Notes. Preface. Introduction. 1 Realising Christianity: Mary Barton. 4 Women, Death and Integrity 2: Ruth

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Bartholomew McDowell
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1 Notes Preface 1. Edgar Wright, Mrs. Gaskell: The Basis for Reassessment (London, 1965), p Angus Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Critical Heritage (London, 1991). (Hereafter CH.) 3. Coral Lansbury, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Novel of Social Crisis (London, 1975), p Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Sussex, 1987), p Jenny Uglow, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories (London, 1993), pp (Hereafter 'Uglow'.) 6. David Lodge, Nice Work (1988; Harmondsworth, 1989), p. 80. Introduction 1. Uglow, p Ibid., p William Wordsworth, 'The Ruined Cottage', Realising Christianity: Mary Barton 1. Unsigned review in the Inquirer, CH, p Matthew 25: Women, Death and Integrity 2: Ruth 1. John Reily Beard, in Tait's Edinburgh Magazine, CH, p James Joyce, Ulysses (London, 1960) p Unsigned Notice, CH, p Luke 6: Marina Warner, Alone of All Her Sex: The Myth and Cult of the Virgin Mary (London 1976, 1985), p Romans 12: A Choice of Christina Rossetti's Verse, selected by Elizabeth Jennings (London 1970), p Women, Death and Integrity 3: North and South 1. Robin Gilmour, in The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel (London, 1981) has pointed out (p. 85) that Mr Thornton is being 213

2 214 Notes 'less daring than he thought', since 'manly' already had by the 1850s the overtones of meaning that he ascribes to it. 7 Cranford and Economics 1. Alfred Tennyson, 'Ulysses' Words and Values: 'Cousin Phillis' 1. William Wordsworth, Resolution and Independence Conclusion 1. Donald D. Stone, Tile Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, Mass., 1980), p Angus Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell (London, 1979), p Elizabeth Gaskell, 'The Moorland Cottage' ( 'World's Classics', London, 1934), p William Wordsworth, 'Lines Written a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey', Ibid

3 Index 'angels' 9, 12 Austen, Jane 211 authoritarianism 207 see also under North and South; 'Sylvia's Lovers' beauty: sex and 12 Bible, The 204 see also Christ bread 27, 40 Bronte, Charlotte 211 Bronte, Emily 205 Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky) 25 Carlyle, Thomas 2 characters' names 19 chastity 11 Christ 7, 22, 23, 26, 35, 40 Christianity 21-41, 90-2, 140 see also Unitarianism Christian Observer 86 Clarissa (Richardson) 92, 211 Condition of the Working Class in England (Engels) 21 'Cousin Phillis': change and , 159, 160 Eden and 151, 152, 153, 160 evasiveness in 155, 157 faith and 6 female passivity and 161 nature of 148 richness of 212 secrecy in 160, 161 self-consciousness and 153 sexuality and 154, 157, 161 time and 150, 152-3, 160 timelessness 150 utterance and 155, 159 woman as victim 210 womanliness and 155 women's power and 13 words and 155, 158, 159, Cranford: 161, 162 celebration 142 childlikeness in 10, 143 Christianity in 140 class and 135 comic nature , 131, 141, 142 credulity in 140, 143 economy and , 133-4, 135, 138, 140, 211 eighteenth century and 134-5, 140 generosity in 139 gentility 135 gossip 12 letters 144 males absent 10 masculinity in 130 Matty analysed men, fear of in 130, 142 minutiae of life 134 old-maidenhood 131-2, 143 parody in 130, 131, 132 past and realism 140, 141 reconciliation 142, 144, 145 richness of 129 romantic love in 141, 143 sexuality in 10, 131, 142 society in 137 Sterne and 211 trade in 135 values in Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky) 207 crisis, mundanity and 206 'Crooked Branch, The': past in tragedy in 9 215

4 216 Index words and 148, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162 Wordsworth and 189 'Curious, if True': realism vs. fairy story 'Dark Night's Work': bitter undertone 201 death and 205 individuals' variety 37 lives, meaning of past in 185 daughters and fathers 210 death 205, 206 see also under names of works didacticism, absence of 14 'Doom of the Griffiths, The': past in 185, 188 Dostoevsky, Fyodor 25, Easson, Angus 101, 207 Eliot, George 211 Engels, Friedrich 21 evil, vision of fables 18 Faery Queen, Tlze (Spenser) 114 fairy stories 18, 186 faith 6-7 see also Unitarianism fathers and daughters 210 feminism fictional structures 18 Fielding, Henry 138 Flaubert, Gustave 212 Fox, Liza 8 French Revolution 119, 126 Gaskell, Mrs: artistic nerve, failure of 212 as poetic novelist 203 baby's death 8, 23 contingency and death and 205, 206 deeds and 147 didacticism absent 14 duality evil and feminism and fictional structures 18 gender and 204 heavenly visions and 1 individual, commitment to 93 letters xi mundanity and melodrama poetry of the common and 203 rigour, lack of 212 self, concept of self-fulfilment and sex and 204, 205 structural impulse 204 structures of fiction 18 studies of xi-xii trials in 1 variety of 211 Victorian values 211 women characters, variety of 211 Wordsworth and 203 see also names of poems under Wordsworth see also under names of works Gaskell, Marianne 2 generations: rhythms of 5 gesture 204 see also under Mary Barton; 'North and South' God 7 see also Christ; Christianity; Unitarianism 'Grey Woman, The': tragedy and 9 'Half a Life-Time Ago': drunkenness in 192, 193 faith and 6 generations, rhythms of 5 metaphoric power 193 past and realism and 192, 212 self-redemption and 163 words and 147

5 Index 217 Wordsworth and 191 'Half-Brothers, The' 186-7, Hardy, Thomas 183, 212 'harmony' 8 history 119, 120-1, 164 Holland, Elizabeth 25 'holy' 7, 82 human nature, trust in 38 inevitability 6 In Memoriam (Tennyson) 203 Jude the Obscure (Hardy) 183 Lansbury, Coral xi Lawrence, D. H. 136 'Libby Marsh's Three Eras': account of faith and 6 moral of 14 realism of 17 sociability and 16 storytelling 17 lives, meaning of local history 164 Lodge, David xii-xiii 'Lois the Witch': auto-suggestion 69 death in 63, 64 madness in 64, 65, 66 male rule 65, 175 patriarchy in 65 power in 65, 66-7 rationalism and 71 self subverted in 69 self-definition 67 sexuality in 68 witch theme 12, 13, 67, 70 woman and 'witch' 67, 70 woman's nature and 71 women as victims 210 words in 148 lost idyll theme 18 market forces 40 Mary Barton: Barton's withdrawal 31-2 Bible and 204 bodily living, evocation of 40 children in 25, 34-5, 40 Christ and 22, 23 Christianity, realising confrontational nature 23-4 Crime and Punishment and 207 egalitarianism and enclosure and 28, 29, 31 foreshortening 28 gesture and 24, 36 human values in 40 humanity 24 hunger in 25, 26 immediacy 28 individualism and 30 language of 23 lots, drawing of love in 24 market forces in 40 North and South and 28 politics in 22 providence in 38 realism 24, 27, 40 religious ethos 23 silence 32-3 social justice and 7 social realism 40 socio-political themes 29 suffering 25, 28 truthfulness 21-2 unsociability 30, 31 utterance in 32-3 words and 147, 148 melodrama and mundanity Middlemarch (Eliot) 211 'Moorland Cottage, The' 207, 208 'My Lady Ludlow': absoluteness in 122, 123, 126 as idyll 120

6 218 Index change in 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127 education and 119, 123, 126 form of 127 French Revolution in 119, 126 graciousness in 124, 125 literacy in 119 maternalism in 122, 124 paternalism in 124 time in 126 names 19 Nice Work (Lodge) xii-xm Nightingale, Florence 93 North and South: authority in 175, 178, 181 change in 97, , 110 death and 108 dialogue 106 doubt in 102 economic life and 110 'flinching' 111 gesture in 106 'home' in integrity in 105, 112, 113, 115 life, acceptance of 1-2 Mary Barton and 28 night-time in 'now' 112 'numbing' 111 pain in 105, 106, 111 richness of 211 self-discovery and 115 sex in 103-4, 105, 112 stability in 109 'stun' 106, 111, 112 times of day in title 97 uncertainty in 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 110 unsociability in 30 variety in 211 'wince' 106, 111, 112 women's initiation and 114 'now' 80, 112, 206 'Old Nurse's Story, The' 188, 189 Pamela (Richardson) 11 parables 204 particularities, evocation of 19 past: shorter fiction and politics 22 'Poor Clare, The': metaphoric structure 196 past in 185, 189, reparation and 197 supernatural and 147, 196 women's power 13 words in 147, 196 railway 149 realism 2-6, 7, 27, 203, 205, 208 see also under names of works religion 7 repetitions 18, 19 revolution 119 Richardson, Samuel 11, 92, 211 Rossetti, Christina 94 Ruth: bad faith in 74 Cinderella overtones 75-6, 84 conscience in 83 death in 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95 destiny in 86 freedom in 75 grace in 90 heroine's aloneness 10 'holy' 82 hypocrisy and 73, 74 hysteria 82, 84 imagination curbed in 77, 82 innocence in 74, 76 landscape in 84 martyr's role 83 matriarchy in 78

7 Index 219 'morbid' 204 morbidity in 81, 82' natural world and 85 'now' 80 problems raised by 73, 76 Richardson and 211 Romantic myth and 84 salvation and 90, 91 self-definition 79, 88 sex in 73, 83, 91-2 sexual ignorance and 73 sin in 77, 81, 87, 90 spirituality in 83 time and 79, 80, 81 timelessness 84-6 transcendence in 84-6 virginity, loss of 92 women as victims 210 women/sexuality I spirituality I death 83 works in 90, 91 secrecy 12 self, concept of 209 self-discovery theme 12 servants: duty and 78 nam_es 19 sex: beauty and 12 feminine reticence and 11 sin and ubiquity of women, importance of to 11 see also under names of individual works 'Sexton's Hero, The', shorter fiction: cause and effect 186 distinguishing features 185 experience pared down in 187 lives, meaning of past and short stories see shorter fiction sins: reparation and 197 speech 204 Spenser, Edmund 114 Sterne, Laurence 135, 138, 211 Stone, Donald D. 203 Stoneman, Patsy xii storytelling 17 suffering 25, 28 supernatural 'Sylvia's Lovers': affections and 164 attraction in 171, 172 authority in choice in 168, duality in 170 entrapment in 163, 180 epigraph 203 freedom in 175, 178, 179 Hardy and 183 human perversity in 212 independence in 176 individual in 175, 176, 177 knowledge 174, 175 literacy in 164, 174, 175 metaphoric structures 196 mob violence in 177 'never' 204 press-gang 175, 176 problems in 163 redemption and 9 security in 171 setting 164, sex in 12, 171, 173 tragedy in 169, 178, 182 transcendence and 179, 181 witchery and 12 women as victims 210 women's power in 13 words in 175, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 Tennyson, Alfred 203 themes: identifying major 1 recurrences of 18, 204, 211 Tolstoy, Leo 208 topography 164, 165

8 220 Index tragedy 9 travel 164 truthtelling 21, 22 Uglow, Jenny xii, 7 Unitarianism 6-7, 35, 91 utterance, significance 32-3, 147 see also under 'Cousin Phillis'; Mary Barton values 14, 136-7, 207 'We are not angels' 1 witch theme 12, 13, 67, 70, 148 Wives and Daughters: angelic and non-angelic 54 class in 61 comedy, rhythms of 43 comic realism commitment, shying away from 55 complaint in 53 concealment in 47-52, 53 death in 57-9 dialogue in disappointment in 45 evasion and 24, 47-52, 59 fantasy, reality and 44 femaleness, guilt and 55 guilt in 60 irony 43 language and 24 manners 43 non-communication in 52 protest in 53 realism in 4-5, 43-62, 211 secrecy and 47-52, 54 self-abnegation 57, 58 sexuality in 56 social change 61 trials in 1, 46 witch theme 12 women's self-definition words 148 women: celebration of 9 centrality of 9 labelling of 9 men and 10 nature of 9-10 power of reactive nature of 10, 12 self-definition of self-worth and 14 sex and 11 see also under names of works women's place 204, 210, 211 words: as weapons 147 evasion and 148 power of 147 status of 147 values and 148 see also under names of works Wordsworth, William: beauty and 8 Gaskell's resemblance to 14 'holiness of the heart's affections' 7 'Idiot Boy' 193 'Michael' 6, 150, 189 'primary laws of our nature' 5 'Resolution and Independence' 150 'Ruined Cottage, The' 6, 8 tragic sense 9 Wright, Edgar xi

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