Artificial Intelligence and Learning Systems Peter Funk, professor MDH Intelligent systems/computer Science
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1 Artificial Intelligence and Learning Systems Peter Funk, professor MDH Intelligent systems/computer Science Solutions to real-life problems are rarely truly original solutions Roger Schank 1982 Experts say Personal robot industry will grow bigger than the Car industry Car emergency breaks and saved life AI game learns and improves beating human players (AI project) Autistic children get better when plying whit social robots Your Ipod found 12 new songs you definitively will like Smart Robot r saved life of family Your TV says Hi Peter when you get home and tells you it recorded your favourite programs and a couple of more programs you will like 1
2 On thing is sure, things will become more and more intelligent AI has an increased value for society Industrin uses more and more AI Du bör gå Space exploration uses AI Healthcare sector needs more AI Growing demands for intelligent Industrial robots Example of prac-cal use A dumb robot is packing phones. - Traditionally, all abnormal situations are avoided - AI: develop a program that makes the robot more flexible. u Solve problems the programmer has not thought of in detail. u Improve its skills based on own experience. u Ability to use others experience. 2
3 AI vision 1940 A computer may one day be able to have a conversation with a human (the Turing test)? When a human is unable to decide if the other is a computer or a human. Is this sufficient to prove Intelligence? And what is consciousness? One hypothesis for consciousness: Collaborating agents : A sufficiently complex system will developed conciseness, consciousness is a side effect of complexity (100 billions) brain cells communicating (1000 connections for each cell) is sufficient. Every cell is a small autonomous living entity with a limited and small intelligence Together they develop conscious. 3
4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 1. What is AI, definition and use today? 2. Goal, vision, reality and consequences. Definition of Artificial Intelligence Hard AI: A computer can simulate, not only mimic human Intelligence ; - this implies that the brain is nothing else than a very advanced computer that we do not (jet) fully understand. Marvin Minsky, MIT 4
5 ? Definition of Artificial Intelligence Soft AI: Methods and techniques to build smart computer systems solving practical problems. Do not need to be similar to human intelligence and their ways of thinking. Heuristics (experience, knowledge, rules of thum, not always precise answers) methods and thechniques. Why is AI an important research topic? We learn more about our selves. Every day devices and tools are getting more useful. They are starting to get smart. Longing after sharing responsibility (?). Raising important philosophical and sociological questions (e.g. coexisting with AIs as intelligent as we or much more intelligent). 5
6 Standard programming: AI programs? The programmer translates knowledge needed to solve a specific task into code. This is a craftsmanship. The program is only able to do solve the problems the programmer thought of. AI programming: Separates knowledge and how knowledge is used. (Prolog programs may be run backwards). Possible to write programs modifying their own code (PROLOG, LISP). 10 lines C code 1 line Prolog code, good for building prototypes The program is able to solve problems within some given framework, that the programmer did not anticipate in details. Melting pot for new ideas Philosophy how does a human reason rationally ; Psychology model of learning ; Computer Science programs repeating procedures Linguistics understand and translate nautral languages My cat is ill? -> closest vet located Biology evolution: the fittest survives Neurology brain cells and programs The research is called Artificial Intelligence sedan 1958 (sedan Dortmund conference) 6
7 Where is AI used today? Medical diagnosis systems (expert system, Mycin 1970). Fault detection in cars, computers, air plains, Control systems in washing machines, dish washers (fuzzy logic) Speech understanding bank services/ computer/number information/verbal remote control I industrial robots Decision support (geology, technical problems, stock market etc.) Embedded in toys Intelligent search engines for the web Games (board games, artificial opponents, AI-bot, ), RoboCup Artificial Intelligence (AI) 1. What is AI, definition and use today? 2. Goal, vision, reality and consequences. 7
8 Media (films, books, newspapers, TV give people a vision, bad or good) AI vision 1968: A computer is able to play chess better than a human, able to se and have a conversation Movie: 2001 av Kubrik 1968 AI Vision 1980 Autonom entities with limited intelligence able to perform simple task and have limited intelligence Movie: The fifth element 8
9 Reality: Intelligent (autonomous) Agents Brain, with AI? Batteries Sensors Wheels Rymdsonder på stort avstånd, räddningsenheter, smarta dammsugare Vision: Emerging creativity and consciousness Entities developing conciseness, creativity and with a desire to become humans (Pinocchio). Movie: bicentennial man
10 Vision: computers with emotions A computer that has emotions, modes and survival instinct? AI by Kubrik, director Spilberg (2002) In AI feelings are programmed to make communication with humans easier. KISMET (Broks) mimics facial expressions Vision: outperforming humans AI entities smarter than humans living in the sam (viritual) world In some areas computer outperforms us already today, a human can not calculate as fast as at calculator, chess computers beat us, etc. Also the creation of virtual realities (games) are quickly getting as real as reality. Human senses area easy to trick, sometimes it is difficult to know if event is re4al or something we saw in a movie, read in a book or suggested us to believe (false memories are common). 10
11 Vision: Ethical robots Three Rules of Robotics: First Law: A robot may not injure a human or, through inaction, allow a human to come to harm. Second Law: A robot must obey the orders of a human except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Third Law: A robot must protect its existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. Asimov's Robot novels: I, Robot, The Caves of Steel, and The Naked Sun. Not that easy Asimov points at some problems in his books, e.g. if their existence harms humanity? Media gives us a dark vision Is this a reason for the declining interest in research and technology? Intelligence without feelings or moral will become humanities end. A psychopath may be very successful 11
12 Vision: Self emerging Intelligence? Internet is growing fast one day 100 billon reasonable powerful computers in a network. Is it possible that internet emerges intelligence and consciousness with the right sort of virus, (T3 team, smarter than humanity). Vision: Entities 1000 times more intelligent than a human Ian Banks, Scottish author (every second book is a SF) A society where humans live side by side with entities times human intelligence 12
13 Vision: Cyborg, mixture of human and machine Movie: Robocop, 1987) Extra functions: vision, memory, seende, upload programs (Matrix) Visual cortex has a matrix implanted and a real programmers have a socket behind the ear (Neuromancer) Move the brain to a new mechanical body Reality: Brain and computers connected. Research connecting brain to computer already ongoing, hearing for hearing disabled, camera for blind, cursor movement for disabled What is consciousness? If we create consiusness, do ve have the right to switch it off? 13
14 AI is an research area that rises many essential questions about intelligence, ethics and consciousness and its consequences for society and humankind. Research and use of AI adds ethical aspects to research and implementation. Why Intelligent Systems & Artificial Intelligence A different approach, to make a leap, lateral thinking, multi-paradigmal ü Industry is aware of the potential and invests in AI research ü AI methods and techniques have proven to be successful in many applications ü Potential for a leap and large improvements/savings where other methods/techniques are stuck 14
15 Thank You! Peter Funk Professor, Computer Science/Intelligent Systems Mälardalen University School of innovation, design and engineering Tel: Short Introduction to Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) Solutions to real-life problems are rarely truly original solutions Roger Schank
16 Case-Based Reasoning Nytt Problem A cognitive model for learning rarely used in computers 11 x 11 =? x 11 =? 132 Retain Matching Problem Solution Fall bibliotek Adaptation Confirmed solution Revision Suggested solution Learning from past cases, building up experience, improving performance and adapting to changing environment. CBR is based on a cognitive model for learning from experience. General architecture of a CBR system Problem Retain knowledge RETAIN Confirmed Solution Maintanence knowledge Retrieve knowledge RETRIEVE Problem Solution Case Library REVISE Revise knowledge R E U S E Proposed Solution Reuse knowledge 16
17 Case Space Retrieval process quality is measured in how well it identifies similar problems Case Coverage and Adaptation Problem Space Adaptation enables a solution to be adapted to solve a similar problem Solution Space Basic assumption: similar problems have similar solutions Maintenance of Case Library A case that always is rejected may be inconvenient and revised/ removed Pancakes and Plättar may be joined to one case Problem Space Solution Space A case that for two years never has been retrieved may be obsolete 17
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