Production of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper from The Waste Paper Generated in Municipalities of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

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1 Production of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper from The Waste Paper Generated in Municipalities of Dhaka City, Bangladesh MahbubAlam 1, SharminY.Rikta 2, MDTanvir Hasnine 3, Fahad Ahmed 2, Abdul k. I. Kamal 2 Abstract Waste paper is one of the utmost types of solid waste that are dumped as mammoth quantities in Dhaka city per year. This waste paper become a saddle of Dhaka city and creates some implausible problem. On the other hand, the waste management system is not so strong in Dhaka city. Therefore, recycling of waste paper is the alternative option to reduce this saddle. However, there are a few small papers recycling options and factories in Dhaka city and they linger as an informal sector because of high cost and lack of investment. To conquer this situation, eco-friendly handmade paper production would be the preeminent solution. Therefore, it is requisite to develop a low cost method of handmade paper production from waste paper which is amassed from the municipalities of Dhaka city that would be the economical and environment friendly recycling option. The objective of the study was to develop a low cost method for waste paper recycling which is amassed from municipalities of Dhaka City. In this study, eco-friendly handmade paper production method was initiated. It was found that the range of thickness of produced handmade paper is from to mm. On basis of thickness other characteristics or parameters of produced handmade paper such as GSM, burst index and tensile index are varied. GSM of this produced handmade paper is ranged from 250 to 350; burst index is ranged from 2.7 to 4 kpam²/g and tensile index is ranged from to Nm/g. It is also pointed that this method is very cost effective. On the basis of its production cost estimation; this method of handmade paper production requires low investment than the conventional paper making process. It requires BTD ( USD) per handmade paper sheet (3ft 2ft). In return this study has a lot of environmental benefits. Keywords: Dhaka city, Eco-friendly, Handmade paper, Recycling, Solid waste, Waste paper 1. INTRODUCTION Bangladesh is a densely populated country; country's population will be about 17 corers by In countries like Bangladesh solid wastes make an incredibleenvironmental hazard and social problem in city lives. The urban area of Bangladesh generates approximately 16,015 tons of solid waste per day, which adds up to over 5.84 million tons annually. It is projected that this amount will grow up to 47,000 tons/day and close to million tons per year by 2025, due to growth both in population and the increase in per capita waste generation [1]. Based on the present total urban population, per capita waste generation rate is found at 0.41 kg/capita/day in urban area of Bangladesh. Existing infrastructure for waste management showed that waste collection efficiency in different urban areas varies from 37% to 77% with an average of 55% [1].In Dhaka, per capita solid waste generation is quite low; however, due to huge and densely populated city, solid waste problem in Dhaka city is very acute in comparison to many cities of the developing countries. Table1 shows 1 Corresponding author: Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, 34469, Maslak/Istanbul, Turkey mahbubrana02@gmail.com 2 Jahangirnagar University, Department of Environmental Sciences, 1342, Savar/Dhaka, Bangladesh 3 Yildiz Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department, 34220, Esenler/İstanbul

2 EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, 2-4May 2016, YTU 2010 Congress Center, İstanbul/Türkiye that the daily production of solid waste in Dhaka City is more than 4000 Metric Tons. Of those 200 Metric Tons of hospital and clinical waste is a mixture of toxic chemicals, radioactive elements and pathological substances [1]. Paper waste is also significant in amount. Table 1. Waste Generation Rate (WGR) and Total Waste Generation (TWG) in Dhaka city and other cities of Bangladesh, 2004 [1] City/Town WGR (Kg/ca p/ day) No. of City/ Town Total Population Population (2005) TWG (Ton/day) Average TWG Dry season Wet season Dhaka ,116,731 6,728,404 3, , , Chittagong ,383,725 2,622,098 1, , , Rajshahi , , Khulna , , Barisal , , Sylhet , , As of 2004, the total solid waste amount from both domestic waste and business waste, approximately 2,980 t/d of waste on average is generated in a day. By rounding up the figure to 3,000 t/d from fixed sources, the total generation amount in Dhaka City is estimated at 3,200 t/d with the amount from fixed sources is shared by domestic source and business source at 65% and 35% respectively [2]. In Dhaka City Cooperation, Conservancy department is responsible for solid waste management including cleaning of streets and drains. There is no independent law in Bangladesh to address the problems of solid waste. In Bangladesh, solid waste management is entrusted with the local government bodies. The responsibility of removing solid waste and disposing of it lies with the City Corporation. The Dhaka City Corporation Ordinance 1983 is the only local law that gives some idea on disposal of municipal waste. Dhaka Municipal Ordinance 1983 has provision for the removal of refuse from all public streets, public latrines, urinal drains, and dustbins and for collection and disposal of such refuse [1]. Moreover, due to shortage of funding, due to almost no direct user charges as well as insufficient subsidies, and other institutional constraints, the local government has not been able to effectively collect and dispose of the waste properly. Paper produc+on (Tons/1000 people) Country Name Figure 1. Recycled paper production rate among different countries [4]

3 Production of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper from the Waste Paper Generated in Municipalities of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. M. Alam, S.Y. Rikta, MD T. Hasnine, F. Ahmed, A.K. I. Kamal Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and postconsumer waste [3]. Post-consumer waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated containers (OCC), old magazines, old newspapers (ONP), office paper, old telephone directories, and residential mixed paper (RMP). Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging [3]. Figure 1 shows the name of ten paper recycling countries where Switzerland prodeuce the highest amount of recycled paper. Waste paper recycling has been practiced in Dhaka recently. A few numbers of industries are involved in waste paper recycling. Their aim is the reduction and environmentally sounds recycling of waste paper and paper products. Although waste paper recycling sector is very small in Dhaka City and also the government is not so concern about this sector. The following industries are working with waste paper recycle:prokritee, Creative paper crafts, Rongdhonu, Artistic International, Oriel group and so on. Paper is a fundamental part of most aspects of society, world-wide a total of approximately 300 million tons of paper are produced each day and approximately 90% of this paper is produced from mature pulp wood [5]. In addition the demand of paper is expected to increase. Today the finest of papers are produced all over the world. But one dismaying fact is that millions of trees are fell in a day to make paper. Increased demands of paper production and limited wood resources have directed researchers to look for other sources like waste papers for recycled pulp and paper manufacturing. Therefore, the prime objective of the study was to develop a low cost method for waste paper recycling which is amassed from municipalities of Dhaka City. 2. MATERIALS and METHODS 2.1. Materials Required (a) Raw materials (Waste paper), (b) Hydro-pulper, (c) Deckle or Frame, (d) Roller, (e) Plastic mug, (f) Marking pen and (g)paper cutter Figure 2. (a) Hydro-Pulper (b) Deckel or Frame 2.2. Raw Materials Processing Sample processing is very important for handmade paper production. First of all, waste paper is sorted very carefully and it must be confirmed that polythene is separated. Then the waste paper is being dried to remove the moisture. After drying, the raw materials are ready for paper making Steps Involved in Handmade Paper Making First step (Hydro pulping of waste paper & Mixing with a recycled pulp):waste paper put into the hydro pulper and water mix with the paper as 1:5 ratio. After settling the mixture in the digester, the pulper is switched on for 3 minute. After 3 minute the pulper is stopped and opened the output valve of the pulper. The 3

4 EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, 2-4May 2016, YTU 2010 Congress Center, İstanbul/Türkiye pulp is coming out by this valve and put it in a container. When pulp is ready which extract from waste paper, mixed with a recycled pulp in different ratio. The characteristics of recyled pulp are: (a) fully mechanical, (b) recycled or secondary fiber, (c) unbleached, (d) strong binding capacity. Second step (Spreading the pulp on a frame and Rolling): When the pulp is ready for making paper, it spreads on the Deckle or Frame. It is very important step for handmade paper making. Pulp should be spread very carefully on the frame to maintain the uniform thickness of paper. After completing the pulp on the frame, a roller is used for rolling them. Rolling make the surface little smoother and make a shape of paper. Third step (Sun drying of paper): After completing the second step, the frame settles down in a suitable place for full sun drying. This step takes a major portion of time among whole paper making and it s almost 5-6 hours. Fourth step (Cutting): After drying the paper, it cuts in suitable size that needs. Fifth step (Ironing/calendaring): In this step, paper is ironed or calendared for smoothness. Calendaring is a part of the paper manufacturing process where the paper "web" passes between polished metal rolls. This increases the paper's smoothness and provides a uniform thickness (caliper). Final product (handmade paper) is made after calendaring the paper.figure 3 shows the visual overview of handmade paper production method. Figure 3. Visual overview of handmade paper production method 2.4. Physical Test Analysis of Handmade Paper Burst index Burst index is the quotient of the bursting strength of a paper and its grammage in the conditioned state as defined in the standard method of test (British standard BS 3137, BS 2922:1 and International standard ISO 2758 and ISO 2759) [6]. Burst index (kpa.m²/g) = burst strength/basis weight Tensile Index

5 Production of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper from the Waste Paper Generated in Municipalities of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. M. Alam, S.Y. Rikta, MD T. Hasnine, F. Ahmed, A.K. I. Kamal Tensile index is the tensile strength of paper is measured by applying a tensile force parallel to the plane of the paper and great enough to induce failure or rupture [7]. It is determined by Nm/g Thickness The thickness or "calliper" of paper, board and tissue can be measured on a single ply or multiple plies using a deadweight micrometer and quoted in µm or "microns" GSM GSM stands for Grammes per Square Metre - and is how the quality of paper is measured. Normal office paper is either 60 or 80 g/m², good quality paper would be 100 to 120 g/sm² and paper board would be 250 g/m² plus[8]. 3. RESULTS and DISCUSSION In this study, different types of handmade papers are produced by the waste paper and recycled pulp in different ratio Handmade Papers (Final Products) (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 4. Handmade papers [(a) 100% waste paper pulp; (b) 75% waste paper plup+25% recycled pulp; (c) 50% waste paper plup+50% recycled pulp and (d) 25% waste paper plup+75% recycled pulp] 3.2. Physical Test Results of Produced Handmade Paper Table 2. Physical test of produced handmade papers (100% waste paper pulp) Test Units Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Thickness mm GSM g/m² Burst Index kpam²/g Tensile Index Nm/g Table 3. Physical test of produced handmade papers (75% waste paper plup+25% recycled pulp) Test Units Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Thickness mm GSM g/m² Burst Index kpam²/g Tensile Index Nm/g

6 EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, 2-4May 2016, YTU 2010 Congress Center, İstanbul/Türkiye Table 4. Physical test of produced handmade papers (50% waste paper plup+50% recycled pulp) Test Units Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Thickness mm GSM g/m² Burst Index kpam²/g Tensile Index Nm/g Table 5. Physical test of produced handmade papers (25% waste paper plup+75% recycled pulp) Test Units Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Thickness mm GSM g/m² Burst Index kpam²/g Tensile Index Nm/g According to physical test results, table 2-5 shows that thickness of this produced handmade paper is ranged from to mm; GSM is ranged from 250 to 350; burst index is ranged from 2.7 to 4 kpam²/g and tensile index is ranged from to Nm/g Production Cost Estimation of Produced Handmade Paper 1 kg of recycled pulp = 20 BDT (0.26 USD) 1 kg of waste paper pulp = 10 BDT (0.13 USD) Electricity bill = 0.5 BDT/day = 15 BDT (0.19 USD) /month 2 pc frame (3ft 2ft) =500 BDT (6.38 USD) Worker cost = 150 BDT/day = 4500 BDT (57.42 USD) /month Twenty pieces handmade paper (3ft 2ft) can be produced per day by a worker. In a month a worker can produce 600 pieces (20 30) handmade paper (3ft 2ft).Therefore,each handmade (3ft 2ft) required 200gm pulp. In a month, 120 kg pulp is required. Production cost of handmade papers (100% waste paper pulp): The cost of 600 pieces handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 100% waste paper pulp = {(120 10) } BDT = 6215 BDT. Therefore, the cost of 1 piece handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 100% waste paper pulp = (6215/600) BDT = BDT (0.135 USD). Production cost of handmade papers (75% waste paper pulp+25% recycled pulp): This paper required 90 kg waste paper pulp and 30 kg recycled pulp.the cost of 600 pieces handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 75% waste paper pulp and 25% recycled pulp = {(90 10)+(30 20) } BDT = 6515 BDT. Therefore, the cost of 1 piece handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 75% waste paper pulp and 25% recycled pulp = (6515/600) BDT = BDT (0.141 USD). Production cost of handmade papers (50% waste paper pulp+50% recycled pulp): This paper required 60 kg waste paper pulp and 60 kg recycled pulp.the cost of 600 pieces handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 75% waste paper pulp and 25% recycled pulp = {(60 10)+(60 20) } BDT = 6815 BDT. Therefore,the cost of 1 piece handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 75% waste paper pulp and 25% recycled pulp = (6815/600) BDT = BDT (0.148 USD). Production cost of handmade papers (25% waste paper pulp+75% recycled pulp): This paper required 30 kg waste paper pulp and 90 kg recycled pulp.the cost of 600 pieces handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 25% waste paper pulp and 75% recycled pulp = {(30 10)+(90 20) } BDT = 7115 BDT.

7 Production of Eco-friendly Handmade Paper from the Waste Paper Generated in Municipalities of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. M. Alam, S.Y. Rikta, MD T. Hasnine, F. Ahmed, A.K. I. Kamal Therefore, the cost of 1 piece handmade paper (3ft 2ft) which is produced by 25% waste paper pulp and 75% recycled pulp = (7115/600) BDT = BDT (0.154 USD) ,5 Produc+o Cost (BDT) 11 10,5 10 9,5 Handmade paper(100% waste paper pulp) Handmade paper (75%waste paper pulp+25% recycled pulp) Handmade paper (50%waste paper pulp+50% recycled pulp) Produced handmade paper samples Handmade paper (25%waste paper pulp+75% recycled pulp) Figure 5. Variation of production cost among the handmade paper which is produced in different ratio Figure 5 shows that the production cost of handmade paper is ranged from BTD ( USD) per handmade paper sheet (3ft 2ft) where the highest production cost is required to produce handmade paper with 25% waste paper and 75% recycled pulp. 4. CONCLUSION Eco-friendly handmade paper production is very simple and economical method that is used in this study. This method require waste paper which is easily available and burden for our surroundings. It is found from the study that the quality of paper is improving when it mixes with a recycled pulp. The standard of GSM, burst index and tensile index are increasing with the ratio of recycled pulp is increasing and the highest standard was found in the paper which is produced by 25% waste paper pulp and 75% recycled pulp. However it is pointed that the paper which is produced by 50% waste paper pulp and 50% recycled pulp is averagely good than other ratio because its result is very consistence and precise. On the basis of its production cost estimation; this method of handmade paper production requires low investment. It requires BTD ( USD) per handmade paper sheet (3ft 2ft). Therefore, this handmade paper production method is an economical and eco-friendly method which leads to a healthy environment. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The heartfelt thanks to the authority of Pulp and Paper division, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) for laboratory support to analyze the physical parameters of produced handmade paper. REFERENCES [1]. Bahauddin, K. M. and Uddin, M. H. Prospect of Solid Waste Situation and an Approach of Environmental Management Measure (EMM) Model for Sustainable Solid Waste Management: Case Study of Dhaka City. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 5(1), pp , [2]. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and DDC (Dhaka City Corporation). The Study on the Solid Waste Management in Dhaka City (Main Report). Pacific Consultants International Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd., Vol. 2, Chap. 2, 2-5, [3]. (2006) Debunking the Myths. Archived from the original on 6 October [Online]. Available: Recycling Point Dot Com. [4]. (2006) Compare info based ltd., Top ten paper recycling countries. [Online]. Available: [5]. Muraleedharan, Dr. H. and Perumal, Dr. K. Booklet on ecofriendly handmade paper making. SAMCRC, Taramani, Chennai , [6]. (2006) Paper-machinery.com. Paper Glossary & Dictionary. [Online]. Available: [7]. TAPPI. TAPPI proceedings of the 1988 paper preservation symposium. TAPPI Press: 31-40,

8 EurAsia Waste Management Symposium, 2-4May 2016, YTU 2010 Congress Center, İstanbul/Türkiye [8]. (2013) Paperworks. [Online]. Available: BIOGRAPHY MAHBUB ALAM, a graduate student at Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department. Alam received his BSc (Hons.) in Environmental Sciences in 2012 from Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, and his MSc in Environmental Sciences in 2013 from Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is doing his 2nd MSc in Environmental Science and Engineering at Istanbul Technical University, Environmental Engineering Department. Alam has sound professional experience on environmental sector as he worked in different development organizations that work for environment like Environment and Social Development Organization (ESDO), United Network for Initiative & Tactic by Youth (UNITY), Bangla Resource and Project Environment.His research interests on Environmental Management and Sustainable development, Waste management/recycling, Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Governance, Climate change, Carbon monitoring, Disaster Management. He may be contacted at mahbubrana02@gmail.com or alam15@itu.edu.tr.