SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES Introduction

Transcription

1 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES Introduction Focus The subject of this News in Review module is the destruction of the space shuttle Columbia as it reentered Earth s atmosphere on February 1, It explores possible reasons for the shuttle s failure and the impact of that failure on the future of manned space flight. It also looks at the qualities that lead an individual to become an astronaut, and the lives of those who died on Columbia. Finally, it looks at Canada s role in space, both its history and plans for the future. YV Sections marked with this symbol indicate content suitable for younger viewers. Most of us have come to take manned space flight for granted. We were hardly aware that there was a shuttle mission taking place until we heard the terrible news that Columbia and its crew had been lost on re-entry. The shuttle burned up in the atmosphere over Texas, returning to Earth as thousands of pieces of debris. Shuttle flights had become routine. It was only after the accident that we came to know the extraordinary individuals who had lost their lives in what we could, once again, appreciate as one of the most dangerous of scientific and exploratory activities. The investigation to determine exactly what went wrong began immediately. Early speculation that failure of part of the heat shield on the left wing of the shuttle was responsible for the accident has developed into the likeliest theory. However, which part of the shield and why it failed remains unclear. NASA does know that either foam or ice from a booster rocket struck the shuttle shortly after take-off. Yet most of its engineers discounted the potential for damage from this incident. Researchers have collected, and are continuing to find, pieces of the shuttle from the ground below its final flight path. As they reassemble the shuttle, they hope to locate any areas where shield failure might have begun. The flight data recorder has also been recovered, and it is being studied for any evidence it might provide. The investigation is also looking at NASA s safety procedures. Some commentators argue that budget cuts to the shuttle program have affected safety programs, and that too little attention has been paid to potential safety problems in an ageing fleet of shuttle aircraft. Meanwhile, the U.S. manned space program is on hold, with potentially devastating effects for some important international research. The shuttle is the only vehicle large enough to carry many of the necessary construction materials for the International Space Station. The station will continue to be staffed by astronauts carried on Russian Soyuz rockets, but planned expansion will not take place until the shuttle flies again. Canada s space program is one of those affected. Most of Canada s aerospace industry relies on technology other than the shuttle. However, two missions that were to include Canadian astronauts have been delayed by the accident. Discussion Some commentators argue that the risks and expense of manned space flight are too great. They believe that our technology is now so sophisticated that we can accomplish all our scientific goals in space by sending unmanned probes rather than humans. Do you think there will always be a place for manned space exploration? Has what we have accomplished so far been worth the risks? Explain. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 19

2 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES Video Review The questions on this and the next page should be answered as you watch the video. 1. How many astronauts were lost in the Columbia disaster? 2. Why was Ilan Ramon such as hero to Israel? Further Research NASA s (National Aeronautics and Space Agency) official Web site for the Columbia disaster is at columbia/home/ index.html. An excellent and moving tribute video to Columbia and its crew is available at columbia/ memvideo.htm. 3. What were the audible and visible signs to observers on the ground that something had gone wrong? 4. How long had it been since the first shuttle accident, with Challenger? 5. What are the two most dangerous parts of a mission to space? 6. What caused the 1986 Challenger explosion? 7. Which country had previously lost astronauts during re-entry? 8. What were the first indications to NASA that a problem might be developing on Columbia? 9. What incident at lift-off might have damaged the protective tiles on Columbia s left wing? CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 20

3 Did you know... Columbia was the first shuttle built and had flown 28 missions? The remaining shuttles are named Discovery (30 missions), Atlantis (26 missions), and Endeavour (19 missions). 10. Could anything have been done to repair Columbia if damage had been identified before re-entry? Why or why not? 11. Author Diane Vaughan investigated the Challenger disaster. What does she say that scientists and engineers on test ranges estimated as the probability of failure for a shuttle mission? 12. What does she say was the estimate by top administrators? 13. What reason does scientist John Logsdon give as the main reason why the shuttle safety budget was reduced by a large amount? 14. What two major problems with the shuttle program did NASA s advisory committee identify in its recent report? i) ii) 15. How soon might another shuttle be launched? 16. How many shuttles remain in NASA s fleet? CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 21

4 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES The Right Stuff In 1979 author Tom Wolfe published a book about some of the test pilots who took their planes to the threshold of space, and the early U.S. astronauts who ultimately took part in some of the first space flights. Wolfe s book was titled The Right Stuff. This term has now become part of the language to describe the talents and characteristics that are part of every astronaut s makeup. Activity The following is a brief biographical summary of each of the Columbia astronauts who lost their lives at the end of the STS-107 mission. As you read through these summaries, identify those characteristics and accomplishments that you feel demonstrate that they had the right stuff. List the most common and most outstanding ones in your notes. Compare your list with those of other class members. Mission Commander Rick Husband, 45 This was the second shuttle mission for Husband. He became interested in aerospace as early as age four, during the Mercury missions. He received his pilot s licence while in high school, joined the Air Force and obtained a master s degree in engineering. He had experience flying more than 40 types of aircraft and had accumulated more than 3800 hours of flight time. Husband applied four times before he was accepted into astronaut training. After being appointed commander of this mission, he immediately booked his entire crew on an 11-day survival trip as a bonding experience. He was a devout Christian, married with two children. Payload Specialist Ilan Ramon, 48 Ramon was a much-decorated Israeli fighter pilot who had flown a number of dangerous combat missions. He was a popular choice as Israel s first astronaut, even with the hundreds of other Israeli Air Force members he beat out for the job. Ramon trained four and a half years for the mission. His job consisted mostly of photographing dust from the Sahara Desert blowing across the Middle East, part of a study on how dust affects rainfall in the area. Allowed to bring a personal item with him on the mission, Ramon took a conjectural drawing of the Earth as seen from the moon. It had been made by a 16-year-old Jewish boy shortly before his death at Auschwitz, the infamous Nazi death camp, during the Holocaust. Ramon was a real hero to Israelis, who deeply mourn his loss. Mission Specialist Kalpana Chawla, 41 Chawla was born in Karnal, India. She made her first flight with her father in a glider at age 8, and was the first woman in the aerospace engineering department at Punjab Engineering College. She graduated at the top of her class. She moved to the U.S. to obtain her master s and Ph.D. degrees, and became a citizen. She first flew in space on a 1997 mission, where she was the chief robotic arm operator. On this mission she supervised experiments in Earth sciences, physics, and life sciences. She remained closely connected to her first school in India, where she was a real hero to many young girls. Mission Specialist Laurel Clark, 41 Clark was one of two physicians who took part in the Columbia mission. She helped conduct 80 scientific experiments. She was responsible for medical and biological research, and was especially interested in studying bone CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 22

5 Further Research Additional information about the crew of Columbia shuttle mission STS-107 is available at NASA s Crew Memorial site: spaceflight.nasa.gov/ shuttle/memorial/. Also available at this site are related links, and video streaming from four memorial services held shortly after the shuttle disaster. density. She was an accomplished scuba diver, parachutist, and biker. Clark joined the Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) to help pay for medical school, then became a naval diving medical officer before training as a flight surgeon. She was married and had one son. Pilot William McCool, 41 McCool s father flew for the Navy and the Marines. It seemed natural that William should attend the U.S. Naval Academy, where he graduated second in his class with a degree in applied science. He obtained a master s degree in computer science but went on to become a naval aviator, obtaining a second master s in aeronautical engineering. He continued his training at the Navy s school for test pilots. He was designated the outstanding student in his group. McCool had 2800 hours of flight time. He was selected as an astronaut in 1996, and this was his first flight. He left a wife and three children. Payload Commander Michael Anderson, 43 Anderson was one of six active African-American astronauts. He recalled being fascinated at age nine by the Apollo missions to the moon, and grew up a real fan of programs like Star Trek. As early as high school he wanted to be an astronaut. He studied physics and astronomy at the University of Washington; a member of the ROTC program, he accepted an Air Force commission when he graduated. Though first a computer specialist, he went on to flight school and became a pilot. Anderson flew on a 1998 mission to the Russian Mir space station, where he was extremely impressed with the Russians refusal to let the station die. On the Columbia mission he served essentially as science officer, responsible for most of the experiments. Mission Specialist David Brown, 46 Brown spent most of his undergraduate years trying to decide what he really wanted to do and tried a number of different academic areas. What he really enjoyed was the gymnastics team and the summer job in the circus that his skills permitted him. He settled on a career as a physician, taking flying lessons alongside his medical training. Halfway through his residency, Brown joined the Navy to become a flight surgeon. While serving on an aircraft carrier he was selected for flight school, where he finished at the top of his class. NASA repeatedly turned down his applications to the astronaut program but finally accepted him in Columbia was his first mission, and he appointed himself mission archivist, keeping a film record of most of the crew s activities. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 23

6 SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES What Went Wrong? Definition carrier panel: a panel designed to fill the gap between the leading edge of the wing (which is made up of reinforced carbon-carbon pieces) and the insulating siliconbased tiles that cover most of the wing s surface. From the beginning, excessive temperature was considered the most obvious culprit. Trouble was first noticed as a sharp temperature spike on the left side of the shuttle. Both the onboard crew and the ground crew lost temperature measurements for the left hydraulic system, followed by the loss of three temperature readings on the left side of the wing. Just before those on the ground lost contact with the shuttle, eight temperature sensors for the left inboard and outboard tires went down. At the same time, onboard computers were adjusting for what seemed to be significant drag on the left side of the shuttle. In fact, the flight-control system was making steering adjustments that were more extreme than any previously seen by mission control during a shuttle re-entry. Investigators now suspect that the hot gases surrounding the shuttle as it roared back to Earth at nearly kilometres per hour had somehow breached the left wing. Nevertheless, they are far from certain about what damage or event would permit such a breach to take place. As of the beginning of April, a number of theories were under investigation. One of these was that a carrier panel had come off the left wing after the space shuttle had reached its orbit. Air Force radar had actually spotted debris floating away from the shuttle on the day after launch. Recent tests seem to indicate that only a carrier panel matches the radar signature of the object that floated off. There is other evidence pointing to this panel as the culprit. Launch photographs showed a chunk of soft insulat- ing foam or ice from the external fuel tank falling off and striking the shuttle as it lifted into the sky. This event was noted immediately after lift-off. Officials soon discounted it as creating any future problems for the mission. Recent computer enhancements, however, have shown exactly where the foam struck the left-side wing. Sadly, it was on the underside, between the leading edge and the main landing gear well precisely the location from where a carrier panel might have come free. One of the pieces of the shuttle that survived in remarkably good condition was the flight recorder. Its information is being carefully studied by investigators. It has shown temperatures at reentry rising sharply behind the leading edge of the left wing, near the carrier panels and where the debris struck. Investigators also note that no carrier panels from that area have been located in the search for debris following the crash. The piece that separated from the shuttle would have burned up in its separate re-entry into the atmosphere. Laboratory testing has also demonstrated that the surface area of a carrier panel is great enough to permit the entry of a superheated gas plume that would eat into the structure of a wing. Another theory is that the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) pieces on the leading edge of the wing might themselves be at fault. As these pieces age they develop pinholes that might lead to dangerous oxidation at the temperatures the shuttle reaches upon re-entry temperatures that can rise as high as 1600 degrees Celsius. Columbia, though it had completed only one quarter of the missions it was designed CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 24

7 Did you know... NASA uses the letters LOCV to denote a catastrophic accident? LOCV stands for Loss of Crew and Vehicle. to fly, was the oldest of the shuttles, and possibly subject to more of this pinhole damage. NASA has been aware of the pinhole problem for some years. It repairs them when they are as large as one millimetre by filling them with a sealant. Some scientists speculate that the pinholes might weaken the RCC enough that it would break when struck by debris. Tests will soon be conducted where simulated foam and ice are fired at different pieces from the shuttle s heat shield to see how they respond. Scientists also point to damage that might be caused by some of the space debris from previous space flights. Over 9000 items larger than 10 centimetres are whirling around the Earth at kilometres per hour, a real threat to any shuttle or other spacecraft they might hit. In addition there are tens of millions of smaller pieces that are also potential sources of damage. NASA itself discounts age as a factor in the loss of Columbia, pointing to the efforts they make to keep all the shuttles in excellent condition, especially since the loss of Challenger in NASA has always kept track of in-flight anomalies (IFAs) for all its shuttle missions, which are major or minor problems that it corrects before future space flights. Recent flights have shown few of any such anomalies. A senior aviation source quoted by U.S. News and World Report said that Columbia did not have a single IFA during its final flight until re-entry. Then everything went to hell. Discussion Investigators often find it impossible to pinpoint a single cause for airplane crashes. The recent report of the inquiry into the Swissair crash off Peggy s Cove is an example. It also seems likely that a 100 per cent certain answer to the question of what caused the shuttle disaster may prove elusive for investigators, and only probable cause may be found. What effect do you feel this will have on the future of shuttle flights? How might it affect the development of different kinds of manned and unmanned space flights? CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 25

8 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES Canada and Space Further Research Much additional information on the Canadian space program and the work of the Canadian Space Agency is available from the CSA at Canada has a proud history in space (see the following section, Triumph and Tragedy, for some of the highlights). The Canadian Space Agency (CSA), which administers Canada s space program, continues to offer exciting plans for Canada s future in space research and exploration. The CSA s Report on Plans and Priorities for provides four main reasons for Canada s aerospace activity: 1. It helps us to monitor our land mass and territorial waters. 2. It helps us to manage our natural resources. 3. It helps to link Canadians together through communication satellite technology. 4. It offers opportunities and jobs to an educated population in a knowledgebased economy. The CSA has identified several areas in which it is especially interested and successful in space research and development. Here are some of the main ones: Satellite Communications This is the most important area in which Canada s space program invests its time and money. Canada uses satellite technology to link Canadians together and to provide such services as tele-medicine for remote regions and long-distance education. It has also become a global leader in satellite communications and partners with many other space agencies world-wide. According to the CSA, between 270 and 350 communications satellites will be launched world-wide by Canada will be a leading partner in the design and construction of many of these. Its premier satellite, the Anik F- series, is considered to be the most powerful communications satellite currently available. The Anik F2, scheduled for launch in October 2003 will provide multimedia services across North America to a variety of private and government clients. Earth and Environmental Sciences The CSA is planning the launch of a new satellite, RADARSAT-2, to take place in March RADARSAT-2 will provide especially high-quality images to scientists, with resolution down to three metres, and will be able to access an area of 800 kilometres on either side of its track. Canadians in the space industry have paid special attention to the study of ozone depletion and the effects of the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. They have also been involved in programs that monitor the sustainable development of Canadian forests and offshore marine environments. Also important is a series of programs, attempting to predict, manage, and assess natural disasters. Canadian Space Station Program Canada s unique robotic development, the Mobile Servicing System (MSS), is critical to the building, servicing, and maintenance of the International Space Station, currently under construction. The MSS consists of its most famous component, Canadarm2, and of a CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 26

9 Because the exploration of space knows no national boundaries, the loss of the Columbia is a loss to all mankind. U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, Toronto Star, February 2, 2003 mobile base to support the arm. Canada will also be providing an additional element, the SPDM, or Special Purpose Dextrous Manipulator. This attaches to Canadarm2, and is designed to manipulate delicate objects. In addition to providing the actual equipment, the CSA is responsible for training all astronauts and cosmonauts who will use the MSS, and for providing the mission controllers who will support the MSS from the ground. Canada s reward for its contribution is laboratory space on the shuttle and time in the space station for some of its astronauts. The development of Canadarm and the MSS has made Canada and the Canadian Space Agency a world leader in robotics. It hopes to develop more advanced technologies in related areas, while assuming increased responsibility for operations involving the MSS. Canada s Astronauts Canada has already sent six men and two women into space as part of the shuttle program, including three on previous Columbia missions. The Canadian astronaut program began in 1983, and in 1984 Marc Garneau (now president of the CSA) became the first Canadian in space, aboard the shuttle Challenger. Garneau flew into space on two more missions, in 1996 and During the latter flight, he became the first Canadian to enter the crew section of the International Space Station (ISS). In 1992, Roberta Bondar became the first Canadian woman to fly on a shuttle mission. Later that year, Steve MacLean, who is scheduled to make a trip into space to the ISS as Canadarm2 operator when shuttle flights resume, took part in a series of experiments aboard Columbia. Other Canadian astronauts included Chris Hadfield, (1995, the first Canadian aboard the Russian Mir space station) and (2001, the first Canadian to space walk); Bob Thirsk (1996, a life and microgravity mission); Bjarni Tryggvason (1997, investigating a microgravity isolation device to isolate delicate experiments from vibrations from the shuttle); and Dave Williams (1998, another life and microgravity mission). In 1999, Julie Payette became the second Canadian woman on the shuttle, as part of a supply mission for the construction of the ISS. To Consider You have read why the Canadian Space Agency believes aerospace is important to Canadians, and reviewed some of the areas of research and development in which it is especially interested. How important do you think the Canadian Astronaut Program is for the future of Canada s role in aerospace? Explain carefully in a well-written series of two or three paragraphs. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 27

10 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES Triumph and Tragedy Further Research An exhaustive list of Canadian Space Milestones, going back to 1839, is available on the Canadian Space Agency Web site at asc/eng/about/ csa_organization/ csm_complete.asp. Since the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) launched the first satellite in 1957, the history of space flight manned and unmanned has been one of repeated successes punctuated by occasional disasters, including the recent failure of the shuttle Columbia during re-entry. Here is a timeline of some of the major events, including some Canadian highlights. Timeline 1957 The U.S.S.R. successfully launches the first orbiting satellite, Sputnik 1. The space race with the U.S. has begun. October 1960 Ninety-one people die in Kazahstan in the U.S.S.R. when a rocket explodes at the Baikonur Space Centre In April, Yuri Gagarin of the U.S.S.R. becomes the first person in space, actually orbiting the Earth before returning to land. Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space in May, although his flight is suborbital. In August, another Soviet becomes the first human to remain in space for over 24 hours an accomplishment the U.S. will not equal until May September 29, 1962 Alouette-1, the first Canadian satellite, is launched aboard an American rocket Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova becomes the first woman in space In March, a cosmonaut takes the first space walk, followed in June by a U.S. astronaut In January, three U.S. astronauts are killed in a fire during a ground test of their command module. In April, a Soviet cosmonaut is killed when his capsule crashes as it returns to Earth The U.S. spacecraft Apollo 8 completes the first manned orbit of the moon. July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin of Apollo 11 become the first people to walk on the moon. Through to 1972, five additional moon landings take place The U.S.S.R. launches Salyut, the first manned orbiting space laboratory. June 29, 1971 Three Soviet cosmonauts are killed as their capsule reenters the atmosphere. November 9, 1972 Canada s Anik-1 is launched and becomes the world s first geostationary satellite devoted to domestic communications. This is followed by Anik-2 and Anik-3 in 1973 and March 18, 1980 Fifty Russian technicians die when a booster rocket explodes while being refuelled. This is not reported until April 12-14, 1981 Columbia completes the first successful shuttle mission: 54 hours in space. September 9, 1982 Canada and the U.S. announce a program to send the first Canadian into space as part of a shuttle mission. June 22,1983 The Canadarm is first used on a space shuttle mission for satellite deployment. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 28

11 October 1984 Marc Garneau becomes Canada s first astronaut in space. Seven other Canadians would follow, including Canada s first woman astronaut, Roberta Bondar, in 1992 (see Canada s Astronauts in the previous section of this guide for further information). January 28, 1986 Challenger explodes shortly after launch, killing seven astronauts The U.S.S.R. launches the Mir space station, the first laboratory designed to be staffed continuously for several years The Canadian Space Agency is established. Its mandate, from the legislation establishing it, is: To promote the peaceful use and development of space, to advance the knowledge of space through science, and to ensure that space science and technology provide social and economic benefits for Canadians The U.S. and Russia agree to work together in the design and construction of the International Space Station. In December, a shuttle crew repairs the defective Hubble telescope. November 20, 1998 The first element of the International Space Station is launched. May 29, 1999 Discovery is the first shuttle to dock with the International Space Station. November 2, 2000 An American and Russian crew begin living in the International Space Station. April 2001 Canadarm2 is installed on the International Space Station. The Canadarm Handshake occurs on April 28, as Canadarm2 hands its packing crate to the Canadarm aboard the shuttle Endeavour. This is the most complicated robotic maneuver ever attempted in space. June 2002 Endeavour brings the Mobile Base System to the International Space Station, completing the Canadian Mobile Servicing System (MSS), which will allow Canadarm2 to travel around the station to various work sites. February 1, 2003 Columbia is destroyed during re-entry as it passes over Texas. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 29

12 YV SHUTTLE COLUMBIA: DISASTER IN THE SKIES New Explorers Wanted Further Research For an excellent overview of the wide range of careers available in aerospace in Canada, download the document Careers in Space: The Leading Edge, available from the Canadian Space Agency at asc/pdf/educatorcareers_space.pdf. If you are really serious about pursuing a career as an astronaut, obtain the Astronaut Career Model Briefing Book at asc/eng/csa_sectors/ human_pre/cao/ career/career.asp. While the investigation of the Columbia disaster will delay some of the projects planned for space exploration, there is little doubt that manned space flight will continue. As early as April 6, 2003, a Russian Soyuz rocket will take a new crew of two to the International Space Station, to ensure that the semi-built facility continues in operation. U.S. President Bush has promised that shuttle flights will continue. NASA is beginning to make plans for its return to space using the three remaining shuttles. Two of Canada s astronauts Steve MacLean and Dave Williams are scheduled to participate in future missions to help complete work on the International Space Station. The Canadian Space Agency acknowledges that astronaut is certainly the most glamorous of occupations in the space industry and provides on its Web site information on the qualifications and characteristics that make for good candidates for the profession (see human_pre/cao/faq.asp). Their first bit of advice, however, is that one s chances of being selected are slim. CSA describes the ideal candidate for the astronaut program as a pilot, doctor, physicist, or engineer who is dedicated to expanding our scientific knowledge to help improve quality of life on Earth and in space. Candidates will have different backgrounds, but will be interested in areas outside their scientific specialties (sports, music, and family life are examples), but share the goal of working in space. Here is the agency s advice on how to maximize one s chances of being selected for the astronaut program: earn at least one advanced degree in science or engineering become proficient in more than one discipline become a good public speaker, preferably in both official languages demonstrate concern for others by taking part in community activities maintain your physical fitness acquire a background of knowledge in aerospace topics obtain experience as a pilot, parachute jumper, and scuba diver consider working for an aerospace company during school breaks in order to get hands-on experience Finally, the agency recommends courses in the arts, humanities, and social sciences to ensure that, as you are ultimately likely to assume an uppermanagement role at CSA (Marc Garneau, Canada s first astronaut, is now president), you will need a good perception of the thinking of politicians and the needs of the public. CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 30

13 Further Research Biographies of most of those Canadians who made it into the program are available on the CSA Web site. These are most easily accessed through its index at asc/eng/index.asp. Longer biographies of the Columbia astronauts may be found at specials/2003/ shuttle/stories/ bios.html and at missionlaunches/ sts107_bios.html, and at many other Web sites. Applying for the Job While you may not yourself be ready to apply for a place in Canada s astronaut program, you should be able to recognize those qualifications in others that made them likely candidates for the positions. Your task is to analyze the background of one of the successful candidates for the position of astronaut, using either a biography of one of the shuttle Columbia astronauts (see The Right Stuff page 22), or of one of the Canadian astronauts already in the program. Compare the information given in their biographies with the advice given by the CSA on maximizing one s chances for selection for the program. Chose five of those qualifications that you feel would best convince the agency that your candidate is the person for the job. Once you have made your list, prepare a short (one-page) letter of recommendation for your candidate, giving those reasons why you believe the Canadian Space Agency should offer him or her a position. You may address your letter to: Dr. Marc Garneau, President Canadian Space Agency John H. Chapman Space Centre 6767 route de l Aéroport Saint-Hubert, Quebec J3Y 8Y9 CBC News in Review April 2003 Page 31