Σημειώσεις για τις Επιστήμες -1. (Α) Science and Technology Studies (S.T.S.) (Φιλοσοφία, Ιστορία και Κοινωνιολογία των Επιστημών) [...

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1 Σημειώσεις για τις Επιστήμες -1 (Φιλοσοφία, Ιστορία και Κοινωνιολογία των Επιστημών) [... ] 3. ΑΓΓΛΙΚΕΣ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓΡΑΦΙΕΣ ( STS, HPS ) Επιστήμες: Φιλοσοφία Ιστορία και Κοινωνία -2 (Α) Science and Technology Studies (S.T.S.) Σπουδές Επιστήμης και Τεχνολογίας (Σ.Ε.Τ.) M.Assimakopoulos, Technological determinism: A Theory about Society or Technology?, in STS Yearbook, Graz 2004, p M.Assimakopoulos, The use of an international STS meeting in Greece, πρόλογος στο τεύχος του περιοδικού History and Technolοgy, αφιερωμένο στις εργασίες του συμποσίου Current Trends in STS, Σύρος K.Alder, Engineering the revolution, Princeton J.Appleby [et al] [eds], Knowledge and postmodernism in historical perspective, Routledge M.Thad Allen & G.Hecht [eds], Technologies of Power, MIT D.Bloor, Knowledge and Social Imagery, Chicago UP, M.Biagioli [ed], Science Studies Reader, Routledge, W.Bijker, T.Hughes & T.Pinch [eds], The social construction of technological systems, MIT W.Bijker & J.Law [eds], Shaping Technology/Building Society, MIT W.Bijker, Of Bicycles,Bakelites and Bulbes, MIT M.Biagioli & P.Galison [eds], Scientific Authorship, Routledge M.Biagioli, Galileo Courtier, Chicago J.Buchwald [ed], Scientific Practice, Chicago M.Callon, J.Law & A.Ripp [eds], Mapping the dynamics of Science, Macmillan A.Crombie, Styles of scientific thinking in the European tradition, 3vols Duckworth. Y.Erzrahi, The decent of Icarus, Harvard R.Fox [ed] Technological Change, Harwood L.Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago P.Forman, Wiemar culture Causality and Quantum theory : Adaption by German physisists and mathematicians to a hostile intellectual environment H.S.P.Sciences, H.Florin-Cohen, The scientific revolutio. A historiographical inquiry, Chicago UP P.Galison & D.Stump [eds], The Disunity of Science, Stanford, P.Galison, Image and Logic, Chicago Jan Golinski, Making Natural Knowledge, Cambridge UP1998. M.Gibbons [et al], The New production of Knowledge, Sage M.Hard & A.Jamisone [eds], The intellectual Appropriation of Technology, MIT 1998 I.Hacking, The social construction of what, Harvard G.Holton, Einstein Theory and other passions, Adison Wesley S.Jasanoff [et all] [eds], Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Sage 1995 K.Knorr Cetina, Epistemic cultures, Harvard M.Lynch, Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action, Cambridge UP, B.Latour & St.Woolgar, Laboratory Life, Princeton UP, 1979/

2 B.Latour & M.Callon, Unscrewing the Big Leviathan, in K.Knorr-Cetina, A.C.Ciroucel [eds], Advances in Social theory and Methodology, Routledge B.Latour, The Pasteurization of France, 1984/1988 Harvard B.Latour, Science in Action, Harvard UP, B.Latour, Pandora, Harvard, B.Latour, Politics of Nature, Harvard J.Law & J.Hassard [eds], Actor network and After, Blackwell, J.Labinger & H.Collins [eds], The one culture?, Chicago J.Law [ed], A Sociology of monsters, Sociological Review J.Law [ed], Power Action and Belief, Routledge1986. J.Law, Organizing Modernity, Blackwell D.MacKenzie J.Wajcman eds The social shaping of technology, Open Un E.McMullin [ed], The social Dimension of Science, Notre Dame T.Misa [et al] [eds], Modernity and Technolgy, MIT A.Pickering [ed], Science as Culture and Practice, 1992 J.Rouse, Knowledge and Power, Cornell St.Shapin & S.Schaffer, Leviathan and the air pump, Princeton UP St.Shapin, Social History of Truth, Chicago UP, Theory Culture and Society, special issue, Sociality and Materiality, Oct St.Woolgar & K.Grint, The machine at Work, Polity St.Woolgar [ed], Virtual Society?, Oxford P.Wagner, Les Philosophes et la science, Gallimard (Β) Philosophy of Science * 1. General introductions to the philosophy of science 2. Scientific explanation Pre-Hempel The deductive-nomological model Alternative models Statistical explanation Pragmatics in explanation Narrative explanation 3. The nature of scientific theories 4. Idealization 5. Verisimilitude 6. Meaning and reference of scientific terms Positivist approaches: operationalism, eliminitivism, and the dual language model Post-Positivist approaches: holism, incommensurability, and direct reference. 7. Theory and observation 8. Confirmation 9. Underdetermination 10. The Quine/Duhem thesis 11. Conventionalism and the role of convention 12. Epistemic values and theoretical virtues 13. Realism and anti-realism 14. Inference to the best explanation 15. Laws of nature 16. The nature of probability 2

3 17. Experimentation 18. Thought experiments 19. Models and analogies 20. Measurement 21. History of science (Pre-20 th Century) General Studies Copernicus Galileo The chemical revolution Faraday and electromagnetism 22. Logical positivism 23. Karl Popper 24. Thomas Kuhn Collections Criticism Case studies 25. Paul Feyerabend 26. Imre Lakatos 27. Theories of scientific change 28. The social study of science 29. Non-epistemic values and their presence in science 30. The Leibniz-Clarke Debate General reading The relational theory of time The notion of absolute space The identity of indiscernibles The principle of sufficient reason Kinds of necessity and kinds of liberty Leibnizian physics 31. The philosophy of biology General texts and collections Darwin s arguments Analogical reasoning in Darwin s Origin of Species Adaptionism, natural selection theory, and evolutionary explanations Models in biology The concept of fitness The units of selection The evolution of altruism, eusociality, and sex Species concepts and the units of evolution Phylogenetic inference Reduction of Mendelian genetics to molecular genetics Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology Creationism 32. The philosophy of physics General Philosophy of Physics Philosophy of Classical Mechanics: the meaning of Newton's laws The Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics Philosophy of Spacetime and Relativity (a) General texts (b) The meaning of Einstein's 1905 postulates (c) How special relativity explains 3

4 (d) The conventionality of distant simultaneity (e) The twins 'paradox' (f) Conventionality of geometry (g) Substantivalism and the New Leibnizian (Hole) argument. (h) Mach's principle (i) The causal theory of spacetime (j) Black holes, time travel Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics (a) General texts (b) The measurement problem (Schrodinger's cat) (c) Nonlocality: Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox and the Bell theorem (d) Hidden variables theories (e) Many worlds and many minds interpretations (f) Bohr and the Copenhagen interpretation (g) Collapse (Dynamic Reduction) Models (h) Consistent histories, decoherence. (i) Modal interpretations Philosophy of Quantum Field Theory 33. The philosophy of psychology General resources and collections Reductionism and levels of explanation Modularity Double dissociation and cognitive neuropsychology Tacit knowledge Connectionism Consciousness and qualia Attention Folk psychology and mental simulation Rationality and irrationality Evolutionary psychology Behaviorism 34. The philosophy of social science Introductions Collections Interpretation and explanation Objectivity and values Functional explanation Rational choice theory Reductionism and individualism Realism and social facts Rationality, relativism, and translation JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS APQ American Philosophical Quarterly Bio&Phil Biology and Philosophy BJPS British Journal for the Philosophy of Science HistPhilSci Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science ISPS International Studies in the Philosophy of Science JPhil Journal of Philosophy MinnStud Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science 4

5 PASS Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society PhilQuart Philosophical Quarterly PhilRev Philosophical Review PhilSci Philosophy of Science PSA Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association PUBLISHING HOUSES OUP Oxford University Press CUP Cambridge University Press HUP Harvard University Press PUP Princeton University Press UCP University of Chicago Press 5

6 1. GENERAL TEXTS AND INTRODUCTIONS TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Chalmers, A.F. (1982) What is this thing called Science? Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Collins, H.M. (1985) Changing Order, London: Sage. Fetzer, J. (1993) Philosophy of Science, N.Y.: Paragon House. Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: CUP. Harré, R. (1981) Great Scientific Experiments, Oxford: Phaidon. Harré, R. (1985) The Philosophies of Science, Oxford: OUP. (2nd enlarged ed.). * Hempel, C. G. (1966) The Philosophy of Natural Science, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. * Kuhn, T. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: UCP. Kyburg, H.E. (1990) Science & Reason, Oxford: OUP. Lambert, K. & Brittain, G. C. (1987) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Ridgeview: Atascadero, 3rd edn. * Newton-Smith W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge. Pap, A. (1963) An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode. Papineau, D. (1995) Methodology: The Elements of the Philosophy of Science in A. Grayling (ed.) Philosophy: A Guide Through the Subject, Oxford: OUP. Quine, W.V.O. & Ullian, J. (1970) The Web of Belief, N.Y.: Random House. Salmon, M. ed. (1992) Introduction to Philosophy of Science, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice-Hall. Toulmin, S. (1967) The Philosophy of Science, London: Hutchinson. 2. SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION Pre-Hempel Aristotle Posterior Analytics, 93a-96a. Duhem, P. (1954) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton: PUP. Mill, J.S. A System of Logic, Book III Chapters IV and V. Collections and general studies Knowles, D. (1990) Explanation and Its Limits, Cambridge: CUP. Pitt, J.C. (1988) Theories of Explanation, Oxford: OUP. Ruben, D.-H. (1990) Explaining Explanation, London: RKP Salmon, W.S. (1984) Scientific Explanation: Three General Conceptions PSA Vol. 2, pp * Salmon, W.S. (1990) Four Decades of Scientific Explanation, Minneapolis, Univ. of Minnesota Press. [Repr. from MinnStud Vol XIII, (eds.) P. Kitcher & W. Salmon.] The deductive-nomological model Achinstein, P. (1983) The Nature of Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chs. 1 to 5. Ackermann, R. (1965) Discussion: Deductive Scientific Explanation, PhilSci. 32, pp * Armstrong, D. (1983) What is a Law of Nature?, Cambridge: CUP, pp. 40ff. Braithwaite, R. (1953) Scientific Explanation, Cambridge,: Cambridge University Press, Cupples, B. (1977) Three Types of Explanation, PhilSci, 44, pp Cupples, B. (1980) Four types of Explanation, PhilSci, 47, pp Davidson, D. (1980) Causal Relations, in his Essays on Actions and Events, Oxford: OUP. [Originally JPhil 1967] Dietl, P. (1966) Paresis and the alleged symmetry between explanation and prediction, BJPS 17, p Eberle, R., Kaplan, D. & Montague, R. (1961) Hempel and Oppenheim on Explanation, PhilSci 28, pp * Feyerabend, P.K. (1962) Explanation, Reduction, and Empiricism, MinnStud Vol. 3. 6

7 Goodman, N. (1983) The Problems of Counterfactual Conditionals, in Goodman, N, Fact, Fiction and Forecast, London: Harvard University Press, 4th edition. * Hempel, C. (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier- Macmillan, (esp. essay 12 Aspects of Scientific Explanation, essays 8 to 11 are also relevant.) Irzik, G. (1990) Singular Causation and Law PSA Vol.1, p Jobe, E. (1985) Explanation, Causality and Counterfactuals, PhilSci 52, pp Kaplan, D. (1961) Explanation Revisited, PhilSci 28, pp Miller, R.W. (1987) Fact and Method, Princeton: PUP, Part I esp. Ch 1-3. Nagel, E. (1961) The Structure of Science, London: Routledge (esp. Chs. 2 & 3). Ruben, D.-H. (1990) Explaining Explanation, London: Routledge * Scriven, M. (1962) Explanations, Predictions, Laws, in MinnStud Vol. III, Minneapolis; University of Minnesota Press, pp Scriven, M. (1963) New Issues in the Logic of Explanation in Hook, S (ed.), Philosophy and History, New York: New York University Press. Alternative models Brown, J. (1988) Platonic Explanation, ISPS. Cartwright, N. (1983) The Simulacrum Account of Explanation, in How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Dray, W. (1957) Laws and Explanations in History, Oxford: OUP. Dray, W.H. ed. (1966) Philosophical Analysis and History, London: Harper & Row. * Friedman, M. (1974) Explanation and Scientific Understanding, JPhil. Garfinkle, A. (1981) Forms of Explanation, New Haven: Yale. Glymour, C. (1984) Explanation and Realism, in Leplin, J (ed.), Scientific Realism, Berkeley: University of California Press. [Repr. in Churchland, P & Hooker, C (eds.) Images of Science, Chicago: UCP, 1985] * Kitcher, P. (1981) Explanatory Unification PhilSci 48, pp Kitcher, P. (1985) Two Approaches to Explanation, JPhil, LXXXII. pp Körner, S. ed. (1975) Explanation, Oxford: Blackwell. * Lewis, D. (1986) Causal Explanation, in his Philosophical Papers Vol. II, Oxford: OUP. Pitt, J. ed. (1988) Theories of Explanation, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rescher N. (1970) Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press. * Salmon, W. C. (1984) Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World, Princeton: PUP. Sintonen, M. (1990) How to Put Theories to Nature, in D. Knowles (ed.) Explanation and Its Limits, Cambridge: CUP. Sober, E. (1984) Common Cause Explanation Phil.Sci. 51, p Sober, E. (1985) A Plea for Pseudo-Processes Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 66, pp Sober, E. (1988) Equilibrium Explanation Philosophical Studies 43, p van Fraassen, B. (1985) Salmon on Explanation, JPhil, LXXXII, pp Von Wright, G.H. (1971) Explanation and Understanding, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Statistical explanation Asquith, P D & Nickles, T eds. (1982) PSA,Vol. 2, Part IV, pp , (papers by Salmon, Hanna, Fetzer & Humphreys). Fetzer, J H (1981) Probability and Explanation. Synthese 48, pp * Hempel, C G (1962) Deductive-Nomological vs. Statistical Explanation, in Feigl, H & Maxwell, G (eds.), MinnStud, vol. 3, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp * Hempel, C G (1965) Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier- Macmillan. Hempel, C.G. (1968) Maximal Specificity and Lawlikeness in Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci 35, pp Niiniluoto, I (1981) Statistical Explanation Reconsidered Synthese 48, pp

8 Niiniluoto, I. (1982) Statistical Explanation, in Contemporary Philosophy: A New Survey, vol. 2, Floistad, G (ed.), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp Railton, P (1978) A deductive-nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci, 45, pp Railton, P. (1978) A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation, PhilSci 45, pp * Salmon, W C (1971) Statistical Explanation and Statistical Relevance, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press. * Salmon, W. C. (1970) Statistical Explanation, in Colodny, R (ed.), The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories, USA; University of Pittsburgh Press. Salmon, W.C. (1965) The Status of Prior Probabilities in Statistical Explanation, PhilSci 32, pp Salmon, W.C. (1988) in J. Pitt (ed.) Theories of Explanation, Oxford: OUP. Pragmatics in explanation Achinstein, P. (1983) The Pragmatic Character of Explanation PSA Vol.2, p Achinstein, P. (1983) The Nature of Explanation, Oxford: OUP. * Bromberger, S. (1962) An Approach to Explanation in R.S. Butler (ed.) Analytical Philosophy--Second Series, Oxford: Basil-Blackwell. * Bromberger, S. (1966) Why-Questions, in Colodny, R G (ed.), Mind and Cosmos, USA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Bunzl, M. (1993) The Context of Explanation, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Kitcher, P. & Salmon, W. C. (1987) van Fraassen on Explanation, JPhil, LXXXIV pp Lipton, P. (1990) Contrastive Explanation in Explanation and Its Limits (ed.) D. Knowles, Cambridge: CUP. Putnum, H. (1978) Meaning and the Moral Science, London: Routledge (lecture III). * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Ch. 5). Narrative explanation Goudge, T.A. (1961) The Ascent of Life, Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, pp. 70ff. Hull, D. (1975) Central Subjects and Historical Narratives, History and Theory 14, p Roth, P. (1988) Narrative Explanations: The Case of History History and Theory 27, p Ruse, M. (1971) Narrative Explanation and the Theory of Evolution Canadian JPhil, p THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES Aronson, J., R. Harre & E. Way (1994) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth, Ch Baur, M. (1990) The Aim of Scientific Theories in Relating to the World: A Defense of the Semantic View, Dialogue, p * Braithwaite, R. (1953) Scientific Explanation, Cambridge: CUP, Ch. 2. Carnap, R. (1956) The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts MinnStud Vol. I, Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press, p. 38. Churchland, P.M. (1990) On the Nature of Theories: A Neurocomputational Perspective, MinnStud XIV, Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press, pp de Costa, N.C.A., & S. French (1990) The Model-Theoretic Approach in the Philosophy of Science, PhilSci 57, pp Downes, S. (1992) The Importance of Models in Theorizing: A Deflationary Semantic View, PSA Vol 1, p * Giere, R. (1988) Explaining Science, Chicago: UCP, Ch. 3. * Hempel, C. (1972) Formulation and Formalization of Scientific Theories: A Summary Abstract in F. Suppe (ed.) The Structure of Scientific Theories, Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. * Nagel, E. (1960) The Structure of Science, London, RKP, Ch. 5. Redhead, M. (1980) Models in Physics BJPS 31, pp Redhead, M. (1980) Models in Physics, BJPS 31, pp Richardson, R. (1986) Models and Scientific Explanation Philosophica 37, p. 59. Suppe, F (1972) What s Wrong With the Received View on the Structure of Scientific Theories? PhilSci 39, p. 1. 8

9 Suppe, F. (1988) The Semantic Conception of Theories and Scientific Realism, Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press. Suppes, P. (1969) Studies in the Methodology and Foundations of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer. [Papers: A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences and Models of Data.] * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, Ch. 3. van Fraassen, B. (1987) The Semantic Approach in N. Nersessian (ed.) The Process of Science, Dordrecht: Nijhoff, pp Wartofsky, M.W. (1974) Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding, Dordrecht: Reidel. [See also Models vs. axioms in evolutionary theory in The Philosophy of Biology section.] 4. IDEALIZATION Barr, W.F. (1971) A Syntactic and Semantic Analysis of Idealizations in Science, PhilSci 38, p Barr, W.F. (1974) A Pragmatic Analysis of Idealizations in Physics PhilSci 41, p. 48. * Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP, Essay 6. Cartwright, N. (1995) False Idealization: A Philosophical Threat to Scientific Method Philosophical Studies 77, pp * Giere, R. (1988) Explaining Science, Chicago: UCP, Ch. 3. Laymon, R. (1985) Idealizations and the Testing of Theories by Experimentation, in Observation Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science, P. Achinstein and O. Hannaway (eds), Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press. Laymon, R. (1995) Experimentation and the Legitimacy of Idealization, Philosophical Studies 77. McMullin, E. (1985) Galilean Idealization, HistPhilSci 16, p Nowak, L. (1972) Laws of Science, Theories, Measurement: Comments on E. Nagel s The Structure of Science PhilSci. 39, p Scwartz, J.R. (1978) Idealizations and Approximations in Physics PhilSci 45, p Shrader-Frechette, K.S. (1989) Idealized Laws, Anti-Realism, and Applied Science: A Case Study in Hydrogeology Synthese 81, p Worrall, J. (1982) Scientific Realism and Scientific Change, PhilQuart 32, p VERISIMILITUDE Aronson, J., R. Harré, & E. Way (1994) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth, Ch. 6. Brink, C. (1989) Verisimilitude: Views and Reviews, History and Philosophy of Logic 10, pp Cohen, L.J. (1980) What Has Science to Do With Truth? Synthese 45, p Kuipers, T. A. F. (1982) Approaching Descriptive and Theoretical Truth, Erkenntnis 18, pp Laymon, R. (1985) Idealizations and the Testing of Theories by Experimentation, in Observation Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science, P. Achinstein and O. Hannaway (eds), Cambridge Mass: The MIT Press. Miller, D. (1978) The Distance Between Constituents Synthese 38, p Mortensen, C. (1983) Relevance and Verisimilitude Synthese 55 (1983) p Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: RKP, Ch. VIII Niiniluoto, I. (1987) Truthlikeness, Dordrecht: Reidel. Niiniluoto, I. (1989) Corroboration, Verisimilitude, and the Success of Science, in Imre Lakatos and Theories of Scientific Change, K. Gavroglu, Y. Goudaroulis and P. Nicolacopoulos, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Oddie, G. (1978) Verisimilitude and Distance in Logical Space Acta Philosophica Fennica 30. Oddie, G. (1979) Verisimilitude Reviewed BJPS 32, p Popper, K. (1959) Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson Popper, K. (1963) Conjectures and Refutations, London: RKP. Popper, K. (1972) Objective Knowledge, London: RKP. Resnik, D.B. (1992) Convergent Realism and Approximate Truth, PSA Vol. 1, pp Tichy, P. (1976) Verisimilitude Redefined BJPS 27, pp Urbach, P. (1983) Intimations of Similarity: The Shaky Basis of Verisimilitude BJPS 34, p

10 6. MEANING AND REFERENCE OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Positivist approaches: operationalism, eliminitivism, and the dual language model Benjamin, A.C. (1955) Operationism, Springfield: Thomas. Bridgman, P.W. (1960) The Logic of Modern Physics, New York: Macmillan. * Carnap, R. (1956) The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts in Feigl & Scriven (eds.) MinnStud, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp Cornman, J.W. (1972) Craig s theorem, Ramsey-sentences and Scientific Instrumentalism, Synthese, 25, pp Craig, W. (1956) Replacement of Auxiliary Expressions, PhilRev, 65, pp Gillies, D.A. (1972) Operationalism, Synthese, 25, pp * Hempel, C. (1965) The Theoretician s Dilemma in his Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: Free Press [orig. in MinnStud Vol 2] Hesse, M. (1952) Operational definition and analysis in physical theory, BJPS pp * Lewis, D. (1970) How to Define Theoretical Terms, JPhil 67 pp [Repr. in his Philosophical Papers Vol. 1, Oxford: OUP (1987)] Putnam, H. (1965) Craig s Theorem, repr. in Mathematics, Matter and Method, Philosophical Papers Vol. 1, Cambridge: CUP, pp * Putnam, H. (1965) What theories are not reprinted in his Mathematics, Matter & Method, Phil. Papers Vol. 1, Cambridge: CUP 1975, pp * Ramsey, F.P. (1931) Theories in Foundations of Mathematics and other Logical Essays, London & New York: Humanities. Post-Positivist approaches: holism, incommensurability, and direct reference Boyd, R. (1979) Metaphor and Theory Change: What is "Metaphor" a Metaphor For?, in A. Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought, Cambridge: CUP. Cummisky, D. (1992) Reference Failure and Scientific Realism: A response to the meta-induction, BJPS, 43, 1, Devitt, M. (1979) Against Incommensurability, Australasian JPhil, 57, pp Feyerabend, P. (1965) On the Meaning of Scientific Terms, JPhil 62, pp Field, H. (1973) Theory Change and the Indeterminacy of Reference, JPhil 70, pp * Fine, A. (1975) How to Compare Theories: Reference and Change, Nous, 9, pp Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: CUP, ch.6. * Hesse, M. (1974) The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, Chs. 1,2. Kitcher, P. (1978) Theories, Theorists & Theoretical Change, PhilRev, 87, pp Kripke, S. (1972) Naming and Necessity, Oxford: Blackwell, esp. Lecture III. * Kuhn, T. S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: UCP, 2nd edn., esp. Sec. 5, 10. Kuhn, T. S. (1982) Commensurability, Comparability, Communicability, PSA Vol. 2, pp Kuhn, T.S. (1990) Dubbing and Redubbing: The Vulnerability of Rigid Designation in Wade Savage (ed.) MinnStud XIV, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp Leplin, J. (1988) Is Essentialism Unscientific?, PhilSci, 55, pp Levine, M. (1979) On Theory-Change and Meaning-Change, PhilSci, 46, pp Muhlholzer, F. (1995) Science without Reference?, Erkenntnis, 42, 2, pp Nersessian, N. (1984) Faraday to Einstein: Constructing Meaning in Scientific Theories, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. Nersessian, N. J. (1987) A cognitive-historical approach to meaning in scientific theories, in Nersessian (ed.) The Process of Science, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. * Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge, ch.7. Nola, R. (1980) Fixing the Reference of Theoretical Terms, PhilSci., 47, pp Papineau, D. (1979) Theory and Meaning, Oxford: OUP, chs.1, 2 & 5. Pearce, G. & Maynard, P. (eds.) (1973) Conceptual Change, Dordrecht: Reidel. Putnam, H. (1978) Meaning and the Moral Sciences, London: Routledge, Lectures I-VI. 10

11 * Putnam, H. (1979) Mind, Language and Reality, Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP, (esp. The Meaning of Meaning ). Salmon, N. U. (1982) Reference and Essence, Oxford: Blackwell, esp. Ch. 4. Sampson, C. (1975) Theory Change in a Two-Level Science, BJPS 26, pp Sankey, H. (1991) Translation Failure between theories, HistPhilSci, pp Sankey, H. (1994) The Incommensurability Thesis, Avebury: Brookfield. Shapere, D. (1966) Meaning and Scientific Change, in Colodny, R. (ed.), Mind and Cosmos, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp Shapere, D. (1982) Reason, Reference and the Quest for Knowledge, Phil.Sci., 49, pp Shapere, D. (1989) Evolution and Continuity in Scientific Change, Phil.Sci., 56, pp THEORY AND OBSERVATION Achinstein, P. (1968) Concepts of Science, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, Chs. 5&6. Achinstein, P. and O. Hannaway (1985) Observation, Experiment and Hypothesis in Modern Physical Science, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press. [See papers by Sklar, Shapere, and Boyd] Bogen, J. & Woodward, J. (1988) Saving the Phenomena, PhilRev, 97, pp * Brown, H. I. (1987) Observation and Objectivity, New York: OUP. Brown, H.I. (1987) Naturalizing Observation in Nersessian, N.J. (ed.) The Process of Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer. * Churchland, P. (1979) Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind, Cambridge: CUP (Chs. 1 &2). Churchland, P. (1985) The Ontological Status of Observables: in Praise of Superempirical Virtues, in Churchland, P. & Hooker, C. (eds.), Images of Science, Chicago: UCP. Fodor, J. (1984) Observation Reconsidered, PhilSci 51, pp Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: CUP, ch.10. Hanson, N. R. (1958) Patterns of Discovery, Cambridge: CUP. * Hesse, M. (1970) Is there an independent observation language?, in Colodny (ed.) The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories, Pittsburgh: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press. Hesse, M. (1974) The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, Chs. 1,2. Kordig, C. (1971) The Justification of Scientific Change, Dordrecht: Reidel, ch.1. * Maxwell, G. (1962) The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities, in MinnStud, vol. 3, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Nagel, E. (1981) The Structure of Science, London: Routledge, ch.5. Nagel, E., Bromberger, S. & Grünbaum, A. (eds.) (1971) Observation and Theory in Science, Baltimore & London: John Hopkins Press. Newton-Smith, W. H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge, ch.2. Papineau, D. (1979) Theory and Meaning, Oxford: OUP, ch.1. Putnam, H. (1975) What Theories are Not, in Mathematics, Matter and Method, Collected Papers Vol. 1, Cambridge: CUP. Quine, W.V.O. (1970) Grades of Theoreticity in Foster, L. & Swanson, J.W. (eds.), Experience and Theory, Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, pp Quine, W.V.O. (1990) Pursuit of Truth, Harvard: HUP, Pt.1. * Quine, W.V.O. (1993) In Praise of Observation Sentences, JPhil, 90 (3), pp Scheffler, I. (1963) The Anatomy of Inquiry, New York: Knopf, pp.164ff. Sellars, W.F. (1963) Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind, in Science, Perception and Reality, London: Routledge, pp Shapere, D. (1982) The Concept of Observation in Science and Philosophy, PhilSci, 49, pp Sklar, L. (1985) Modestly Radical Empiricism, reprinted in his Philosophy and Space-Time Physics, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, ch.2. Wright, C. (1993) Scientific Realism and Observation Sentences, International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 1, 2, pp

12 8. CONFIRMATION * Achinstein, P. (ed.) (1983) The Concept of Evidence, Oxford: OUP (esp. papers by Salmon, Goodman, Carnap, Achinstein and Glymour.) Ayer, A. J. (1972) Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan, Pt. I. Black, M. (1966) Notes on the Paradoxes of Confirmation, in Hintikka, J & Suppes, P (eds.), Aspects of Inductive Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel. Blackburn, S. (1973) Reason and Prediction, Cambridge: CUP Carnap, R. (1950) Logical Foundations of Probability, Chicago: UCP, Ch. 1, 2, 7. Carnap, R. (1968) Inductive Logic and Inductive Intuition in Lakatos, I. (ed.) The Problem of Inductive Logic, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp Chihara, C. (1987) Some Problems for Bayesian Confirmation Theory, BJPS 38, pp Cohen, L.J. (1970) The Implications of Induction, London: Methuen Earman, J (ed.) (1983) Testing Scientific Theories, MinnStud Vol 10, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Earman, J. (1992) Bayes or Bust? A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, esp. Ch. 1-3, 6. * Glymour, C. (1980) Theory and Evidence, Princeton: PUP, esp. Ch * Goodman, N. (1983) Fact, Fiction and Forecast, Harvard: HUP (4th ed.), Ch. 3. * Hempel, C G. (1948) Studies in the Logic of Confirmation reprinted in Aspects of Scientific Explanation, New York: The Free Press, & London: Collier-Macmillan, Hintikka, J. & Suppes, P. (eds.) (1966) Aspects of Inductive Logic, Dordrecht: Reidel (esp. papers by Black and Suppes). Horwich, P. (1982) Probability and Evidence, Cambridge: CUP, esp. Ch * Howson, C. & Urbach, P. (1989) Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, La Salle: Open Court, esp. Ch Lakatos, I. (1968) Changes in the Problem of Inductive Logic in Lakatos (ed.) The Problem of Inductive Logic, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp * Mackie, J. L. (1963) The Paradox of Confirmation, BJPS 13, pp Maher, P. (1993) Betting on Theories, Cambridge: CUP. Miller, R W. (1987) Fact and Method, Princeton: PUP. Popper, K. & Miller, D.W.(1983) A Proof of the Impossibility of Inductive Probability, Nature 302, pp Putnam, H. (1963) Probability and Confirmation reprinted in Mathematics, Matter and Method: Collected Papers Vol. 1 (2nd ed.), Cambridge: CUP, pp Quine, W.V.O. (1969) Natural Kinds, reprinted in Ontological Relativity, New York: Columbia University Press. Redhead, M. (1985) On the Impossibility of Inductive Logic, BJPS 36, pp Reichenbach, H. (1961) Experience and Prediction, Chicago: UCP, Ch. 5. Rosenkrantz, R.D. (1981) Foundations and Applications of Inductive Probability, Atascadero, California: Ridgeview Press. Swinburne, R.G. (1971) The Paradoxes of Confirmation--A Survey, APQ 8. Swinburne, R.G. (1973) An Introduction to Confirmation Theory, London: Metheun, esp. Ch van Fraassen, B. (1988) The Problem of Old Evidence, in Austin, D.F. (ed.) Philosophical Analysis, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Vickers, J. (1988) Chance and Structure, Oxford: Clarendon Press Watkins, J. W.N. (1984) Science and Scepticism, London: Hutchinson, Pt. I. 9. UNDERDETERMINATION Ben-Menahem, Y. (1990) Equivalent Descriptions, BJPS 41, pp * Bergström, L. (1984) Underdetermination and Realism, Erkenntnis 21, pp

13 Bergström, L. (1990) Quine on Underdetermination, in Barrett, R. & Gibson, R. (eds.)perspectives on the Philosophy of Quine, Oxford: Blackwell. Bergstrom, L. (1993) Quine, Underdetermination and Skepticism, JPhil 90, 7, pp * Boyd, R. (1973) Realism, Underdetermination, and a Causal Theory of Evidence Nous, 7, pp Earman, J. (1993) Underdetermination, Realism and Reason, in French, Uehling & Wettstein (eds.) Midwest Studies in Philosophy Vol. 18, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, pp Hoefer, C. & Rosenberg, A. (1994) Empirical Equivalence and Systems of the World, PhilSci 61, 4, pp Horwich, P. (1982) How to Choose between Empirically Indistinguishable Theories, JPhil 79, pp Jardine, N. (1986) The Fortunes of Inquiry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kukla, A. (1994) Non-empirical theoretical virtues and the argument for underdetermination, Erkenntnis 41, 2, pp * Laudan, L. (1990) Demystifying Underdetermination in Wade-Savage (ed.) MinnStud, Vol. 14, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp Leplin, J. & Laudan, L. (1991) Empirical Equivalence and Underdetermination, JPhil, 88, pp Newton-Smith, W. H. (1978) The Underdetermination of Theory by Data, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supp. vol. 52, pp Newton-Smith, W. H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge, Ch. 2. * Quine, W. V. O. (1975) On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World, Erkenntnis, 9, pp Quine, W. V. O. (1979) Comments on Newton-Smith, Analysis, 39, pp Quine, W.V.O. (1990) Three Indeterminacies, in Barrett, R. & Gibson, R. (eds.) Perspectives on the Philosophy of Quine, Oxford: Blackwell. * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, ch.3. Wilson, M. (1980) The Observational Uniqueness of Some Theories, JPhil 77, pp Worrall, J. (1982) "Scientific Realism and Scientific Change" PhilQuart THE QUINE/DUHEM THESIS Barrett, R. (1969) On the Conclusive Falsification of Scientific Hypotheses, PhilSci 36, pp Bremner, A.A. (1990) Holism a Century Ago: The Elaboration of Duhem s Thesis, Synthese, 83, 3, pp * Duhem, P. (1962) The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, New York: Atheneum, Ch Duhem, P. (1969) To Save the Phenomena, Chicago: UCP. Glymour, C. (1980) Theory and Evidence, Princeton: PUP. * Grünbaum, A. (1966) The Falsifiability of a Component of a Theoretical System, in Feyerabend & Maxwell (eds.) Mind, Matter and Method, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Grünbaum, A. (1971) Can we ascertain the falsity of a scientific hypothesis?, in Nagel, Bromberger and Grünbaum (eds.) Observation and Theory in Science, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, pp Harding, S. (ed.) (197?) Can Theories be Refuted? Essays on the Duhem/Quine Thesis, Dordrecht: Reidel. Krips, H. (1982) Epistemological Holism: Duhem or Quine?, HistPhilSci 13, pp Laudan, L. (1965) On the Impossibility of Crucial Falsifying Experiments: Grünbaum on The Duhemian Argument PhilSci 32, pp * Quine, W.V.O. (1953) Two Dogmas of Empiricism, reprinted in From a Logical Point of View, Harvard: HUP. Quine, W.V.O. (1990) Pursuit of Truth, Harvard: HUP, ch.1. Quinn, P. (1969) What Duhem Really Meant in Boston Studies in Philosophy of Science, Vol. XIV, Dordrecht: Reidel, pp Quinn, P.L. (1969) The Status of the D-thesis, PhilSci 36, pp Vuillemin, J. (1986) On Duhem s and Quine s Theses in Hahn, L.E. & Schillpp, P.A. The Philosophy of W.V. Quine, La Salle: Open Court, pp * Wedeking, G. (1969) Duhem, Quine and Grünbaum on Falsification, PhilSci 36, pp

14 Worrall, J. (1993) Falsification, Rationality and the Duhem Problem: Grünbaum versus Bayes, in Earman, J. et. al. (eds.) Philosophical Problems of the Internal and External Worlds, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, pp Yoshida, R.M. (1975) Discussion: Five Duhemian Theses, PhilSci 42, 1, pp CONVENTIONALISM AND THE ROLE OF CONVENTION Angel, R (1980) Relativity: The Theory and its Philosophy, Oxford: Pergamon Press, ch.5. Ellis, B. & Bowman, J. (1967) Conventionality in Distant Simultaneity, PhilSci 34, pp Friedman, M. (1972) Grünbaum on the Conventionality of Geometry ; Synthese, 24, pp Giedymin, J (1982) Science and Convention, Oxford: Pergamon Press, esp. Ch. 1, 3, 4. Glymour, C. (1972) Physics by Convention, PhilSci 39, pp Grünbaum, A (1973) Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, Dordrecht: Reidel, 2nd enlarged edn., Part 1. Grünbaum, A. (1961) Law and Convention in Physical Theory, in Feigl, H & Maxwell, G, (eds.) Current Issues in the Philosophy of Science, New York: Holt, Rinehardt & Winston. Horwich, P. (1975) Grünbaum on the Metric of Space and Time, BJPS 26, pp Horwich, P. (1986) A defence of conventionalism in McDonald, G. (ed.) Fact, Science and Morality, Oxford: Blackwell, pp Nerlich, G. (1976) The Shape of Space, Cambridge: CUP, Chs Poincaré, H (1952) Science and Hypothesis, New York: Dover Publications, esp. Ch Poincaré, H. (1958) The Value of Science, New York: Dover Publications, Pt. 3. * Putnam, H (1975) The Refutation of Conventionalism, in Mind, Language and Reality: Philosophical Papers Vol. 2, Cambridge: CUP. Quine, W.V.O. (1935) Truth by Convention, reprinted in The Ways of Paradox and other essays, Harvard: HUP (1966) pp Redhead, M. (1993) The Conventionality of Simultaneity in Earman et. al. (eds.) Philosophical Problems of the Internal and External Worlds, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Reichenbach, H. (1950) The Philosophy of Space and Time, New York: Dover Publications, esp. Ch. 1. Salmon, W.C. (1969) The Conventionality of Simultaneity, PhilSci 36, pp * Sklar, L. (1974) Space, Time and Spacetime, Berkeley: California University Press, Ch. 2. Sklar, L. (1985) Philosophy and Spacetime Physics, Berkeley: University of California Press,ch.3. Suppes, P (ed.) (1973) Space, Time and Geometry, Dordrecht: Reidel (papers by Vuillemin, Glymour, & Friedman). Swinburne, R. (1980) Conventionalism about Space and Time, BJPS 31, pp Winnie, Earman, Glymour, Salmon & Malament (1977) Symposium on Space and Time, Nous 11, EPISTEMIC VALUES AND THEORETICAL VIRTUES Adler, J.E. (1990) Conservativism and Tacit Confirmation Mind, pp Bunge, M. (1963) The Myth of Simplicity, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Foley, R. (1983) Epistemic Conservativism Philosophical Studies 43. Friedman, K Empirical Simplicity as Testability. BJPS 23, 1972, pp Goldman, A. (1979) Varieties of Cognitive Appraisal Nous 13, pp Goodman, N. (1972) Problems and Projects, New York: Bobbs-Merrill. Ch. VII. Hesse, M The Structure of Scientific Inference, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1974, Ch. 10. Hesse, M. (1967) Simplicity in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (ed.) Paul Edwards, N.Y. Macmillan. * Kuhn, T. (1977) Objectivity, Value Judgement, and Theory Choice in The Essential Tension, Chicago: UCP. Kukla, A. (1994) Non-Empirical Theoretical Virtues and the Argument from Underdetermination Erkenntnis 41:2. Kvanvig, J.L. (1989) Conservativism and Its Virtues Synthese 79. * McMullin, E. (1982) Values in Science PSA Vol. 2. Newton-Smith, W.H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: RKP, pp and Ch. IX. 14

15 Popper, K. (1959) The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Hutchinson and Co., Ch. VII. Quine, W.V.O. (1976) On Simple Theories of a Complex World, in Ways of Paradox, Cambridge Mass: Harvard Univ. Press. Sklar, L. (1975) Methodological Conservativism PhilRev 84, p * Sober, E. (1991) Reconstructing the Past: Evolution, Parsinomy, and Inference, Cambridge: MIT Press, Ch Sober, E. (1975) Simplicity, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 1, 5. Sober, E. (1990) Contrastive Empiricism MinnStud Vol. XIV (ed.) C. Wade Savage. Sober, E. (1990) Let s Razor Ockham s Razor in Explanation and Its Limits (ed.) Dudley Knowles, Cambridge: CUP. Swinburne, R. (1973) An Introduction to Confirmation Theory, London: Methuen & Co., Ch. VII. * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, pp van Fraassen, B. (1983) Glymour on Explanation and Evidence in MinnStud Vol. X (ed) J. Earman. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. van Fraassen, B. (1984) Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science in Images of Science (ed.) P. Churchland and C. Hooker, Chicago: UCP, Pt. 1. van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: OUP, Pt REALISM AND ANTI-REALISM Collections Hooker, C. A. & Churchland, P. M., eds. (1985) Images of Science, Chicago: UCP (esp. papers by Boyd, Churchland, Ellis, Hooker, Musgrave, and van Fraassen). Leplin, J., ed. (1984) Realism, Berkeley: University of California Press, (esp. papers by McMullin, Boyd, Fine, & Leplin). Nola, R., ed. (1988) Relativism and Realism in Science, Dordrecht: Kluwer. Papineau, D., ed. (1996) Philosophy of Science, Oxford: OUP. Aronson, J., Harré, R. & Way, E. C. (1993) Realism Rescued, London: Duckworth. Blackburn, B. (1993) Truth, Realism and the Regulation of Theory, in Essays on Quasi-Realism, Oxford: OUP. Boyd, R. (1973) Realism, Underdetermination and a Causal Theory of Evidence, Nous 7, pp Boyd, R. (1980) Scientific Realism and Naturalistic Epistemology, PSA Vol. 2, pp Boyd, R. (1989) What Realism Implies and What It Does Not, Dialectica 43. Boyd, R. (1990) Realism, Approximate Truth, and Philosophical Method in C. Wade Savage (ed.) Scientific Theories, MinnStud. Brown, J. R. (1982) The Miracle of Science, PhilQuart 32, pp Brown, J. R. (1985) Explaining the Success of Science Ratio 27, pp * Brown, J.R. Smoke and Mirrors, London: Routledge. Carrier, M. (1991) What is Wrong with the Miracle Argument?, HistPhilSci 22, pp * Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP (esp. essays 2-5). Cartwright, N. (1994) Fundamentalism vs. the Patchwork of Laws PASS 93. Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind, Cambridge: CUP. Devitt, M. (1991) Realism and Truth, Oxford: Blackwell. Devitt, M. (1991) Aberrations of the Realist Debate Philosophical Studies 61. Fine, A. (1986) Unnatural Attitudes: Realist and Instrumentalist Attachments to Science, Mind 95, pp * Fine, A. (1986) The Shaky Game, Chicago: UCP. Fine, A. (1991) Piecemeal Realism, Philosophical Studies 6, pp Giere, R. N. (1988) Explaining Science, Chicago: UCP. * Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and Intervening, Cambridge: CUP, Ch. 1, 16. Harré, R. (1986) Varieties of Realism, Oxford: Blackwell. Hellman, G. (1983) Realist Principles, PhilSci 50, pp

16 Hendry, F. R. (1995) Realism and Progress: Why Scientists Should be Realists in Fellows, R. (ed.) Philosophy and Technology, Cambridge: CUP. Horwich, P. (1991) On the Nature and Norms of Theoretical Commitment, PhilSci Horwich, P. (1982) Three Forms of Realism, Synthese 52, pp Jardine, N. (1986) The Fortunes of Inquiry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kitcher, P. (1993) The Advancement of Science, Oxford: OUP, Ch.5. Kukla, A. (1994) Scientific Realism, Scientific Practice and the Natural Ontological Attitude, BJPS 45, pp Laudan, L. (1977) Progress and its Problems, Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. * Laudan, L. (1984) A Refutation of Convergent Realism in Leplin, J., ed. Leeds, S. (1994) Constructive Empiricism, Synthese 101, pp Leplin, J. (1992) Realism and Methodological Change, PSA Vol. 2, pp Levin, M. (1990) Realisms, Synthese 85. McAllister, J. W. (1993) Scientific Realism and the Criteria for Theory Choice, Erkenntnis 38, 2, pp McMichael, A. (1985) van Fraassen s Instrumentalism BJPS 36. McMullin, E. (1984) The Goals of Natural Science, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association 58. McMullin, E. (1991) Comment: Selective Anti-Realism Philosophical Studies 61. Musgrave, A. (1992) Discussion: Realism About What? PhilSci 58. Musgrave, A. (1989) NOA s Ark Fine for Realism PhilQuart 39. Newton-Smith, W. H. (1981) The Rationality of Science, London: Routledge, Chs. 2, 8. Newton-Smith, W.H. (1988) Modest Realism PSA. Papineau, D. (1987) Reality and Representation, Oxford: Blackwell. Psillos, S. (1995) "Is Structural Realism the Best of Both Worlds?" Dialectica 49. Putnam, H. (1982) Three Kinds of Scientific Realism, PhilQuart 32, pp Putnam, H. (1982) Reason, Truth and History, Cambridge: CUP. Putnam, H. (1987) The Many Faces of Realism, La Salle: Open Court. Sellars, W. (1963) Science, Perception and Reality, London: Routledge, Ch. 1, 4. van Fraassen, B. (1976) To Save the Phenomena JPhil 73. * van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, Ch. 2-3 van Fraassen, B. (1985) Empiricism in the Philosophy of Science, in Churchland & Hooker (eds.). Worrall, J. (1989) Structural Realism: the Best of Both Worlds? in Dialectica 43. Worrall, J. (1982) Scientific Realism and Scientific Change, PhilQuart 32, pp Wylie, A. (1986) Arguments for Scientific Realism: The Ascending Spiral, American Philosophical Quarterly, 23, pp INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION Achinstein, P. (1992) Inference to the Best Explanation: Or, Who Will Win the Mill-Whewell Debate, HistPhilSci 23, p Ben-Menahem, Y. (1990) The Inference to the Best Explanation Erkenntnis, pp Brown, J.R. (1985) Explaining the Success of Science Ratio 27, p. 49. Cartwright, N. (1983) When Explanation Leads to Inference How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: OUP, Essay 5. Day, T. & Kincaid, H. (1994) Putting Inference to the Best Explanation in its Place Synthese 98. Fine, A. (1984) The Natural Ontological Attitude, in J. Leplin (ed.) Scientific Realism, Berkeley: Univ. California Press. [Repr. in his The Shaky Game (1986).] * Fine, A. (1986) Unnatural Attitudes: Realist and Instrumentalist Attachments to Science Mind 45, p * Harman, G. (1965) The Inference to the Best Explanation, PhilRev 74. * Lipton, P. (198 ) Inference to the Best Explanation, London: RKP, esp Ch. 4. Marino, M. (1988) Inference to the Best Explanation: van Fraassen and the Case of the Fifth Force, ISPS 3, p

17 McMullin, E. (1987) Explanatory Success and the Truth of Theory in N. Rescher (ed.) Scientific Inquiry in Philosophical Perspective, N.Y.: Univ. Press of America. Newton-Smith W.H. (1987) Realism and Inference to the Best Explanation, Fundamenta Scientiae 7. Psillos, S. (1996) On van Fraassen s Critique of Absolute Reasoning, PhilQuart 46. Ruben, D-H (1982) Causal Scepticism or Invisible Cement, Ratio 24, p Thagard, P. (1978) The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice JPhil 75. van Fraassen, B. (1980) The Scientific Image, Oxford: OUP, Ch. 2 van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: OUP, Part II. 15. LAWS OF NATURE Achinstein, P. (1971) Law and Explanation, Oxford: Clarendon Press,chs.1-3. * Armstrong, D (1983) What is a Law of Nature?, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Ayer, A J (1963) What is a Law of Nature?, in The Concept of a Person, London: Macmillan. Bigelow, J. & Pargetter, R. (1990) Science and Necessity, Cambridge: CUP, Ch. 5. Braithwaite, R. B (1959) Scientific Explanation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ch.9. Carroll, J.W. (1994) Laws of Nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cartwright, N. (1983) How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ch. 1, 4 Cartwright, N. (1989) Nature s Capacities and their Measurement, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Cartwright, N. (1994) Fundamentalism vs. the Patchwork of Laws PASS 93. * Dretske, F. I (1977) Laws of Nature, Philosophy of Science, 44, pp Goodman, N (1983) Fact, Fiction and Forecast, London: Harvard University Press, 4th ed., Ch. 1. Harré, R (1970) The Principles of Scientific Thinking, London: Macmillan, Ch. 4. Harré, R. (1993) Laws of Nature, London: Duckworth. Lewis, D. (1973) Counterfactuals, Oxford: Blackwell. Lewis, D. (1987) Network for a Theory of Universals, Australasian JPhil 61. Lewis, D. (1994) Human Supervenience Debugged Mind Vol Mellor, D H (ed.) (1980) Science, Belief and Behaviour, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (esp. essays 5 & 6). Nagel, E (1961) The Structure of Science, London: Routledge, Ch. 4. Ramsey, F. (1931) General Propositions and Causality, in the Foundations of Mathematics, London: RKP. Swartz, N (1985) The Concept of Physical Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tooley, M. (1977) The Nature of Laws, Canadian JPhil, 7, pp Tooley, M. (1977) The Nature of Laws, Canadian JPhil, 7, pp Urbach, P (1988) What is a Law of Nature?, BJPS 39, pp Vallentyne, P. (1988) Explicating Lawhood, PhilSci 55, pp van Fraassen, B. (1989) Laws and Symmetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Pt. 2. Woodward, J. (1992) Realism about Laws, Erkenntnis, 36, pp THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY General and History Daston, L. (1988) Classical Probability in Enlightenment, Princeton: PUP. Gigerenzer, G. et al. (1989) The Empire of Chance, Cambridge: CUP. Hacking, I. (1975) The Emergence of Probability, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shapiro, B. (1983) Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-Century England: A Study of the Relation between Natural Science, Religion, History, Law, and Literature, Princeton: PUP. Skryms, B. ( rd ed.) Choice and Chance, Belmar CA: Wordsworth, Ch. 5-7 von Plato, J. (1994) Creating Modern Probability, Cambridge: CUP Weatherford, R Philosophical Foundations of Probability Theory, London, Routledge, 1982 Ayer, A.J. (1957) The Conception of Probability as a Logical Relation in Observation and Interpretation: Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society, S. Körner (ed.), Butterworth: London. 17