1. Bonestell, Chelsey. Rocket Blitz from the Moon. Collier s Magazine 23 Oct

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1 James Caputo May 13, 2003 PWR 3 Section 5 Dr. Alyssa O Brien Visually Annotated Bibliography From Sputnik to Mir: American Images of the U.S.-Soviet Space Race and Their Legacies Primary Sources: 1. Bonestell, Chelsey. Rocket Blitz from the Moon. Collier s Magazine 23 Oct This image appeared in a 1948 article in Collier s magazine about the potential role of space in modern warfare. The picture depicts two rockets, similar to the popular German V-2 rockets of the time, being launched from the lunar surface with some sort of military base in the background. The image was intended to show readers what might happen if the United States fell too far behind in the space race although the scene it depicts is far from reality. I plan to use the image to show how early motivations for the space program were mainly determined by fear that the Russians would get too far ahead. 2. Bonestell, Chelsey. Rocket Blitz from the Moon. Collier s Magazine 23 Oct This image appears on the following page of the same article as the previous image. It shows the aftermath of such a rocket launch. The drawing shows several nuclear warheads, presumably launched by the Soviet Union, exploding over lower Manhattan. Such an image probably would have shocked many Americans at the time who thought that America was the world s only superpower. The fact that the picture was printed in 1948 shows that even in the years immediately following World War II the Cold War and the role of outer space were already becoming important in determining power images of the United States and the Soviet Union. 3. Life Magazine 21 Oct Cover. This cover from Life Magazine appeared almost nine years to the day after the pictures from Collier s Magazine above were printed. As the cover indicates, the magazine deals the launch of Sputnik 1. Sputnik 1 became the first human-made object to be placed in earth orbit when it was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, The satellite, which flew over the United States only a few hours after launching, called into question American international prestige for the first time since World War II. I will use the media s representation of the Sputnik I launch to show the how increasing concerns among the American people that American

2 were losing the space race with the Soviet Union catalyzed the space program and further polarized the two nations. 4. Life Magazine. 21 April Cover. On April 12, 1961, Americans and the entire world were shocked again, as they had been with launch of Sputnik I in 1957, when the Soviet Union became the first nation to send a human being into space. Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin s flight last only two hours, but it had monumental effects on the Cold War landscape. For many Americans, this event suggested that they were falling even further behind in the space race. What I found particularly captivating about this image is the contrast between the handsome cosmonaut and the typical brutish, primitive images often associated with Soviets at this time. Gagarin is greeted in much the same manner as American space heroes like John Glenn would have been. I think that I can use this contrast to show how fictional images of the space race were created with the idea to change people s predispositions about the U.S. and the Soviet Union in mind. 5. Time Magazine. 25 July Cover. This simple magazine cover captures the image of an American astronaut landing on the moon during the Apollo 11 mission. The large flag that the astronaut proudly holds as well as the patch on the arm of his space suit both remind the viewer to which country the astronaut belongs. With the success of the Apollo 11 mission as well as the other Apollo mission, confidence in America s ability to win the space race soared among the American people. I will argue that both the real and fictional images of the lunar landing and other successful space missions served to persuade the American people that the U.S. was not only winning the space race but also the Cold War in general. 6. U.S. News and World Report. 24 April Cover. This cover highlights many of the issues that the magazine addresses about Russia s Triumph in Space, putting the first human into outer space. The articles and pictures of this magazine differ sharply from those in the Life Magazine above. While readers of the Life Magazine may have seen common ties between the Russian cosmonaut and the American astronaut, this issue of U.S. News and World Report paints a highly unfavorable portrait of the Russian space program. The magazine depicts the Russian s as bloodthirsty and eager to destroy the American way of life. I will argue that the images in magazines such as these served to persuade the American public that space exploration was essential to the survival of the American way of life

3 7. Untitled. Image. Accessed from Google image search on 12 May This image is one of the most popular pictures from the Apollo 17 mission. Unlike many of the other images from the Cold War era of the early 1970s, this photograph does not show the earth as the battleground between two drastically different superpowers. On the other hand, the globe is shown as one, boundaries between countries are invisible from this objective perspective, and the earth seems insignificant against in relation to the rest of the universe. I plan to incorporate the ideas that this image evokes into the section of my paper dealing with the role of the space program in international affairs since the end of the Cold War.

4 Secondary Sources: 1. Goodwin, Harold Leland. Images of Space. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., In this book, Goodwin focuses on the role of the space program in shaping power images of America and the Soviet Union in the context of the complicated struggle for world leadership. Goodwin analyzes the space program from a propaganda perspective, examining the differences between American and Soviet, while also making some conclusions about the role of the space program in international affairs in general. The book provides both valuable insights as well as lots of statistical and specific factual information. However, my ability to rely heavily on this book is hindered by two crucial flaws. The first one is that it was published in 1965, right in the middle of the Cold War, and the second is that Goodwin was a prominent member of the U.S. information agency. Both of these damage the author s credibility as an objective writer. 2. Leib, Karl A. Entering the Space Station Era: International Cooperation and the Next Decade in Human Spaceflight. Space Policy in the Twenty-First Century. Ed. W. Henry Lambright. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, This article addresses the legacy of the Cold War on space policy in the twenty-first century. Leib argues that the future of space exploration depends on the success of the International Space Station. Leib also suggests that cultural and social differences must be put aside if a joint space program is to produce any significant results. I plan to use this article to support my claims that in the wake of the Cold War space race, space exploration has become a powerful force in bringing nations together. 3. McCurdy, Howard. Space and the American Imagination. Washington D.C.: The Smithsonian Institute Press, McCurdy s book deals primarily with the gap between imagination and reality and its effects on the space program. McCurdy argues that the same pop culture and science fiction images which have made space exploration an irremovable part of American culture have led to its downfall by creating expectations which reality prevented from being fulfilled. McCurdy also engages spends a significant amount of time discussing the Cold War and the difference between images in the American media and the reality of the war. He suggests that many of the fears of nuclear annihilation from outer space were not grounded in scientific reality but instead created by space advocates and politicians to further the space program and gain confidence in America s ability to win the Cold War. McCurdy s observations will prove useful as I try to explain the effects of the images of the space program in the American media on people s perceptions of the space program and America during the Cold War. 4. Stafford, Tom. We Have Capture. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, This book is unique among the others because it includes first hand accounts from people directly involved in the aerospace industry and NASA of their impressions of the Cold War space race. I think that it will be interesting to contrast the reactions of the people in this book to the images that were coming from space at the time with the reaction of the American public in general, considering the fact that most of these people had more information about what was

5 really happening with the space race. I will use these differences to support my argument about how the media shaped images of the United States and Soviet Union through images of the space program during the Cold War era. 5. Walsh, Patrick J. Echoes among the Stars: A Short History of the U.S. Space Program. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, This book is intended mainly for an audience with little knowledge of the history of the space program. Focusing more on key events and trends rather than scientific facts or information, Walsh provides a detailed account of the development of the space program. This will be an important source as I try to place the images that I will be using to support my argument in their appropriate historical context. As an outsider to the space program and a reputable member of the academic community, Walsh s views can be considered for the most part objective. This will also be helpful in appealing to this book for factual information or accounts of events since many of the other sources I am considering, especially those written during the Cold War, may have biases.