Heavy Timber Trusses. Workshop: Exposed Connections in Timber Trusses and Structures: Designing for Beauty and Function
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1 Heavy Timber Trusses Workshop: Exposed Connections in Timber Trusses and Structures: Designing for Beauty and Function Presented by RL. Ben Brungraber, PhD, PE Fire Tower Engineered Timber Disclaimer: Presented This on [Date] presentation by [Author s Name] was developed by (Edit the Master Slide to change this text) a third party and is not funded by WoodWorks or the Softwood Lumber Board
2 Workshop Description In timber designs where the structure is an integral part of the architecture, detailing for trusses and member intersections can be particularly challenging. Presented by renowned timber specialists, this workshop will provide insight relevant to both engineers and architects on heavy timber trusses, glulam post and beam and mass timber component connections. Timber truss topics include an overview of heavy timber truss configurations, guidance on their applications and important design considerations. An introduction to modern timber connections will review guiding principles of mass timber connections, custom and prefabricated hardware, codes, and design considerations using project examples. Among topics included are methods for achieving fire resistance, design simplicity and construction efficiency.
3 Workshop: Learning Objectives At the end of this program, participants will be able to: 1. Review various heavy timber truss configurations, applications and important design considerations. 2. Discuss structural design, connection options and fabrication processes of timber trusses including insight on specifications and cost. 3. Explore modern glulam and mass timber connection solutions available including commodity, preengineered and custom designed connections. 4. Explore practical aspects of design such as fireresistance, design simplicity and construction efficiency.
4 Heavy Timber Trusses RL Ben Brungraber, PhD, PE Loading the trusses Ridge beams can halve load, etc. Analysis no pins and continuous members Eccentric Connections nearly unavoidable and often preferable Deflections connection slips and deformations are hard to include End Wall Trusses maddeningly common; can be worse than useless
5 Heavy Timber Truss Types: Pitched Top Chord (including curved top chord) Scissor (including curved bottom chord) Parallel Chords Miscellaneous/ Mongrel Including Collared Rafters Heavy Timber Truss Connections: Notches Plates (heavy/bolted and toothed/light) Rods and Fittings historic examples Machine Shop vs Welding Shop Steel tension members? Diagonals All-wood members? Tension perpendiculars Heavy Timber Truss Miscellany Lateral Bracing The Dark Art of Camber Top chord buckling (Bottom chord in load reversals) Simple alignment for seasoning in-situ timbers End wall drumming
6 How DO we Get Into Stuff? Me, circa 1973
7 A Truss Whisperer is Made
8
9 Bigger Models; More Testing
10 A Fair Fight?
11 Bucknell Undergraduate Project 50 Pedestrian Bridge; c. 1981
12 Another Jump in Scale; 240 Pedestrian Bridge
13 Timber Framers Guild of North America; Guelph, ON 1992
14 Old School and New School Construction Techniques/Technologies
15 Pitched Top Chord Trusses Span < < Spacing < 20 1:6 < Slope < 1:16 1:5 < Span/Depth < 1:7 Specials: Curved Chord, Scissors, Rods
16 Simple Trusses The Quintessential Industrial Revolutionary Truss
17
18
19 Diagonals onto King Post and at Roughly Roof Pitch
20 Traditional Truss Design/Analysis Write if you really NEED all of this
21 Corbel and/or Brace Support
22 Concealed, Starter Blocks Hardware at Chords Joint
23
24
25 Everyone Ought to get a Chance at a Cathedral
26 Or, at least, a Church
27 A True King Post -Perhaps the Most Complex Timber Joint I Have Designed
28 What Can Happen, When a Client Calls Your Bluff?
29 All Wood Joinery
30
31 Eccentricity in Heel Plates
32 Heavy Sawn Planks, Corbels, Pegs, & Light Screws
33 Diagonal Rods in 72 Spans
34
35 Raising Choreography to Protect Tails
36 Grand Opening show in new Performing Arts Center
37 With 70 kips in Each Rod, Those are not Shear Bolts
38 Curved Top Chord Bowstring Trusses up to 250 spans 1:6 < span/depth <1:8 top chord radius roughly the span
39 Scissors Trusses
40
41 The Scissors Crux Connection
42
43
44
45
46
47
48 Clasping King Posts
49
50
51
52
53 Scissors Trusses and Dimensions Change During Process
54 Concealing the Connectors can be a DRAG
55 Proud and Relieved Crew
56 At Foot of Grandfather Mountain, Boone, NC
57
58 Curved Chords How to Fabricate Curves?
59 Trees, Generally, Grow Straight Pay Attention to This
60 Curved Chord Trusses
61
62
63
64 Steam-bent; or CompWood
65 The GehryHall Winery Visitors Center
66
67 Curve Issues : Bending, Radial Tension, and Straightening
68 And: How to Grab Curve Without Undue Damage?
69 King Post Gets a Crown and a Stirrup Turns Tension into Compression
70 Shear Keys Transfer Chord Forces at Eave Connections Longer Intersection between Members
71 Truss Analysis
72 So Basic; So Neglected from Hoyle, Design of Wood Structures
73 Which Member is the Support?
74 The King Rod/Post is Crucial Component
75 Options: Notch Top Plate/Chock Pinned Plate
76 Options: Straps Rod Support the Plate
77 What we seem to Wish
78 But this is More Realistic
79 Cross-Grain Prying Components The Actual Bolt Forces are Quite Complex, Indeed
80 Parallel Chord Trusses 1:8 < Span/Depth < 1:10 Diagonal Direction Matters, a Lot Least Efficient Layout; ignores M & V Added Arches Burr Trusses Town Lattice Truss-Girders
81 Parallel Chords
82
83
84
85
86 Best Barn/Shop Ever. 40 x 50 Clear (Basement, too)
87 Cambering and Adjusting can be Simple, with Steel Rods
88
89 Tension in Bottom Chord can be Minimal
90 Span/Depth = 1:5
91 FengShuiBad News
92 Tension Diagonals of Timber and Panel Length Varies
93 My Sole Split Ring Job
94 Compression Diagonals of Timber Note Diagonal-Free center panel
95 Tension Diagonals of Steel Note: Rod Angle Changes
96 Overly Sloped Rods Add Apparent Length
97
98 The Golden Age of Heavy Timber Trusses for ALL of this
99 Industrial Revolution Trusses
100
101
102 Industrial Revolution Ripoffs 2 Timbers & 3 Rods
103
104
105 1 Timber, 2 Rods
106 Avoid Turnbuckles to Increase Capacity and Reduce Depth
107 One Timber and Both 1 and 2 Rods
108 A Barn Full of Fun
109 Context for Truss
110 Plumb Posts can get SO Boring, after a while
111
112 This Might Just Be My Best Shot, Ever
113 Concealed Steel
114
115 Celebrated Steel
116 It s ALL About the Hardware
117
118 Hardware
119 We see this, and worse, all the time
120
121
122 Notches
123
124
125
126
127 Collared Rafters Raised Chord Trusses Collar Strut, Tie, or Beam? Failing Roofs for Centuries
128
129 Fire, Ready, Aim
130 Slate Roof AND $70,000 worth of windows preinstalled
131 In Tension, Compression, or Minimal? It s All About the Supports
132 Collar Strut, Tie, or BEAM
133 Humans have been repairing these for n-2 years; Where: n = Number of Years ago the first ones were built
134 A Truss? Tied Eaves NO Compression Capacity
135 Curved/Collared?
136 Modeling the Connections; Blade to Rafters and Collar
137 Other Trusses Vierendeel Truss and/or Girder
138 (Ithiel, Architect) Town Lattice Trusses
139 Point Load at Support The Tough Spot
140
141
142 Non-Trusses
143
144 Lots of Elements AND My Stupidest Truss (so far)
145
146
147 A Minor Dip in the Ridge is NOT Minor in a 1000 Ridge
148 Supporting a 1000 Wooden Balloon Using 150 Steel Needles
149 Previous Repair Splints but Still Looking Troubled, Back There
150 Just How Troubled IS it? 4 & 6 Heavy Planks, 180 Up
151 Would you drive a Suburban across this?
152 Maybe THIS Rig, and only very quickly
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