Visible Light Communication

Transcription

1 Visible Light Communication Visible light communication (VLC) is an evolving communication technology for shortrange applications. Exploiting recent advances in the development of high-power visiblelight-emitting LEDs, VLC offers an energy-efficient, clean alternative to RF technology, enabling the development of optical wireless communication systems that make use of existing lighting infrastructure. Drawing on the expertise of leading researchers from across the world, this concise book sets out the theoretical principles of VLC, and outlines key applications of this cutting-edge technology. Providing insight into modulation techniques, positioning and communication, synchronization, and industry standards, as well as techniques for improving network performance, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in the fields of visible light communication and optical wireless communication, and for industrial practitioners in the field of telecommunications. Shlomi Arnon is a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Ben-Gurion University (BGU), Israel. He is a Fellow of SPIE, a co-editor of Advanced Optical Wireless Communication Systems (2012), and has edited special issues of the Journal of Optical Communications and Networking (2006) and the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (2009, 2015).

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3 Visible Light Communication EDITED BY SHLOMI ARNON Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel

4 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / Cambridge University Press 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licencing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Visible light communication / edited by Shlomi Arnon, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. pages cm ISBN (hardback) 1. Optical communications. I. Arnon, Shlomi, 1968 TK V ʹ7 dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information, including, but not limited to, any methods, formulae, and instructions, contained herein is totally free from error. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any equipment that they plan to use.

5 Contents List of contributors Acknowledgment page x xii 1 Introduction 1 Shlomi Arnon 2 Modulation techniques with lighting constraints 10 Jae Kyun Kwon and Sang Hyun Lee 2.1 Inverse source coding in dimmable VLC ISC for NRZ-OOK ISC for M-ary PAM Comparisons with respect to dimming capacity Multi-level transmission in dimmable VLC Multi-level transmission scheme Asymptotic performance Simulation results Color intensity modulation for multi-colored VLC Color space and signal space Color intensity modulation 33 3 Performance enhancement techniques for indoor VLC systems 41 Wen-De Zhong and Zixiong Wang 3.1 Introduction Performance improvement of VLC systems by tilting the receiver plane SNR analysis of VLC system with a single LED lamp Receiver plane tilting technique to reduce SNR variation Multiple LED lamps with the receiver plane tilting technique Spectral efficiency Performance improvement of VLC systems by arranging LED lamps Arrangement of LED lamps BER analysis Channel capacity analysis 59

6 vi Contents 3.4 Dimming control technique and its performance in VLC systems Bipolar OOK signal under dimming control Adaptive M-QAM OFDM signal under dimming control Summary 66 4 Light positioning system (LPS) 70 Mohsen Kavehrad and Weizhi Zhang 4.1 Indoor positioning and merits of using light Introduction to indoor positioning Spectrum crunch and future mobile system Advantages of VLC-based positioning Positioning algorithms Triangulation Triangulation circular lateration Triangulation hyperbolic lateration Triangulation angulation Scene analysis Proximity Comparison of positioning techniques Challenges and solutions Multipath reflections Synchronization Channel multi-access Service outage Privacy Summary 85 5 Visible light positioning and communication 88 Zhengyuan Xu, Chen Gong, and Bo Bai 5.1 Introduction Indoor light positioning system Outdoor light positioning system Indoor light positioning systems based on visible light communication and imaging sensors System description LPS with known LED positions Monte-Carlo simulation results Outdoor light positioning systems based on LED traffic lights and photodiodes Light positioning system Calibration of error induced by non-coplanar geometry Numerical results Summary 104

7 Contents vii 6 The standard for visible light communication 107 Kang Tae-Gyu 6.1 Scope of VLC standard VLC service area compatibility VLC illumination compatibility VLC vendor compatibility Standard compatibility VLC modulation standard Variable pulse position modulation VPPM Line coding VLC data transmission standard Wired transmission protocol Wireless transmission protocol VLC illumination standard LED lighting source interface Fixture interface LED intelligent system lighting interface VLC service standard Synchronization issues in visible light communication 116 Shlomi Arnon 7.1 Introduction VLC modulation methods in the time domain On off keying (OOK) Pulse position modulation (PPM) Inverse pulse position modulation (IPPM) Variable pulse position modulation (VPPM) Bit error rate calculation OOK BER PPM BER IPPM BER VPPM BER The effect of synchronization time offset on IPPM BER The effect of clock jitter on IPPM BER Summary DMT modulation for VLC 133 Klaus-Dieter Langer 8.1 Introduction Indoor application scenarios Aspects of high-speed VLC transmission 139

8 viii Contents LED modulation bandwidth Channel capacity Considerations on high-speed LED modulation DMT modulation and variants DC-biased DMT Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) Pulse-amplitude-modulated discrete multitone (PAM-DMT) DMT/OFDM performance and mitigation of disruptive effects Performance enhancement of DMT modulation Combination of ACO-OFDM and DC-biased DMT modulation Spectrally factorized OFDM Flip-OFDM Unipolar OFDM Position modulating OFDM Diversity-combined OFDM Further approaches System design and implementation aspects Aspects of system design DMT/OFDM application in advanced systems Practical implementation issues Implementation and demonstration Summary Image sensor based visible light communication 181 Shinichiro Haruyama and Takaya Yamazato 9.1 Overview Image sensors CCD image sensor CMOS image sensor Comparing CCD image sensors, CMOS image sensors, and photodiodes (PD) Image sensor as a VLC receiver Temporal sampling Spatial sampling Maximal achievable data rate Design of an image sensor based VLC system Transmitter Receiver Channel Field-of-view (FOV) Effect of communication distance and spatial frequency 191

9 Contents ix 9.5 Massively parallel visible light transmission Concept System architecture Link establishment Prototype of a massively parallel data transmission system Accurate sensor pose estimation Overview Single view geometry Pose estimation using lights Light extraction Applications of image sensor based communication Traffic signal communication Position measurements for civil engineering Summary 204 Index 206

10 Contributors Shlomi Arnon Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel Bo Bai Northwestern Polytechnical University, China Chen Gong University of Science and Technology of China Shinichiro Haruyama Keio University, Japan Mohsen Kavehrad The Pennsylvania State University, USA Jae Kyun Kwon Yeungnam University, Korea Klaus-Dieter Langer Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute (HHI), Germany Sang Hyun Lee Sejong University, Korea Kang Tae-Gyu Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Korea Zixiong Wang The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Zhengyuan Xu University of Science and Technology of China

11 List of contributors xi Takaya Yamazato Nagoya University, Japan Weizhi Zhang The Pennsylvania State University, USA Wen-De Zhong Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore

12 Acknowledgment I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my beloved wife, who has helped me for so many years, and for the interesting discussions with my kids that always challenge me. I also want to thank all the book contributors, who have made it what it is without them the book would never have been realized.