Type 4 GHz Direct Mod 20 GHz MZM 30 GHz EAM 40 GHz MZM Centerband Gain Input IP3 Noise Fig SFDR3 db dbm db db Hz^2/ Typical Link Gain, Noise, Dynamic Range 24
25 Trade-Offs, or Why Use Fiber? What are the System Engineer s Tradeoffs? Should I consider fiber? Tradeoff performance, cost, weight vs. other options If fiber, then what do I need to know? Direct Mod vs. Ex-Mod (Decision Needed) Direct Mod (usually < 12 GHz) Weight, Cost, Loss, Dynamic Range, DC Power Often Comparing directly to Coax Ex-Mod Must evaluate system impact for linearity, G/T, etc 25
26 Direct Mod Comparison to Coax At Direct Mod frequencies, choice of Fiber vs. Copper often made on basis of performance as a function of link length Primary System Trades include: Attenuation Noise Figure Weight Cost 26
27 Direct Mod vs. Coax: Attenuation Attenu uation (db) Direct Mod Link Distance (meters) 2000 MHz 27
28 Direct Mod vs. Coax: Noise Figure Noise Figure (db) Direct Mod Link Distance (meters) 2000 MHz 28
29 Direct Mod vs. Coax: Weight and Cost WEIGHT (pounds) 1 m 100 m 1000m RG LDF Direct Mod Link COST 1 m 100 m 1000m RG8 $3 $300 $3,000 LDF6 $38 $3,800 $38,000 Direct Mod Link $5,000 $5,100 $6,000 29
30 Direct Mod Comparison to Coax Crossover Length when DM performance exceeds that of coax Attenuation Noise Figure Weight Cost RG8 110 m 180 m 30 cm 1800 m Heliax LDF6 560 m 900 m 50 cm 125 m Example: Crossover Lengths at 2 GHz Other factors may influence choice of Fiber vs. Copper: Linearity (link dynamic range is less than coax) EMI immunity (may trump performance) Safety, Reliability, etc. 30
31 Performance Improvement Linearization Techniques Linearization improves nonlinear distortion, increases dynamic range Major techniques under study include optical, electrical, and combinatorial approaches Electrical: aim is to cancel distortion products Feedforward/Feedback: Inject out-of-phase distortion products to cancel Predistortion: Nonlinear circuits with opposing distortion characteristics Optical: generally more complex Operates in optical domain inherently wide-band 31
32 Electrical Predistortion Predistortion Linearization has long history in Broadcast Power Amplifiers; SSPAs, TWTAs, Space and Ground Station equipment Generally less complex than optical or combinatorial systems Does not rely on sampled waveforms Bandwidth is the major challenge The aim is to compensate for the gain and phase compression of the nonlinear system by providing a cascaded element function that has the opposite gain and phase characteristic: gain and phase expansion
33 Electrical Predistortion PERFORMANCE OF LINK IS PRIMARILY LIMITED BY THE DISTORTION INTRODUCED BY OPTICAL MODULATION. PREDISTORTION (PD) LINEARIZATION ELIMINATES THIS DISTORTION BY GENERATING A FUNCTION WITH OPPOSITE MAGNITUDE AND PHASE OF THE MODULATOR
34 Predistortion Linearization 3 2 Output Power Input Power Phase Input -3 Power Nonlinear Device exhibits Gain and Phase Compression 34
35 Predistortion Linearization Output Power Output Power Input Power Input Power Phase 4 3 Phase Input -3 Power Input Power Nonlinear Device exhibits Gain and Phase Compression Precede it with another nonlinear device that exhibits gain and phase expansion, in conjugate with the device to be linearized (the linearizer) 35
36 Predistortion Linearization Output Power Output Power Output Power Input -3 Power -2-1 Input -3 Power -2-1 Input -3 Power Phase Phase Phase Input -3 Power Input -3 Power Input -3-2Power Nonlinear Device exhibits Gain and Phase Compression Precede it with another nonlinear device that exhibits gain and phase expansion, in conjugate with the device to be linearized (the linearizer) The desired outcome is an ideal limiter The linearity of an ideal limiter cannot be improved 36
37 Wideband Predistorter Functions from 1.5 to > 20 GHz Target: ΔGain = 2.5 db ΔФ< 5 degrees (Ach. to 13 GHz) Flatness ±0.5 db (Ach. to 12 GHz) Feel can achieve <1GHz to <30GHz LPL generic predistorter is very broadband
38 Linearized Microwave Link 1550 nm Source Laser RF IN Preamp Predistorter Postamp/ Equalizer MPR0020 Photoreceiver RF OUT LINEARIZER MZM NONLINEARIZED LINK LINEARIZED LINK Nonlinearized MZM Link: Commercial modulator biased at quadrature 20 GHz flat receiver driven at 0 dbmo Linearizer: Includes broadband gain stages Predistorteris single-chip GaAscircuit (proprietary design) Signal levels adjusted to match gain expansion of predistorter to gain compression of MZM Postamp stage includes slope equalizer to match levels over frequency 38
39 MZM Linearization Demonstration of IMD improvement from predistorting an MZM link Third-Order IMD (dbc) db IMD improvement (yields 5 db SFDR 3 ) MZM Microwave Link Linearized IMD Products Non Linearized Linearized Results at 8 GHz Measured improvement >14 db (minimum) from 4 to 12 GHz Optical Modulation Index
40 Predistortion Linearizer Performance Linearization Results of EAM Link at 14 GHz Pout Gain Pout Gain -12 Input Power Backoff (IPBO) in db 0-20 Input Power Backoff (IPBO) in db 0 Non-Linearized 4 db Gain Compression at Ref. Input Power Linearized Predistortion linearizer effectively compensates the gain compression
41 Predistortion Linearizer Performance Intermodulation Distortion Improvement EAM Measured at 6 db IPBO Non-Linearized Linearized 15 db improvement in IMD equates to 5 db improvement in SFDR3
42 Multi-Octave Problem FOR WB OPERATION (> OCTAVE BW) - EVEN & ODD ORDER DISTORTION MUST BE CONSIDERED THIRD ORDER AM COMPRESSION TERMS F1 F2 EMISSION LIMIT F2-F1 2F1-F2 2F2-F1 2F1 FREQUENCY IM AND HARMONIC DISTORTION A PROBLEM 2F1, F2-F1, F1, 2F2-F1 F1 AND 2F1-F2 F2 PRODUCTS OF MOST CONCERN MOST PREDISTORTERS CORRECT ONLY ODD ORDER DISTORTION
43 Multi-Octave Linearization MZMs produce minimal 2 nd harmonic distortion with bias voltage control Predistorters can generate 2 nd in addition to 3 rd order nonlinearities 2 nd order terms may worsen performance for > octave bandwidth Even terms not in the proper phase to cancel Developed predistorters that generate only 3 rd -order components and operate over multi-octave bandwidth 43
44 Multi-Octave Linearizer A multi-octave broadband with even order cancelation -operating from 1 to 20 GHz -with single linearizer providing both IM and harmonic distortion correction using push-pull NLG Pre-Distortion Linearizer Circuitry NLG NLG Balun Atten Balun NLG NLG
45 Optical & Electro-Optical Linearization Dual Series MZM Modulators Proper biasing of series MZMs may result in linearization of sinusoidal transfer Has been shown to approximate ideal limiter response Inherently wideband Difficult to tune/align Feedforward Nonlinear response is sampled (electrically) and reinjected to fundamental path in order to cancel undesired frequency products Limited bandwidth due to need for electrical delay in feedforward path
46 Optical Linearization Example Optical Feedforward Coupled linearization of Mach-Zehnder modulator Third-order cancellation OMI 0.2(OMI)^3 MZM biased at Vpi/2-0.5sin(piOMI/2) optical output Vrf s p l i t a2 AC coupled MZM biased at Vpi/2 delay a1 0.2(a2)(OMI)^3 Potential for even greater cancelation (> SFDR)
47 Description First MZM generates distortion products Amplitudes of distorted detected outputs are: = 1 π sin OMI 3 V V 0.2 OMI fund 2 2 IMD = 2-tone 3 rd -order amplitudes (IMDs) were found by eval. Fourier Series of the output Note that Fundamental and IMD products are always out of phase RF signal is delayed and added to the distorted output Level is set to just cancel the carriers of the detected signal, leaving just the distortion Distortion products are re-modulated, and summed with the first modulator output. Summation must be noncoherent Dual lasers or sufficient delay
48 Summary Fiber Optic Links are increasingly being deployed for linear microwave transport applications Radar/Antenna remoting where weight and loss are critical Sensor Systems Precise Time and Frequency Distribution High EMI environments Photonic microwave links beneficial alternative to coax or wireless in many applications Size, Weight, Cost, Performance, EMI, Safety, Practical intensity modulation links were presented Typical Performance, Limitations, and Methods of Improvement Linearization can offer dramatic improvement in dynamic range 48
LINEAR MICROWAVE FIBER OPTIC LINK SYSTEM DESIGN
LINEAR MICROWAVE FIBER OPTIC LINK SYSTEM DESIGN John A. MacDonald and Allen Katz Linear Photonics, LLC Nami Lane, Suite 7C, Hamilton, NJ 869 69-584-5747 macdonald@linphotonics.com LINEAR PHOTONICS, LLC
More informationINTRODUCTION. LPL App Note RF IN G 1 F 1. Laser Diode OPTICAL OUT. P out. Link Length. P in OPTICAL IN. Photodiode G 2 F 2 RF OUT
INTRODUCTION RF IN Today s system designer may be faced with several technology choices for communications links for satellite microwave remoting, cellular/broadband services, or distribution of microwave
More informationFIBER OPTIC INTERFACILITY PLATFORMS
FIBER OPTIC INTERFACILITY PLATFORMS John A. MacDonald and Allen Katz Linear Photonics, LLC Nami Lane, Suite 7C, Hamilton, NJ 869 69-584-5747 macdonald@linphotonics.com LINEAR PHOTONICS, LLC Bringing Performance
More informationRF Over Fiber Design Guide Overview. Provided by OPTICAL ZONU CORPORATION
RF Over Fiber Design Guide Overview Provided by OPTICAL ZONU CORPORATION Why use fiber? Transmission of RF and Microwave Signals via waveguides or coaxial cable suffers high insertion loss and susceptibility
More informationA NOVEL SCHEME FOR OPTICAL MILLIMETER WAVE GENERATION USING MZM
A NOVEL SCHEME FOR OPTICAL MILLIMETER WAVE GENERATION USING MZM Poomari S. and Arvind Chakrapani Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamil
More informationModule 16 : Integrated Optics I
Module 16 : Integrated Optics I Lecture : Integrated Optics I Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Introduction Electro-Optic Effect Optical Phase Modulator Optical Amplitude Modulator
More informationCHAPTER 4 RESULTS. 4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1 Introduction In this chapter focus are given more on WDM system. The results which are obtained mainly from the simulation work are presented. In simulation analysis, the study will
More informationOptical Delay Line Application Note
1 Optical Delay Line Application Note 1.1 General Optical delay lines system (ODL), incorporates a high performance lasers such as DFBs, optical modulators for high operation frequencies, photodiodes,
More informationTable of Contents. Abbrevation Glossary... xvii
Table of Contents Preface... xiii Abbrevation Glossary... xvii Chapter 1 General Points... 1 1.1. Microwave photonic links... 1 1.2. Link description... 4 1.3. Signal to transmit... 5 1.3.1. Microwave
More informationHigh-Power Highly Linear Photodiodes for High Dynamic Range LADARs
High-Power Highly Linear Photodiodes for High Dynamic Range LADARs Shubhashish Datta and Abhay Joshi th June, 6 Discovery Semiconductors, Inc. 9 Silvia Street, Ewing, NJ - 868, USA www.discoverysemi.com
More informationHigh-Fidelity RF over Fiber Links
High-Fidelity RF over Fiber Links 8 Uplander Way, Suite 2 Culver City, CA 923 Rugged, Small Form Factor Transmitter and Receiver Modules for RF over Optical Fiber Links Applications Fiber to the Antenna:
More informationAgilent 71400C Lightwave Signal Analyzer Product Overview. Calibrated measurements of high-speed modulation, RIN, and laser linewidth
Agilent 71400C Lightwave Signal Analyzer Product Overview Calibrated measurements of high-speed modulation, RIN, and laser linewidth High-Speed Lightwave Analysis 2 The Agilent 71400C lightwave signal
More informationRadio over Fiber technology for 5G Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul
Radio over Fiber technology for 5G Cloud Radio Access Network Fronthaul Using a highly linear fiber optic transceiver with IIP3 > 35 dbm, operating at noise level of -160dB/Hz, we demonstrate 71 km RF
More informationLaser Transmitter Adaptive Feedforward Linearization System for Radio over Fiber Applications
ASEAN IVO Forum 2015 Laser Transmitter Adaptive Feedforward Linearization System for Radio over Fiber Applications Authors: Mr. Neo Yun Sheng Prof. Dr Sevia Mahdaliza Idrus Prof. Dr Mohd Fua ad Rahmat
More informationLecture 9 External Modulators and Detectors
Optical Fibres and Telecommunications Lecture 9 External Modulators and Detectors Introduction Where are we? A look at some real laser diodes. External modulators Mach-Zender Electro-absorption modulators
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION Optical fiber completely replaces coaxial cable and other low attenuation, free from electromagnetic interferences, comparatively less cost
More informationModulators. Digital Intensity Modulators. Analogue Intensity Modulators. 2.5Gb/sec...Page Gb/sec Small Form Factor...Page 3
Date Created: 1/12/4 Modulators Digital Intensity Modulators Modulators 2.Gb/sec.....................Page 2 2.Gb/sec Small Form Factor.......Page 3 2.Gb/sec with Attenuator.........Page 4 12.Gb/sec Integrated
More informationECEN689: Special Topics in Optical Interconnects Circuits and Systems Spring 2016
ECEN689: Special Topics in Optical Interconnects Circuits and Systems Spring 016 Lecture 7: Transmitter Analysis Sam Palermo Analog & Mixed-Signal Center Texas A&M University Optical Modulation Techniques
More informationPhotonic time-stretching of 102 GHz millimeter waves using 1.55 µm nonlinear optic polymer EO modulators
Photonic time-stretching of 10 GHz millimeter waves using 1.55 µm nonlinear optic polymer EO modulators H. Erlig Pacific Wave Industries H. R. Fetterman and D. Chang University of California Los Angeles
More informationUNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS
UNIT-II : SIGNAL DEGRADATION IN OPTICAL FIBERS The Signal Transmitting through the fiber is degraded by two mechanisms. i) Attenuation ii) Dispersion Both are important to determine the transmission characteristics
More informationMeasurement of Distortion in Multi-tone Modulation Fiber-based analog CATV Transmission System
5 th SASTech 011, Khavaran Higher-education Institute, Mashhad, Iran. May 1-14. 1 Measurement of Distortion in Multi-tone Modulation Fiber-based analog CATV Transmission System Morteza Abdollahi Sharif
More informationULTRA BROADBAND RF over FIBER Transceiver OZ1606 Series Premium Grade 6 GHz
FEATURES 30 MHz 6.0 GHz Bandwidth Rugged Dust tight Cast Metal housing, 3 x 5 x 1.25 @ ¾ lb 20 C to +65 C T OP Range LD Bias, LD Power and PD Monitoring and Alarms High SFDR Typically 113 (db/hz) 2/3 at
More informationMICROWAVE photonics is an interdisciplinary area
314 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 27, NO. 3, FEBRUARY 1, 2009 Microwave Photonics Jianping Yao, Senior Member, IEEE, Member, OSA (Invited Tutorial) Abstract Broadband and low loss capability of
More informationINCREASING MULTI-TONE POWER NEAR SATURATION Allen Katz Linearizer Technology Inc.
INCREASING MULTI-TONE POWER NEAR SATURATION Allen Katz Linearizer Technology Inc. ABSTRACT Microwave high power amplifiers, particularly TWTAs and klystrons are increasingly being used for the transmission
More informationModel Series 400X User s Manual. DC-100 MHz Electro-Optic Phase Modulators
Model Series 400X User s Manual DC-100 MHz Electro-Optic Phase Modulators 400412 Rev. D 2 Is a registered trademark of New Focus, Inc. Warranty New Focus, Inc. guarantees its products to be free of defects
More informationOptical Single Sideband Modulation and Optical Carrier Power Reduction and CATV Networks
Optical Single Sideband Modulation and Optical Carrier Power Reduction and CATV Networks by: Hatice Kosek Outline Optical Single Sideband Modulation Techniques Optical Carrier Power Reduction Techniques
More informationAnalog Signal Transmission in a High-Contrast- Gratings-Based Hollow-Core-Waveguide
3640 JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 30, NO. 23, DECEMBER 1, 2012 Analog Signal Transmission in a High-Contrast- Gratings-Based Hollow-Core-Waveguide H. Huang, Y. Yue, L. Zhang, C. Chase, D. Parekh,
More informationGeneration of linearized optical single sideband signal for broadband radio over fiber systems
April 10, 2009 / Vol. 7, No. 4 / CHINESE OPTICS LETTERS 339 Generation of linearized optical single sideband signal for broadband radio over fiber systems Tao Wang ( ), Qingjiang Chang ( ï), and Yikai
More informationSC5307A/SC5308A 100 khz to 6 GHz RF Downconverter. Datasheet SignalCore, Inc.
SC5307A/SC5308A 100 khz to 6 GHz RF Downconverter Datasheet 2017 SignalCore, Inc. support@signalcore.com P RODUCT S PECIFICATIONS Definition of Terms The following terms are used throughout this datasheet
More informationAnalogical chromatic dispersion compensation
Chapter 2 Analogical chromatic dispersion compensation 2.1. Introduction In the last chapter the most important techniques to compensate chromatic dispersion have been shown. Optical techniques are able
More informationElectro-Optical Performance Requirements for Direct Transmission of 5G RF over Fiber
Electro-Optical Performance Requirements for Direct Transmission of 5G RF over Fiber Revised 10/25/2017 Presented by APIC Corporation 5800 Uplander Way Culver City, CA 90230 www.apichip.com 1 sales@apichip.com
More informationOptical Communications and Networking 朱祖勍. Sept. 25, 2017
Optical Communications and Networking Sept. 25, 2017 Lecture 4: Signal Propagation in Fiber 1 Nonlinear Effects The assumption of linearity may not always be valid. Nonlinear effects are all related to
More informationFWM Suppression in WDM Systems Using Advanced Modulation Formats
FWM Suppression in WDM Systems Using Advanced Modulation Formats M.M. Ibrahim (eng.mohamed.ibrahim@gmail.com) and Moustafa H. Aly (drmosaly@gmail.com) OSA Member Arab Academy for Science, Technology and
More informationLecture 6 Fiber Optical Communication Lecture 6, Slide 1
Lecture 6 Optical transmitters Photon processes in light matter interaction Lasers Lasing conditions The rate equations CW operation Modulation response Noise Light emitting diodes (LED) Power Modulation
More informationElectrical-to-optical conversion of OFDM g/a signals by direct current modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers
Electrical-to-ical conversion of OFDM 802.11g/a signals by direct current modulation of semiconductor ical amplifiers Francesco Vacondio, Marco Michele Sisto, Walid Mathlouthi, Leslie Ann Rusch and Sophie
More informationIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 47, NO. 12, DECEMBER
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 47, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1999 2271 Broad-B Linearization of a Mach Zehnder Electrooptic Modulator Edward I. Ackerman, Member, IEEE Abstract Analog
More informationThe absorption of the light may be intrinsic or extrinsic
Attenuation Fiber Attenuation Types 1- Material Absorption losses 2- Intrinsic Absorption 3- Extrinsic Absorption 4- Scattering losses (Linear and nonlinear) 5- Bending Losses (Micro & Macro) Material
More informationChannel Characteristics and Impairments
ELEX 3525 : Data Communications 2013 Winter Session Channel Characteristics and Impairments is lecture describes some of the most common channel characteristics and impairments. A er this lecture you should
More informationData Sheet SC5317 & SC5318A. 6 GHz to 26.5 GHz RF Downconverter SignalCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Data Sheet SC5317 & SC5318A 6 GHz to 26.5 GHz RF Downconverter www.signalcore.com 2018 SignalCore, Inc. All Rights Reserved Definition of Terms 1 Table of Contents 1. Definition of Terms... 2 2. Description...
More informationCharacterization of a Photonics E-Field Sensor as a Near-Field Probe
Characterization of a Photonics E-Field Sensor as a Near-Field Probe Brett T. Walkenhorst 1, Vince Rodriguez 1, and James Toney 2 1 NSI-MI Technologies Suwanee, GA 30024 2 SRICO Columbus, OH 43235 bwalkenhorst@nsi-mi.com
More informationLF to 4 GHz High Linearity Y-Mixer ADL5350
LF to GHz High Linearity Y-Mixer ADL535 FEATURES Broadband radio frequency (RF), intermediate frequency (IF), and local oscillator (LO) ports Conversion loss:. db Noise figure:.5 db High input IP3: 25
More informationAnalog Optical Links for Wide-Bandwidth Radar Receivers
Analog Optical Links for Wide-Bandwidth Radar Receivers A Major Qualifying Project Report Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
More informationAntenna Measurements using Modulated Signals
Antenna Measurements using Modulated Signals Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Boulevard, Suite 100 Suwanee, GA 30024-4629 Abstract Antenna test engineers are faced with testing increasingly
More informationBroadband Linearization Technologies for Broadband Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Systems
Broadband Linearization Technologies for Broadband Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Systems Ran Zhu A Thesis In the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the
More informationPhase Modulator for Higher Order Dispersion Compensation in Optical OFDM System
Phase Modulator for Higher Order Dispersion Compensation in Optical OFDM System Manpreet Singh 1, Karamjit Kaur 2 Student, University College of Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India 1. Assistant
More informationChapter 12: Optical Amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs)
Chapter 12: Optical Amplifiers: Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) Prof. Dr. Yaocheng SHI ( 时尧成 ) yaocheng@zju.edu.cn http://mypage.zju.edu.cn/yaocheng 1 Traditional Optical Communication System Loss
More informationPhotonic Signal Processing(PSP) of Microwave Signals
Photonic Signal Processing(PSP) of Microwave Signals 2015.05.08 김창훈 R. A. Minasian, Photonic signal processing of microwave signals, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 832 846, Feb.
More informationOptical Amplifiers. Continued. Photonic Network By Dr. M H Zaidi
Optical Amplifiers Continued EDFA Multi Stage Designs 1st Active Stage Co-pumped 2nd Active Stage Counter-pumped Input Signal Er 3+ Doped Fiber Er 3+ Doped Fiber Output Signal Optical Isolator Optical
More informationOptical Receivers Theory and Operation
Optical Receivers Theory and Operation Photo Detectors Optical receivers convert optical signal (light) to electrical signal (current/voltage) Hence referred O/E Converter Photodetector is the fundamental
More informationSemiconductor Optical Communication Components and Devices Lecture 39: Optical Modulators
Semiconductor Optical Communication Components and Devices Lecture 39: Optical Modulators Prof. Utpal Das Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Laser Technology Program, Indian Institute of
More informationPerformance Limitations of WDM Optical Transmission System Due to Cross-Phase Modulation in Presence of Chromatic Dispersion
Performance Limitations of WDM Optical Transmission System Due to Cross-Phase Modulation in Presence of Chromatic Dispersion M. A. Khayer Azad and M. S. Islam Institute of Information and Communication
More informationFibre Optic Sensors: basic principles and most common applications
SMR 1829-21 Winter College on Fibre Optics, Fibre Lasers and Sensors 12-23 February 2007 Fibre Optic Sensors: basic principles and most common applications (PART 2) Hypolito José Kalinowski Federal University
More informationSCTE. San Diego Chapter March 19, 2014
SCTE San Diego Chapter March 19, 2014 RFOG WHAT IS RFOG? WHY AND WHERE IS THIS TECHNOLOGY A CONSIDERATION? RFoG could be considered the deepest fiber version of HFC RFoG pushes fiber to the side of the
More informationFiber-Optic Communication Systems
Fiber-Optic Communication Systems Second Edition GOVIND P. AGRAWAL The Institute of Optics University of Rochester Rochester, NY A WILEY-iNTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER
More informationOptiva OTS-2 40 GHz Amplified Microwave Band Fiber Optic Links
5 MHz to 4 GHz Amplified Microwave Transport System The Optiva OTS-2 4 GHz Microwave Band transmitter and receiver are ideal to construct transparent fiber optic links in the 5 MHz to 4 GHz frequency range
More informationSuppression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Suppression of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 42 2 5 W i de l y T u n a b l e L a s e r T ra n s m i t te r www.lumentum.com Technical Note Introduction This technical note discusses the phenomenon and
More informationFiber Optic Communications Communication Systems
INTRODUCTION TO FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS A fiber-optic system is similar to the copper wire system in many respects. The difference is that fiber-optics use light pulses to transmit information down
More informationNonlinearities in Power Amplifier and its Remedies
International Journal of Electronics Engineering Research. ISSN 0975-6450 Volume 9, Number 6 (2017) pp. 883-887 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Nonlinearities in Power Amplifier
More informationDelivering Modulation Solutions
Delivering Modulation Solutions 1 nm band Analog Intensity The are high bandwidth intensity modulators specially designed for the transmission of analog signals over optical fibers. The MXAN-LN s performance
More informationLinearity and chirp investigations on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as an external optical modulator
Linearity and chirp investigations on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier as an external optical modulator ESZTER UDVARY Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Dept. of Broadband Infocom Systems
More informationModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit
ModBox - Spectral Broadening Unit The ModBox Family The ModBox systems are a family of turnkey optical transmitters and external modulation benchtop units for digital and analog transmission, pulsed and
More informationPerformance Analysis of Dwdm System With Different Modulation Techique And Photodiode
The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) Volume 2 Issue 7 Pages 07-11 2013 ISSN(e): 2319 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 1805 Performance Analysis of Dwdm System With Different Modulation Techique
More informationElimination of Self-Pulsations in Dual-Clad, Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers
Elimination of Self-Pulsations in Dual-Clad, Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Lasers 1.0 Modulation depth 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Laser 3 Laser 2 Laser 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Absorbed pump power (W) Laser 1 W. Guan and J. R.
More informationTechnical Article A DIRECT QUADRATURE MODULATOR IC FOR 0.9 TO 2.5 GHZ WIRELESS SYSTEMS
Introduction As wireless system designs have moved from carrier frequencies at approximately 9 MHz to wider bandwidth applications like Personal Communication System (PCS) phones at 1.8 GHz and wireless
More informationMeasurements 2: Network Analysis
Measurements 2: Network Analysis Fritz Caspers CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 Contents Scalar network analysis Vector network analysis Early concepts Modern instrumentation Calibration methods Time domain (synthetic
More informationSIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MODULATION FORMATS
SIMULATIVE INVESTIGATION OF SINGLE-TONE ROF SYSTEM USING VARIOUS DUOBINARY MODULATION FORMATS Namita Kathpal 1 and Amit Kumar Garg 2 1,2 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Deenbandhu
More informationNIR-MX-LN series 1000 nm band Intensity Modulator
1 nm band Intensity The NIR-MX-LN series are an intensity modulator especially designed for operation in the 1 nm wavelength band. This Mach-Zehnder modulator offers engineers working in the 1 nm the intrinsic
More informationSatellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications. Howard Hausman April 1, 2010
Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications Howard Hausman April 1, 2010 Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions
More informationPerformance Analysis Of Hybrid Optical OFDM System With High Order Dispersion Compensation
Performance Analysis Of Hybrid Optical OFDM System With High Order Dispersion Compensation Manpreet Singh Student, University College of Engineering, Punjabi University, Patiala, India. Abstract Orthogonal
More informationMeasuring Photonic, Optoelectronic and Electro optic S parameters using an advanced photonic module
Measuring Photonic, Optoelectronic and Electro optic S parameters using an advanced photonic module APPLICATION NOTE This application note describes the procedure for electro-optic measurements of both
More informationπ code 0 Changchun,130000,China Key Laboratory of National Defense.Changchun,130000,China Keywords:DPSK; CSRZ; atmospheric channel
4th International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (ICCMCEE 2015) Differential phase shift keying in the research on the effects of type pattern of space optical
More informationExamination Optoelectronic Communication Technology. April 11, Name: Student ID number: OCT1 1: OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade:
Examination Optoelectronic Communication Technology April, 26 Name: Student ID number: OCT : OCT 2: OCT 3: OCT 4: Total: Grade: Declaration of Consent I hereby agree to have my exam results published on
More informationUnderstanding Low Phase Noise Signals. Presented by: Riadh Said Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Understanding Low Phase Noise Signals Presented by: Riadh Said Agilent Technologies, Inc. Introduction Instabilities in the frequency or phase of a signal are caused by a number of different effects. Each
More informationDigital Predistortion for Broadband Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Systems
Digital Predistortion for Broadband Radio-over-Fiber Transmission Systems Zichen Xuan A Thesis in The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
More informationOptical Fiber Technology. Photonic Network By Dr. M H Zaidi
Optical Fiber Technology Numerical Aperture (NA) What is numerical aperture (NA)? Numerical aperture is the measure of the light gathering ability of optical fiber The higher the NA, the larger the core
More informationSIGNAL RECOVERY: Sensors, Signals, Noise and Information Recovery
SIGNAL RECOVERY: Sensors, Signals, Noise and Information Recovery http://home.deib.polimi.it/cova/ 1 Signal Recovery COURSE OUTLINE Scenery preview: typical examples and problems of Sensors and Signal
More informationRF, Microwave & Wireless. All rights reserved
RF, Microwave & Wireless All rights reserved 1 Non-Linearity Phenomenon All rights reserved 2 Physical causes of nonlinearity Operation under finite power-supply voltages Essential non-linear characteristics
More informationOptical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University
Photonics Group Department of Micro- and Nanosciences Aalto University Optical Amplifiers Photonics and Integrated Optics (ELEC-E3240) Zhipei Sun Last Lecture Topics Course introduction Ray optics & optical
More informationOptical Communications and Networks - Review and Evolution (OPTI 500) Massoud Karbassian
Optical Communications and Networks - Review and Evolution (OPTI 500) Massoud Karbassian m.karbassian@arizona.edu Contents Optical Communications: Review Optical Communications and Photonics Why Photonics?
More informationAntennas and Propagation
Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic
More informationSC5407A/SC5408A 100 khz to 6 GHz RF Upconverter. Datasheet. Rev SignalCore, Inc.
SC5407A/SC5408A 100 khz to 6 GHz RF Upconverter Datasheet Rev 1.2 2017 SignalCore, Inc. support@signalcore.com P R O D U C T S P E C I F I C A T I O N S Definition of Terms The following terms are used
More informationFrequency Dependent Harmonic Powers in a Modified Uni-Traveling Carrier (MUTC) Photodetector
Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 2375-532 NRL/MR/5651--17-9712 Frequency Dependent Harmonic Powers in a Modified Uni-Traveling Carrier (MUTC) Photodetector Yue Hu University of Maryland Baltimore,
More informationDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE of TECHNOLOGY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6.161/6637 Practice Quiz 2 Issued X:XXpm 4/XX/2004 Spring Term, 2004 Due X:XX+1:30pm 4/XX/2004 Please utilize
More informationOptical Digital Transmission Systems. Xavier Fernando ADROIT Lab Ryerson University
Optical Digital Transmission Systems Xavier Fernando ADROIT Lab Ryerson University Overview In this section we cover point-to-point digital transmission link design issues (Ch8): Link power budget calculations
More informationOptiva OTS-2 18 GHz Amplified Microwave Band Fiber Optic Links
MHz to 18 GHz Amplified Microwave Transport System The Optiva OTS-2 18 GHz Microwave Band transmitter and receiver are ideal to construct transparent fiber optic links in the MHz to 18 GHz frequency range
More informationHigh Dynamic Range Receiver Parameters
High Dynamic Range Receiver Parameters The concept of a high-dynamic-range receiver implies more than an ability to detect, with low distortion, desired signals differing, in amplitude by as much as 90
More informationEXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.E. and M.E. Semester
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.E. and M.E. Semester 2 2009 101908 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (Elec Eng 4041) 105302 SPECIAL STUDIES IN MARINE ENGINEERING (Elec Eng 7072) Official Reading Time:
More informationLinearity Improvement Techniques for Wireless Transmitters: Part 1
From May 009 High Frequency Electronics Copyright 009 Summit Technical Media, LLC Linearity Improvement Techniques for Wireless Transmitters: art 1 By Andrei Grebennikov Bell Labs Ireland In modern telecommunication
More informationOptical systems have carrier frequencies of ~100 THz. This corresponds to wavelengths from µm.
Introduction A communication system transmits information form one place to another. This could be from one building to another or across the ocean(s). Many systems use an EM carrier wave to transmit information.
More informationFaraday Rotators and Isolators
Faraday Rotators and I. Introduction The negative effects of optical feedback on laser oscillators and laser diodes have long been known. Problems include frequency instability, relaxation oscillations,
More informationOPTICAL NETWORKS. Building Blocks. A. Gençata İTÜ, Dept. Computer Engineering 2005
OPTICAL NETWORKS Building Blocks A. Gençata İTÜ, Dept. Computer Engineering 2005 Introduction An introduction to WDM devices. optical fiber optical couplers optical receivers optical filters optical amplifiers
More informationElements of Communication System Channel Fig: 1: Block Diagram of Communication System Terminology in Communication System
Content:- Fundamentals of Communication Engineering : Elements of a Communication System, Need of modulation, electromagnetic spectrum and typical applications, Unit V (Communication terminologies in communication
More informationRF Receiver Hardware Design
RF Receiver Hardware Design Bill Sward bsward@rtlogic.com February 18, 2011 Topics Customer Requirements Communication link environment Performance Parameters/Metrics Frequency Conversion Architectures
More informationDIRECT MODULATION WITH SIDE-MODE INJECTION IN OPTICAL CATV TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 11, 73 82, 2009 DIRECT MODULATION WITH SIDE-MODE INJECTION IN OPTICAL CATV TRANSPORT SYSTEMS W.-J. Ho, H.-H. Lu, C.-H. Chang, W.-Y. Lin, and H.-S. Su
More informationReceiver Design. Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 2011/2/21
Receiver Design Prof. Tzong-Lin Wu EMC Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University 2011/2/21 MW & RF Design / Prof. T. -L. Wu 1 The receiver mush be very sensitive to -110dBm
More informationMicrowave Power Amplifiers for Broadband Applications
Microwave Power Amplifiers for Broadband Applications White Paper by Leonard Dickstein, Marketing Manager A mplifiers are one of the most basic electrical elements in any electronic system. Broadband microwave
More information200-GHz 8-µs LFM Optical Waveform Generation for High- Resolution Coherent Imaging
Th7 Holman, K.W. 200-GHz 8-µs LFM Optical Waveform Generation for High- Resolution Coherent Imaging Kevin W. Holman MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood Street, Lexington, MA 02420 USA kholman@ll.mit.edu Abstract:
More informationFiberoptic Communication Systems By Dr. M H Zaidi. Optical Amplifiers
Optical Amplifiers Optical Amplifiers Optical signal propagating in fiber suffers attenuation Optical power level of a signal must be periodically conditioned Optical amplifiers are a key component in
More informationECE 4606 Undergraduate Optics Lab Interface circuitry. Interface circuitry. Outline
Interface circuitry Interface circuitry Outline Photodiode Modifying capacitance (bias, area) Modifying resistance (transimpedance amp) Light emitting diode Direct current limiting Modulation circuits
More information