LV PFC Basics. Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 1
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1 LV PFC Basics Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 1
2 What are the different types of loads? Ohmic loads Lighting bulbs Iron Resistive heating Capacative loads Capacitors Underground cables Over excited synchronous generators GRID Inductive loads Electrical Motors Transformers Reactors/chokes Overhead lines Under excited Synchronous generators Discharge lamps Power electronic Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 2
3 Real Power (kwh) POWER Ip 0 π 2 π V Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 3
4 PhaseShift V and I φ V I 0 π 2 π Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 4
5 Reactive Power (kvar) POWER V Iq 0 π 2 π Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 5
6 What is the power factor? Power factor = cosϕ cos-phi = P (kw) / S (kva) U, I and power Phase shift Power Current + ve + ve ϕ -ve Voltage t Typical Factory uncompensated PF Breweries 0,6..0,7 Butcher's 0,6..0,7 Cement plant 0,6..0,7 Compressor 0,7..0,8 Cranes 0,5..0,6 Drying-Plants 0,8..0,9 Machinery, big sized 0,5..0,6 Machinery, small sized 0,4..0,5 Plywood 0,6..0,7 Sawmill 0,6..0,7 Steel factory 0,6..0,7 Suggar 0,8..0,85 Tobacco 0,6..0,7 Water pumps 0,8..0,85 Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 6
7 Three different types of electrical power Reactive Power ( 2 Q = S - P 2 kvar) Q 2 Q C Q 1 S = Apparent Power P = Active Power Q = Reactive Power Active Power P = S ² - Q ² [KW ] S 2 ϕ2 ϕ 1 S 1 Apparent Power S = P ² + Q ² [ kva ] cos ϕ = P/S ϕ = phase displacement angle sin ϕ= Q/S S 1 = uncompensated apparent power Q = S sin ϕ S 2 = compensated power with capacitors for compensation Q = P tan ϕ Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 7
8 Principle of PFC Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 8
9 What are the benefits of Power Factor Correction? Reduction of electricity bill (power factor penalties) System kva- release Reduction of ohmic losses, voltage drops Power Quality improvement (voltage sags ) Higher kw loading (utilization) of transmission and distribution equipment and/or smaller dimensioning of this equipment (cable, transformer, bus bars,...) Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 9
10 Example of a PFC System Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 10
11 Example: Current reduction in main supply cable? HV Grid HV Grid Transformer 630 kva, u k = 5 % Transformer 630 kva, u k = 5 % Current = 666 A Current =??? M 3 ~ 300 kw Cos ϕ = 0.65 M 3 ~ 300 kw Cos ϕ = 0.65 Current reduction:??? Capacitor bank Qc = 10 * 25 kvar Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 11
12 Types of PFC/PQS Individual PFC Group PFC Centralized PFC Mixed PFC Dynamic PFC De-tuned harmonic filter Tuned harmonic filter Active filter Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 12
13 Methods of PFC: 1. Individual (fixed) Compensation Advantages at a glance kvar produced on the spot Reduction of line losses Reduction of voltage drops Saving of switch gear Disadvantages Many small capacitors are more expensive than one central one Low utilization factor of capacitors for equipment not often in operation Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 13
14 Methods of PFC: 2. Group Compensation Advantages at a glance Reduction of capital investment Loses reduced in distribution lines Voltage drops reduced in distribution lines Higher utilization factor of capacitors M M M Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 14
15 Methods of PFC: 3. Centralized Compensation Advantages at a glance Best utilization of the capacitors Most cost effective solution Easier supervision Automatic control controller M M M Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 15
16 Methods of PFC: 4. Dynamic PFC Advantages of dynamic PFC at a glance Real time power factor correction; e.g. essential for cranes or lifts Smooth switching of capacitors, avoids inrush current Less problems with power quality, such as voltage sags Voltage stabilizing Longer life cycle of capacitor banks Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 16
17 Methods of PFC: 4. Dynamic PFC Voltage sags due to high inrush currents Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 17
18 Methods of PFC: 4. Dynamic PFC controller M M M Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 18
19 Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 19
20 Single line diagram essential for system study 110 kv Power uility 35 kv S k "= MVA 16 MVA 16 MVA 3x5 MVA Station 10 n. o. Station MVA 4 % 1.6 MVA 4 % 1.6 MVA 4 % 1x500 kw 2x250 kw (Converter) Harmonic Filter 320 kw (Converter) 5x300 kw (Converter) 4x300 kw (Converter) Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 20
21 Frequently asked questions What is the thumb rule for selection of kvar size for motor fixed compensation? How to find the active load of a motor for calculating the capacitor size? In factories with many loads it is problematic to calculate the required capacitor output during planning status. 1) Why? 2) How to select a suitable kvar size? When to select: A) Fixed B) Group C) Centralised - compensation Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 21
22 Example Question: A textile factory with a total load of 400 kw shows an actual power factor of 0.55 (phi=56.6 ) The local power utility asks for a target PF=0.98 (phi=11.5 ) HV Grid Transformer 630 kva, u k = 5 % What capacitor output is required to avoid surcharges for low PF? M 3 ~ 400 kw cosϕ = 0.55 Capacitor bank Qc =?? kvar Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 22
23 Example Solution: Qc = P * (tang phi1 - tang phi 2) = 400*(tan (56.5) - tan(11.5)) = 523 kvar (where phi1 is the phase angle of existing power factor and phi2 is the phase angle of target power factor) We recommend a capacitor bank design: 25 kvar + 10 steps of 50 kvar Depending on types of loads, e.g. frequency converters, a de-tuned capacitor bank should be used Power Factor Correction - Basics FK PC PM PFC Januar 07 Page: 23
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