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1 Structural Fasteners in Wood-to to-wood Connections The Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates t of Completion for both AIA members and non-aia members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, ib ti display and use of the presentation ti without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. The Wood Products Council 2012 Learning Objectives At the end of this program, participants will be able to: 1. Articulate t how wood properties, loading direction and dowel bearing strength th affect the strength of wood connections. 2. Understand the features and strength properties p of traditional nails, screws, lags and bolts and the newest fastener- Structural Wood Screws. 3. Understand the procedures involved in determining the imposed loads and selection of the appropriate fastener. 4. Locate and understand the code requirements for specific wood-frame structural connections.

2 Welcome Introductions Brice Hereford Code Compliance Specialist Construction Experience Certified Sustainable Designer ICC Adjunct Instructor Mark Guthrie Technical Manager Testing and Code Development Welcome Introductions Who s in the Room? Inspectors, Plan Review Architects, Engineers Builders, Contractors, Developers Other Today s Topics Critical Wood Properties Fastener Basics The Evolution of Fasteners New Category of Structural Wood Screws Resources Referenced NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction the Bible Wood Properties Strengths, Span Tables, etc Fastener Strengths In Wood (Connection Design)

3 Resources Referenced IRC Residential Code IBC Commercial Building Code Resources Referenced AF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual Code compliant prescriptive method Same authors as NDS Your State Code Critical Wood Properties Critical Wood Properties Species / Specific Gravity Moisture Content Loading Direction Dowel Bearing Strength Species / Specific Gravity The floatability factor Ipe (Brazilian Hardwood) sinks DF Larch floats 50% above Higher SG = Denser Denser = Stronger Wood Specific Gravity is the #1 determinant of connection strength Wood Species SG Ipe Red Oak 0.67 Southern Pine 0.55 Douglas Fir Larch 0.50 SCL / Engineered 0.50 Douglas Fir South 0.46 Hem Fir 0.43 SPF 0.42

4 Critical Wood Properties Species / Specific Gravity How does SG effect connection strength? Shear Strength of 1/2" Lag Screw in Different Woods* Species SG Lbs./Lag Strength Difference Oak % SYP DFL % SPF % Critical Wood Properties Wet vs. Dry Wood Moisture Content If 19% or Less = DRY to engineer If above 19% = WET The wetter the wood, lower the connection strength Must be compensated for by engineer: Per NDS When connections are exposed to wet service conditions in use, reference design values must be multiplied by the wet service factors * Assumes a 2x attached to a 4x Critical Wood Properties Wet vs. Dry Wood How does it effect connection strength? Design Strengths in SYP Dry Wet Service Wet Load Type Fastener Type (Lbs) Factor (Lbs) Shear ½ Lag d Nail Critical Wood Properties Loading Direction Parallel to Grain vs. Perpendicular to Grain Parallel to Grain Loading Perpendicular to Grain Loading L L L L Withdrawal ½ Lag d Nail L G Load Direction Grain Direction G G Which connection is stronger?

5 Critical Wood Properties Loading Direction Parallel to Grain is actually stronger! Critical Wood Properties Dowel Bearing Strength Ability for the wood above the fastener to support the fastener Parallel to Grain Loading Perpendicular to Grain Loading Load Direction 410 lbs. 230 lbs. ¼ 3/8 ½ ¾ Grain Direction ( Design Shear of ½ Lag Screw in SYP ) Which one of these holes supports the least weight? Critical Wood Properties Dowel Bearing Strength 5150 psi 4200 psi 3650 psi 2950 psi Fastener Facts Anatomy of Nails / Screws Metal Strength Properties Design Strength Properties in Wood Evolution of Fasteners ¼ 3/8 ½ ¾ Larger the hole, weaker the wood!

6 Fastener Facts Anatomy of Nails / Screws Head Style Shank/Blank Diameter (Gauge) Point Style Fastener Facts Metal Strength Properties Shear Strength Lbs needed to slice metal Approx 1,500 Lbs * #8 deck screw Tensile Strength Lbs to stretch until break metal Approx 2,500 Lbs * Bending Yield Lbs to bend metal beyond elastic Approx 125,000 psi * Threads Per Inch (TPI) Minor Thread & Major Thread Diameter Used to compare fasteners only Not suitable for designing the connection Fastener Facts Fastener Facts Design Strength Properties Design Shear Strength Approx. 150 lbs. * #8 deck screw in SYP Design Withdrawal Strength Approx 100 lbs. per inch of thread embedded * Design Head Pull-Through h Strength th Approx 100 lbs. per inch of wood under head Safety factor? Who cares about a safety factor? Takes into account fastener and wood interaction Only value used by designer/engineer Include Safety Factor (2.5 5times)

7 Fastener Facts Fastener Facts Quick Live Load Analysis Ledger Connection 35 people Handrail Connections Stair Stringer Connection At least 6 leaners 1 guy Guests weigh 6200 lbs. Deck designed to carry 7700 lbs. Only 1500 lbs. (7 people + 1 keg) away from anticipated live load. The safety factor creates a buffer for inconsistencies in materials and usage. Fastener Facts Design Shear Strength Maximum pounds of shear load that can be safely applied before fastener or wood is displaced Fastener Facts Design Withdrawal Strength Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be safely applied before threads disengaging from the wood

8 Fastener e Facts Design Pull-Through Strength Maximum pounds of withdrawal load that can be safely applied before head begins to pull through side member Evolution of Fasteners Wooden Dowels Nails and Spikes Wood Screws Lag Screws Through h Bolts Structural Wood Screws Evolution of Fasteners Wooden Dowels Ship building Post & beam Timber frame Evolution of Fasteners Nails - Benefits Easy to install one tool / no special skills needed Contractor familiarity common nomenclature Pneumatic capability faster by far Inexpensive cheapest method Accepted design values in NDS

9 Evolution of Fasteners Nails - Drawbacks Tough to determine size from head Difficult to identify fastening pattern once installed Common disregard for fastening patterns Evolution of Fasteners Nails Biggest Drawbacks #1 Very low withdrawal strength #2 Made worse when exposed to moisture (75% reduction in strength!) Evolution of Fasteners Very low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applications (Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal. Evolution of Fasteners Wood Screws Deck screws NOT drywall screws!!

10 Evolution of Fasteners Wood Screws - Benefits Easy to install No pre-drilling Cordless drills & impact drivers Threads add greater withdrawal strength vs. nails Values in NDS Shear & Withdrawal Evolution of Fasteners Wood Screws - Drawbacks Unknown quality 95% imports No strengths printed on box Most not ICC vetted (no report) Coating claims unchecked ACQ Approved? QC Process Accountability Evolution of Fasteners Wood Screws - Drawbacks Shear strength and ductility dependent on proper p heat treat Most imported screws are through-hardenedhardened Evolution of Fasteners Lag Screws Benefits Easy to find. Available in all sizes. Greater strength than screws or nails Strengths reported in the NDS Code allowed / preferred Through Hardened Case Hardened Carbon cooked, brittle potential Carbon-rich rich case, ductile core

11 Evolution o of Fasteners e s Lag Screws Drawbacks By code, must pre-drill twice 75% of diameter for entire length 100% of diameter for unthreaded portion Second pre-drill step commonly o ignored by the installer Nearly impossible to inspect! Evolution of Fasteners Deck Collapse Injures Scores - Ledger splits from faulty lag screw installation July 30, Diamond Horseshoe Casino in Polson, Montana. 34 injured, 3 critically, 4 life threatening t Post-failure inspection found "lag screws were too few and far between, and they were driven through the ledger with a rotary hammer rather than through pre-drilled holes, which induced a splitting force Evolution of Fasteners Lag Screws Drawbacks By design, lags are threaded 2/3rds of their length: Creates Board jacking = weaker joint, easier moisture entry Evolution o of Fasteners e s Through Bolts Benefits Best withdrawal strengths of all Requires pre-drilling can t cheat Easy to identify Accepted values in NDS Side Main Threads in shear plane - the weakest part of the screw in the most critical part of the application

12 Evolution o of Fasteners e s Evolution o of Fasteners e s Through Bolts Drawbacks Difficult to install Drilling required Three tools needed for installation Expensive 4 pieces of hardware Through Bolts Drawbacks Negligible benefit in shear strength over lags for much more work: Design Shear Strength Perpendicular to Grain Wood 1/2" Lag 1/2" Bolt SPF Doug. Fir South. Pine Evolution o of Fasteners e s Evolution o of Fasteners e s Questions? Comments? Emotional Outbursts? Structural Wood Screws RSS SDS by Simpson TimberLok LedgerLok TrussLok by GRK WS by USP by FastenMaster

13 Structural Wood Screws (SWS) Structural Wood Screws (SWS) Benefits Strength equal or greater than lag screws Supported by ICC reports Versatility of deck screws No predrilling Complete Inspectability Head markings Information provided on box / literature Approved as an Alternative ti As with all non-commodity products, allowable under the Alternative Materials provision R (IRC & local code). Tested to national standards (ANSI, ASTM) Third party, peer reviewed reports (ICC-ES) Demonstrate equivalency to code Structural Wood Screws (SWS) Drawbacks New: Contractors need better instruction Not a commodity. Small differences between competitors. New: Limited familiarity by code officials Structural Wood Screws What To Look For National Code Report (ICC-ES or IAPMO) Documented Metal Strength Properties Shear, Withdrawal, Pull through h Values in Wood Lot Traceability via Head Stamp and Packaging QC Audit Process Corrosion Statement Hot Dipped Galvanized to ASTM A153 Mechanically Galvanized to ASTM B695 Class 55 Tested under ICC-ES AC257 Equal to HDG Technical Literature Installation Instructions Application-Specific Technical Bulletins

14 Common SWS Applications Multiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply Engineered Wood Beams (LVL, LSL, PSL) Deck Ledger to Rim Rafter & Truss to Top Plate Multiple Ply EW Beams Supported by EW: I-Level (was TrusJoist) Boise, GP, LP Roseburg, Others In some Design Software Boise (BC Calc) Keymark

15 Multiple Ply EW Beams Multiple Ply EW Beams Technical Bulletins Code Compliance Proper Installation Limitations Technical Bulletins Proper Size Selection Minimum Edge / End Distances Multiple Ply EW Beams Deck Ledger to Rim Technical Bulletins Fastening Patterns Top Loaded Beams Fastening Patterns Side Loaded Beams

16 Deck Ledger to Rim Code History Prior to 2003 No direction at all 2003 IRC Limited nail use 2006 IRC Same: no nails or toe nails Forced the installer & inspector to become the engineer! Deck Ledger to Rim Calculating the Load Live load = 40 psf of deck surface (R301.5) Dead load = 10 psf (R ) Combined load = 50 psf Take half the distance to the 1 st support (5ft) Multiply py by Combined Load (5ft x 50psf) This load (250plf) must be supported at Ledger 5 ft. 10 ft. Deck Ledger to Rim Deck Ledger to Rim Calculating the Fastening Pattern (w/ 2x SPF Rim) ½ Lag supports 170 lbs per fastener in shear 170/250 =.68 (1 lag every 8 ) SWS (LedgerLok) supports 210 lbs 210/250 =.85 (1 SWS every 10 ) Waaay too much work Welcome the 2009 IRC ( ) 2 2) Requirements and Restriction under one section Allows for alternative materials and methods Gives actual fastening patterns!!! 5 ft. 10 ft. If you re not there yet you will be soon.

17 Deck Ledger to Rim Deck Ledger to Rim Technical Bulletins Code Compliance Proper Installation Limitations Technical Bulletins Code compliance statement ACQ testing to ICC information Deck Ledger to Rim Deck Ledger to Rim Technical Bulletins Minimum Edge / End Distances PE Approved Fastening Patterns Technical Bulletins Installation Requirements & Restrictions

18 Evolution of Fasteners 2007/2009 IRC Code Very low withdrawal strength Unacceptable in many code applications (Ledgers) 2009 IRC: R where supported by attachment to an exterior wall, decks shall be positively anchored to the primary structure and designed for both vertical and lateral loads. Such attachment shall not be accomplished by the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal. This section allows Structural wood Screws

19 Comments by Glenn Mathewson- Building inspector in Westminster Colorado in an article in November 2009 PROFESSIONAL DECK BUILDER As written in the code, the lateral connection detail shall be permitted; it isn t a requirement. Throughout the International Codes, the phrase shall be permitted is used only to clarify when a detail seemingly prohibited by a general statement is actually permitted in a specific application. Hegoesontosay: on say: ACTUAL ORIGIN OF THIS SECTION IN CODE CYCLE!! Section R of the IRC even states: The provisions of this code are not intended to prevent the installation of any material or to prohibit any design or method of construction ti not specifically prescribed by this code. Therefore, it s not necessary to specifically permit a design in the code unless it could be confused as being prohibited." That's obviously not the case for Figure R , 22 as it s unlikely that any building official would prohibit a connection like it.

20 Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter - Code Requirements 2-16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3-8d toe nailed per IBC table Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter - Code Requirements 2-16d toe nailed per IRC Table R602.3(1) Or 3-8d toe nailed per IBC table IRC (2x16d) IBC (3x8d) NDS Withdrawal Value lbs/inch/nail Embedment Depth inches Toe Nail Factor Wind/Seismic Load Duration Amount of Nails 2 3 Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Truss - Code Requirements Trusses shall be connected to wall plates by the use of approved connectors having a resistance to uplift of not less than 175 pounds and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer s specifications. 3-16d commons will accomplish this, getting 178 pounds of design uplift. (From the Truss Plate Institute & Structural Building Component Association) lbs/connection

21 Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection Withdrawal Calculated per ESR 1078 If code requires only nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties? Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread Embedment Depth 2.0 inches Toe Nail Factor 0 Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6 Amount of Screws lbs/connection **assumes SPF rafter and top plate weakest wood Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top Plate If code requires only nails, why is the de facto method hurricane ties? Improper Installation High Wind Perception IBC IRC Loads in SPF

22 Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Technical literature: States the code Clear Installation ti Instructions Allowable Loads Defined Follows IRC Prescriptive Path Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Four ways to evaluate for substitution: - In wind zones less than 110 (or 100 in hurricane prone regions), this method exceeds code outright! - Where stated loads on truss plan are called out, use Table 1 - Where ties specified, compare Table 1 to tie mfr. loads - Specify using AFPA Wood Frame Construction Manual

23 Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter / Truss to Top Plate Rafter or Truss to Top Plate Connection Withdrawal Calculated per ESR 1078 Withdrawal Value 131 lbs/inch of thread Embedment Depth 2.0 inches Toe Nail Factor 0 Wind/Seismic Load Duration 1.6 Connection Design Uplift Lateral Shear H H H H TimberLok Amount of Screws lbs/connection **assumes SPF rafter and top plate weakest wood Rafter / Truss to Top Plate SHEAR or BRACED WALLS AF&PA Wood Frame Construction Manual High Wind Zone Exposure B You are basically building a two story shear wall!

24 USE STRUCTURAL WOOD SCREWS INSTEAD OF LAGS, THRUBOLTS OR BIG 60d SPIKES Next Step in the Evolution of Fasteners! CRAZY SCREW GUYS! WHAT WILL THEY THINK OF THINK OF NEXT?

25 Other Applications? CARRYING BEAM What other challenges do you see out there?

26 Questions? This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course OMG Largest Domestic Screw Manufacturer Agawam, MA BRICE HEREFORD Wood Products Council Since 1979 Who We Are OMG OMG / FastenMaster Principles Contractor Focused Lower Installed Cost Train the Chain (Contractor, Yard, Inspector, Engineer) Code Reliance Clear Installation Instructions, Technical Bulletins Inspectability Tested to Standards d (ICC, ASTM, FM) Innovation Develop New Products Key to Staying Relevant and in the USA

27 Thank You! LOS ANGELES CITY RESEARCH REPORT # INTERNATIONAL CODE ICC ESR # 1078 Technical Assistance