Loudspeaker Data Reliable, Comprehensive, Interpretable
|
|
- Joella Sparks
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Loudspeaker Data Reliable, Comprehensive, Interpretable
2 Introduction Biography: Study Electrical Engineering, TU Dresden R&D Engineer VEB RFT, Leipzig, Scholarship at the University Waterloo (Canada) Harman International, USA Consultancy 1997 Managing the KLIPPEL GmbH 2007 Professor for Electro-acoustics, TU Dresden Wolfgang Klippel Klippel GmbH My interests and experiences: electro-acustics, loudspeakers digital signal processing applied to audio psycho-acoustics and measurement techniques
3 Left Audio Channel Right Audio Channel Agenda Perception Final Audio Application (Room, Speaker, Listening Position, Stimulus) Audio-System (Transducer, DSP, Amplifier) Transducer (woofer, tweeter) 1. Perceptual and physical evaluation at the listening point perceptive modeling & sound quality assessment auralization techniques & systematic listening tests 2. Output-based evaluation of (active) audio systems holografic near field measurement of 3D sound output prediction of far field and room interaction nonlinear distortion at max. SPL 3. Comprehensive description of the passive transducer parameters (H(f), T/S, nonlinear, thermal) symptoms (THD, IMD, rub&buzz, power handling) 3
4 Left Audio Channel Right Audio Channel Objectives Perception Final Audio Application (Room, Speaker, Listening Position, Stimulus) Audio-System (Transducer, DSP, Amplifier) Transducer (woofer, tweeter) clear definition of sound quality in target application filling the gap between measurement and listening numerical evaluation of design choices meaningful transducer data for DSP and system design selection of optimal components maximal performance-cost ratio smooth communication between customer and supplier 4
5 Objective Methods for Assessing Loudspeakers Room Parameters Loudspeaker Parameters Parameter-Based Method e.g. T/S parameter, amplitude and phase response, nonlinear and thermal parameters Stimulus Loudspeaker- Room Model nonlinear Psychoacoustical Model nonlinear Sensations e.g. music, test signals Distortion Measurement e.g. THD, IMD, rub&buzz distortion Perceptual Quality Method e.g. predicted preference 5
6 Perceptual Evaluation of Signal Distortion reference signal distortion test signal Basic monaural processing Basic Auditory Sensations Ideal Conceptions stimulus test signal Binaural Processing Loudness Fluctuations Sharpness S Coloration V Spaciousness R Localization Perceived Defects DS DV DR + Overall Quality Loss reference signal distortion Basic monaural processing The basic auditory sensations are the dimensions of the perceptional space and describe the audibility of the distortion Perceived defects consider the ideal conceptions and the impact on quality 7
7 Auralization of Signal Distortion Input Signal Output Signal u (t ) s 0 e p(t) Linear Model Nonlinear Model Unpredictable Dynamics d lin (t) Linear Distortion d nlin (t) Nonlinear Distortion d irr (t) Irregular Distortion n(t) Noise Model OBJECTIVES: 1. Virtual enhancement or attenuation of distortion components 2. Systematic Listening Tests 3. Defining a value S DIS in db describing the distance to the audibilty threshold 10
8 Finding Audibility Thresholds histogram of the audibility thresholds of participants of a listening test at weighted up and down method enhancement S DIS attenuation audibility threshold S DIS =-15 db low distortion 11
9 Subjective and Objective Evaluation Objective Subjective Engineering Evaluation Listening Test + Auralization Evaluation Marketing Management Perceptive Modeling S DIS Physical Data Distortion, Maximal Output Displacement, Temperature Audibility of distortion Perference, Evaluation of Design Choices Clues for Improvements Defining target specification Tuning to the market Performance/cost ratio 13
10 Left Audio Channel Right Audio Channel Agenda Perception Final Audio Application (Room, Speaker, Listening Position, Stimulus) Audio-System (Transducer, DSP, Amplifier) 1. Perceptual and physical evaluation at the listening point Transducer (woofer, tweeter) perceptive modeling & sound quality assessment auralization techniques & systematic listening tests 2. Output-based evaluation of (active) audio systems holografic near field measurement of 3D sound output prediction of far field and room interaction nonlinear distortion at max. SPL 3. Comprehensive description of the passive transducer parameters (H(f), T/S, nonlinear, thermal) symptoms (THD, IMD, rub&buzz, power handling) 14
11 O U T 1 O U T 2 I C P 1 MIC1 LINE1 P U S H P U S H LINE2 MIC2 I C P 2 P W R I 0 O U T 1 O U T 2 I C P 1 MIC1 LINE1 P U S H P U S H LINE2 MIC2 I C P 2 P W R I 0 Evaluation of the Audio Product Measurement in Target Application Measurement under Standard Condition considering room, distance, ambient noise and other conditions (Standard) living room transfer of the audio system Anechoic room Suppressing the influence of acoustical environment Definition of target performance as perceived by final user Physical characteristics (comprehensive, simple to interpret, comparable, reproducible) Auralization/Listening Test Perceptual Evaluation Loudspeaker Development 15
12 Characteristics defined by IEC Impedance (rated value, Z(f)-curve, Qts, Vas) 2. Input voltage (rated noise, short + long term maximal) 3. Input power (rated noise, short + long term maximal) 4. Frequency characteristics (rated range, fs, fvent) 5. SPL in stated band, sensitivity for 1 W 6. SPL response for voltage, H(f), effec. freq. range 7. Output (acoustic) power, efficiency 8. Directivity (pattern, rad. angle, index, coverage) 9. Amplitude nonlinearity (THD, IMD) The scope of this standard is limited to passive loudspeaker systems! 16
13 Active Loudspeaker Systems digital audio stream Properties of the black box depend on control parameters and stimulus Black box No access to internal states drivers Sound Field Near Field Far Field Evaluation is based on evaluation of acoustical output control parameters (e.g. attenuation) 17
14 IEC applicable to Active Systems? can be applied, need modification, not applicable 1. Impedance (rated value, Z(f)-curve, Qts, Vas) 2. Input voltage (rated noise, short + long term maximal) 3. Input power (rated noise, short + long term maximal) 4. Frequency characteristics (fs, fvent) 5. SPL in stated band, Sensitivity for 1 W 6. SPL response for voltage input, H(f), effec. freq. range, 7. Output (acoustic) power, efficiency 8. Directivity (pattern, rad. angle, index, coverage) 9. Amplitude nonlinearity (THD, IMD) 18
15 Modern Audio Systems New Requirements: Audio systems become active no access to the electrical terminals of the transducer digital signal processing dedicated to the transducer amplifiers with more capabilities Audio systems become portable main axis of radiation, sweet point and position of the listener are not defined battery powered Audio systems become personal (hand-hold devices) listener is in the near field of the source Audio systems become smaller, lighter using green transducer technologies (efficient, nonlinear) 19
16 Integration of DSP, power amplification and electro-acoustical conversion amplifiers DSP Nonlinear components protection Tweeter Digital audio input Equalizer Limiter X-over protection linearization Midrange Gain Control protection linearization Woofer drivers Control input Smart technologies (DSP) saves hardware resources and energy more acoustical output at reduced weight, size and cost Green Speaker Technology 20
17 New Standards required for Evaluating Active and Passive Loudspeaker Systems Applicable to active and passive systems (prototypes, final and competitive products) Describing the radiated direct sound at any point within the listening area (including near field) Consideration of room-loudspeaker interaction Assessment of maximal acoustical output Irregular loudspeaker defects (rub, buzz, leakage, particles, loose connections) Comprehensive set of data (low redundancy, easy interpretation) Bridging QC and R&D Bridging perceptive and physical evaluation Currently discussed in standard committees 21
18 Small Signal Performance Specifications for Active and Passive Loudspeaker Systems new On-Axis Sound Pressure at reference distance r ref =1m SPL(f) response Phase response (group delay (f) response) Directivity a) single-value characteristics sound power response P a (f) directivity index D i (f) b) 2D far-field data pressure distribution p(θ, ) on a spherical surface at large distance from the source p(θ, ) (balloon plot, beam pattern) c) 3D near/far-field data sound pressure p(θ,, r ) at any point r in the space beyond the sound source (spherical wave expansion) 22
19 azimutal angle 2D far-field data 4.1 khz at distance r=4m 6.1 khz at distance r=4m SPL on-axis frequency Balloon Plot -90 Distance r >> dimensions d of the loudspeaker Distance r >> wavelength Beam Pattern 23
20 Complete 3D Information Required Sound Pressure at 7.6 khz In the following application the listerner is closely located to the source: personal audio equipment (smart phone) multimedia (tablet, notebook) studio-monitor car audio loudspeaker Near Field far field data are less important 24
21 Holografic Measurement of the radiated direct sound in the complete 3D space 1. Scanning the sound pressure in the near field of the source Loudspeaker microphone 2. Expansion in spherical waves monopol z dipols r quadropols φ p out ( r,,, ) N n (2) m cn, m( ) hn ( kr) Yn (, ) n 0 m n Coefficients Hankel function Spherical Harmonics 3. Results: - frequency dependent set of coefficients - point r 0 of expansion - radius r s of validity (scanning surface) - order N of expansion c n, m( ) 25
22 Practical Realization near field scanning by using robotics Example of a Near-Field Scanner scanning in various coordinates (cylindrical, spherical, cartesian) Objectives of the robotics: 1. Acoustical properties transparent, low noises 2. Flexible scanning grid scanning close to the source accurate positioning on multiple layers 2 π half-space (driver in baffle) 4π full-space (compact sources) 3. High-Speed measurement simultanous positioning in 3 coordinates multiple channel aquisition (mic array) 4. Wide range of application from smart phone to line array heavy systems (> 500 kg) slim system (> 4 m) cost effective, portable 26
23 Evaluation of a Notebook Application of Near-field Acoustical Holography 1. Measurement of the sound pressure distribution 3. Extrapolation of the sound pressure at any point 2. Expansion outside the into scanning spherical surface waves far field near field r r 0 r s scanning surface close to the source 27
24 Line Arrays in Professional Audio Application of Near-field Acoustical Holography a 1) Near-field Measurement large dimension a of box anechoic room is too small for far field condition: distance r >> dimension a distance r >> wave length λ 2) Comprehensive 3D data coefficients of spherical wave expansion direct sound in near and far field (any distance) no redundancy (angular resolution at minimal data size) more information provided by GLL files 3) Input for Numerical Simulation Tools superposition of wave expansions design and evaluation of line arrays room interaction 28
25 Large Signal Performance Specifications for Active and Passive Loudspeaker Systems Maximal SPL max at reference point (1 m, on-axis), in rated frequency range Effective frequency range (Upper and lower limits f lower,l < f < f upper,l ) Compression of fundamental component (thermal and nonlinear effect) Harmonic distortion (Equivalent input distortion) Intermodulation distortion (IMD, MTD) Impulsive distortion (PHD, CHD) indicating rub&buzz, loose particles Modulated noise (MOD) indicating air leakage Durability verified in accelerated life test 29
26 Condition for Large Signal Measurements new IEC TC100 standard project Output-based Evaluation of audio systems gain and u max depend on measurement setup! ~ test signal* (chirp in rated frequency range) gain? maximal input value u max? u(t) optical analogue wavefile wireless active audio system (no access to internal states) sound field drivers Output* SPL MAX r e evaluation point* *conditions defined by manufacturer control parameters* 30
27 Interpretation and Benefits of SPL MAX Example as specified by a manufacturer: SPL MAX, =108 db for 60 Hz < f < 3kHz (default test chirp, 1m on-axis) SPL MAX is a single-valued characteristic describing the limit of the acoustical output (but not sound quality of the system) is rated by the manufacturer considering target application depends on rated conditions (working range, reference point, stimulus,...) can be generated by the audio system without damage provides a fast way for adjusting the input level of any stimulus during measurements 31
28 db - [V] (rms) Definition of SPL MAX SPL MAX is the mean short-term SPL in the rated frequency range generated by a sinusoidal chirp at the reference point SPL MAX Fund. mean (0.06 to 3 khz) THD Fundamental rated frequency range k 2k 5k 10k 20k Frequency [Hz] f l f u 32
29 db - [V] (rms) Short-Term Compression reveals mechanical nonlinearities only (no voice coil heating ) system excited by a chirp (T=1 s) generating SPLmax at the evalution point linear prediction short-term fundamental (1 s) KLIPPEL k 20k Frequency [Hz] 33
30 db - [V] (rms) Long-Term Compression reveals effects of mechanical nonlinearities and voice coil heating system excited by a chirp (T=1 min) generating SPLmax at the evalution point KLIPPEL linear prediction long-term fundamental (1 min) k 20k Frequency [Hz] 34
31 db - [V] (rms) Harmonic Distortion system excited by a chirp (T=1s) generating SPLmax at the evalution point 120 Fundamental Fund. mean (0.07 to 20 khz) 100 3rd Harmonic 80 2nd Harmonic 60 THD k 2k 5k 10k 20k Frequency [Hz] 35
32 db - [V] (rms) Higher-Order Distortion for assessing rub&buzz and other irregular loudspeaker defects system excited by a chirp (T=1s) generating SPLmax at the evalution point Fundamental Fund. mean (0.07 to 20 khz) PHD limit (-40dB) Absolute PHD peak value of higher-order distortion k 2k 5k 10k 20k Frequency [Hz] 36
33 Left Audio Channel Right Audio Channel Agenda Perception Final Audio Application (Room, Speaker, Listening Position, Stimulus) Audio-System (Transducer, DSP, Amplifier) 1. Perceptual and physical evaluation at the listening point Transducer (woofer, tweeter) perceptive modeling & sound quality assessment auralization techniques & systematic listening tests 2. Output-based evaluation of (active) audio systems holografic near field measurement of 3D sound output prediction of far field and room interaction nonlinear distortion at max. SPL 3. Comprehensive description of the passive transducer parameters (H(f), T/S, nonlinear, thermal) symptoms (THD, IMD, rub&buzz, power handling) 38
34 Interfaces between Signal Processing, Electronics, Transducer, Acoustical Environment Example: Active Loudspeaker System enclosure software HP transducer x x horn sound field Digital input DSP BP LP amplifiers x x x x x mechanical measurement acoustical measurement electrical measurement 39
35 How to Specify the Optimal Transducer? Parameters give a comprehensive set of data!! Should be transformed into parameters 1. Parameters (independent of stimuli) Acoustical transfer functions (from near-field holography) Mechanical transfer functions (from laser scanning) Small signal parameter T/S Large signal parameters (thermal, nonlinear) 2. Stimulus-based Characteristics Maximal SPL Nonlinear distortion (THD, IMD, XDC) Symptoms of irregular defects (rub, buzz, leakage,...) Coil temperature, compression, Pmax 40
36 Important Transducer Parameters 1. Linear parameters of Motor and Suspension T/S parameters (R e, M ms, R ms,...), lambda (), electr. impedance 2. Nonlinear lumped parameters of motor and suspension Bl(x), L e (x), K ms (x), L e (i) 3. Thermal parameters thermal resistances R tv, R tm and capacities C tv, C tm 4. Linear distributed mechanical parameters mechanical transfer function H x (r c,j ), cone geometry z(r), AAL response 5. Sound pressure responses (transducer in infinite baffle) spherical wave expansion, on-axis response, directivity 6. Mechanical or acoustical load Mechanical Admittance Y(j ) of the coil 41
37 Left Audio Channel Right Audio Channel Conclusions Perception Final Audio Application (Room, Speaker, Listening Position, Stimulus) Audio-System (Transducer, DSP, Amplifier) Transducer (woofer, tweeter) 1. Development of modern audio system requires different kinds of models, characteristics and measurement techniques 2. Perceived sound quality depends on the final audio application, perceptual processing, training and expectations of the customer 3. Output-based evaluation of active audio-systems is under discussion (join the IEC or AES standard groups) 4. Parameters (independent on the stimulus) play an important role in tranducer design and system integration 49
38 Thank you! 50
Holographic Measurement of the Acoustical 3D Output by Near Field Scanning by Dave Logan, Wolfgang Klippel, Christian Bellmann, Daniel Knobloch
Holographic Measurement of the Acoustical 3D Output by Near Field Scanning 2015 by Dave Logan, Wolfgang Klippel, Christian Bellmann, Daniel Knobloch LOGAN,NEAR FIELD SCANNING, 1 Introductions LOGAN,NEAR
More informationAudio System Evaluation with Music Signals
Audio System Evaluation with Music Signals Stefan Irrgang, Wolfgang Klippel GmbH Audio System Evaluation with Music Signals, 1 Motivation Field rejects are $$$ Reproduce + analyse the problem before repair
More information3D Distortion Measurement (DIS)
3D Distortion Measurement (DIS) Module of the R&D SYSTEM S4 FEATURES Voltage and frequency sweep Steady-state measurement Single-tone or two-tone excitation signal DC-component, magnitude and phase of
More informationHolographic Measurement of the 3D Sound Field using Near-Field Scanning by Dave Logan, Wolfgang Klippel, Christian Bellmann, Daniel Knobloch
Holographic Measurement of the 3D Sound Field using Near-Field Scanning 2015 by Dave Logan, Wolfgang Klippel, Christian Bellmann, Daniel Knobloch KLIPPEL, WARKWYN: Near field scanning, 1 AGENDA 1. Pros
More information3D Intermodulation Distortion Measurement AN 8
3D Intermodulation Distortion Measurement AN 8 Application Note to the R&D SYSTEM The modulation of a high frequency tone f (voice tone and a low frequency tone f (bass tone is measured by using the 3D
More informationLoudspeaker Distortion Measurement and Perception Part 2: Irregular distortion caused by defects
Loudspeaker Distortion Measurement and Perception Part 2: Irregular distortion caused by defects Wolfgang Klippel, Klippel GmbH, wklippel@klippel.de Robert Werner, Klippel GmbH, r.werner@klippel.de ABSTRACT
More informationElectrical, Mechanical and Acoustical Measurements of Loudspeakers and Sound System Equipment. Tutorial to a new IEC Standard Project
Electrical, Mechanical and Acoustical Measurements of Loudspeakers and Sound System Equipment Tutorial to a new IEC Standard Project 15 by Wolfgang Klippel, IEC Standard Project LOUDSPEAKER MEASUREMENTS,
More informationCombining Subjective and Objective Assessment of Loudspeaker Distortion Marian Liebig Wolfgang Klippel
Combining Subjective and Objective Assessment of Loudspeaker Distortion Marian Liebig (m.liebig@klippel.de) Wolfgang Klippel (wklippel@klippel.de) Abstract To reproduce an artist s performance, the loudspeakers
More informationCauses for Amplitude Compression AN 12
Causes for Amplitude AN 2 Application Note to the R&D SYSTEM Both thermal and nonlinear effects limit the amplitude of the fundamental component in the state variables and in the sound pressure output.
More informationMeta-Hearing Defect Detection
Meta-Hearing Defect Detection S20 Specification to the KLIPPEL ANALYZER SYSTEM (QC6.1, db-lab 210) Document Revision 2.0 FEATURES Extension of regular Rub&Buzz detection method for highest sensitivity
More informationDynamic Generation of DC Displacement AN 13
Dynamic Generation of DC Displacement AN 13 Application Note to the R&D SYSTEM Nonlinearities inherent in the transducer produce a DC component in the voice coil displacement by rectifying the AC signal.
More informationRub & Buzz Detection with Golden Unit AN 23
Rub & Buzz etection with Golden Unit A 23 Application ote to the KLIPPEL R& SYSTEM Rub & buzz effects are unwanted, irregular nonlinear distortion effects. They are caused by mechanical or structural defects
More informationLoudspeaker Distortion Measurement and Perception Part 1: Regular distortion defined by design
Loudspeaker Distortion Measurement and Perception Part 1: Regular distortion defined by design Wolfgang Klippel, Klippel GmbH, wklippel@klippel.de Robert Werner, Klippel GmbH, r.werner@klippel.de ABSTRACT
More informationMeasurement of Amplitude Modulation AN 6
Measurement of Application Note to the KLIPPEL R&D System (Document Revision 1.1) DESCRIPTION In a loudspeaker transducer, the difference between the amplitude response of the fundamental high frequency
More informationBig Sound from Small Speakers Part 1. Wolfgang Klippel
Big Sound from Small Speakers Part 1 Wolfgang Klippel Institute of Acoustics and Speech Communication University of Technology Dresden, GmbH Email address: wklippel@klippel.de Big Sound from Small Speakers,
More informationAURALIZATION OF SIGNAL DISTORTION IN AUDIO SYSTEMS PART 1: GENERIC MODELING
AURALIZATION OF SIGNAL DISTORTION IN AUDIO SYSTEMS PART 1: GENERIC MODELING WOLFGANG KLIPPEL Klippel GmbH, Germany, www.klippel.de Auralization techniques are developed for generating a virtual output
More informationBalanced Armature Check (BAC)
Balanced Armature Check (BAC) S39 Module of the KLIPPEL ANALYZER SYSTEM (QC Ver. 6.1, db-lab Ver. 210) Document Revision 1.1 FEATURES Measure the Armature offset in μm No additional sensor required Ultra-fast
More informationMeasurement of Weighted Harmonic Distortion HI-2
Measurement of Weighted Harmonic Distortion HI-2 Application Note for the R&D and QC SYSTEM (Document Revision 1.2) AN 7 DESCRIPTION The weighted harmonic distortion HI-2 can be measured by using the DIS-Pro
More informationTolerances of the Resonance Frequency f s AN 42
Tolerances of the Resonance Frequency f s AN 42 Application Note to the KLIPPEL R&D SYSTEM The fundamental resonance frequency f s is one of the most important lumped parameter of a drive unit. However,
More informationProduction Noise Immunity
Production Noise Immunity S21 Module of the KLIPPEL ANALYZER SYSTEM (QC 6.1, db-lab 210) Document Revision 2.0 FEATURES Auto-detection of ambient noise Extension of Standard SPL task Supervises Rub&Buzz,
More informationMeasurement of weighted harmonic distortion HI-2
Measurement of weighted harmonic distortion HI-2 Software of the KLIPPEL R&D and QC SYSTEM ( Document Revision 1.0) AN 7 DESCRIPTION The weighted harmonic distortion HI-2 is measured by using the DIS-Pro
More informationDual Diaphragm Asymmetric Compression Drivers
Alex Voishvillo AES Fellow JBL PROFESSIONAL 139 h AES Convention, New York, October 30 th 2015 Requirements to compression drivers for pro applications Extended frequency range High efficiency High power
More informationklippel qc system 100% end-of-line testing
klippel qc system 100% end-of-line testing What KLIPPEL QC Offers for End-of-line Testing: KLIPPEL instruments, the recognized standard in R&D loudspeaker analysis, developed a new generation of diagnostics
More informationQC Software Feature Overview
QC Feature Overview QC Version 1-6 Rev 1.2 2018-08-01 1 QC System Feature Overview Valid for QC Version 6 / db-lab version 210 August 2018 For details please see specifications under www.klippel.de. Measurements
More informationLarge Signal Performance of Tweeters, Micro Speakers and Horn Drivers
, Micro Speakers and Horn Drivers Wolfgang Klippel, Klippel GmbH, Dresden, Germany, klippel@klippel.de ABSTRACT Loudspeaker dedicated to high-frequency signals may also produce significant distortion in
More informationMeasurement of Equivalent Input Distortion. Wolfgang Klippel. Klippel GmbH,Dresden, 01277, Germany, Fellow
Wolfgang Klippel Klippel GmbH,Dresden, 01277, Germany, Fellow ABSTRACT A new technique for measuring nonlinear distortion in transducers is presented which considers a priori information from transducer
More informationMeasurement of Turbulent Air Noise Distortion in Loudspeaker Systems
Distortion in Loudspeaker Systems Wolfgang Klippel, wklippel@klippel.de Robert Werner, r.werner@klippel.de Abstract Air leaks in the dust cap and cabinets of loudspeakers generate turbulent noise which
More informationSSE 12 SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS SSE 12 Description The SSE is a new enclosure series featuring high power ratings with custom components, a sleek look and a unique, snap-in metal grille. The SSE 12 is a twoway system featuring
More informationSPECIFICATIONS QW -1. Listen To This. Mid Frequency Section: 101 db SPL, (2 Volt input) High Frequency Section: 111 db SPL, (2.
SPECIFICATIONS QW -1 Frequency response, 1 meter on-axis, swept-sine in an anechoic environment: 200 Hz to 18 khz (±3 db) Usable low frequency limit (-10 db point): 150 Hz Power handling: Full Range: 600
More informationQuadra 10 Available in Black and White
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S Quadra 10 Available in Black and White Frequency response, 1 meter on-axis, swept-sine in anechoic environment: 74 Hz 18 khz (±3 db) Usable low frequency limit (-10 db point):
More informationA R T A - A P P L I C A T I O N N O T E
Introduction A R T A - A P P L I C A T I O N N O T E The AES-Recommendation 2-1984 (r2003) [01] defines the estimation of linear displacement of a loudspeaker as follows: Voice-coil peak displacement at
More informationA Guide to Reading Transducer Specification Sheets
A Guide to Reading Transducer Specification Sheets There are many numbers and figures appearing on a transducer specification sheet. This document serves as a guide to understanding the key parameters,
More informationSPECS. Impulse (4 and 8 ohm) Two-Way Weather-Resistant Injection-Molded Speaker System SPECIFICATIONS. Built under U.S.
SPECS P E A V E Y E L E C T R O N I C S Impulse 1012 (4 and 8 ohm) Two-Way Weather-Resistant Injection-Molded Speaker System Built under U.S. Patent 6,064,745 SPECIFICATIONS Enclosure: Peavey Impulse 1012
More informationThe study on the woofer speaker characteristics due to design parameters
The study on the woofer speaker characteristics due to design parameters Byoung-sam Kim 1 ; Jin-young Park 2 ; Xu Yang 3 ; Tae-keun Lee 4 ; Hongtu Sun 5 1 Wonkwang University, South Korea 2 Wonkwang University,
More informationSSE 10 SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS SSE 10 Description The SSE is a new enclosure series featuring high power ratings with custom components, a sleek look and a unique, snap-in metal grille. The SSE 10 is a twoway system featuring
More informationMeasurement of Turbulent Air Noise Distortion in Loudspeaker Systems
Measurement of Turbulent Air Noise Distortion in Loudspeaker Systems Wolfgang Klippel and Robert Werner KLIPPEL GmbH 1. ABSTRACT Air leaks in the dust cap and cabinets of loudspeakers generate turbulent
More informationHot and Nonlinear Loudspeakers at High Amplitudes
Hot and Nonlinear Loudspeakers at High Amplitudes by Wolfgang Klippel Tutorial Presented at 131st AES Convention, New York, October 2011 Klippel, Tutorial: Loudspeakers at High Amplitudes, 1 Abstract:
More informationLow frequency section: 500 Watts continuous 1,000 Watts program 2,000 Watts peak
SPECIFICATIONS QW 3 Frequency response, 1 meter on-axis, swept-sine in an anechoic environment: 50 Hz 16 khz (±3 db) Usable low frequency limit (-10 db point): 33 Hz Power handling: Full range: 1,000 Watts
More informationSSE 26 SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS SSE 26 Description The new SSE enclosure series features high power ratings with custom components, a sleek look and a unique, snap-in metal grille. The SSE 26 is a two-way system featuring
More informationDRiVinG the AuDio industry
R & D S ystem DRiVinG the AuDio industry Application marketing Audio System quality control target definition manufacturing Components specification Material evaluation of prototype research signal processing
More informationnot overpower the audience just below and in front of the array.
SPECIFICATIONS SSE LA Description Designed for use in permanent professional installations in churches, theaters, auditoriums, gyms and theme parks, the SSE LA is a dual-radius dius curved line array that
More informationQuadra 15 Available in Black and White
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S Quadra 15 Available in Black and White Frequency response, 1 meter onaxis, swept-sine in anechoic environment: 64 Hz to 18 khz (±3 db) Usable low frequency limit (-10 db point):
More informationQuadra 12 Available in Black and White
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S Quadra 12 Available in Black and White Frequency response, 1 meter onaxis, swept-sine in anechoic environment: 76 Hz to 18 khz (±3 db) Usable low frequency limit (-10 db point):
More informationLow Frequency Section: 98.0 db SPL, (2.83 V input) High Frequency Section: db SPL, (2.83 V input)
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S ILS 1564 Frequency Response, 1 meter on-axis, swept-sine in anechoic environment: 47 Hz - 18.5 khz (±3 db) Usable Low Frequency Limit (-10 db point): 38 Hz Power Handling: Full
More informationSince the rest position is the optimal average working point, DC offset leads to several undesirable consequences: reduced excursion capabilities,
With over 70 years of industry experience, B&C Speakers has designed and built thousands of unique transducers. Each year, our sales and engineering teams work together to develop a comprehensive catalogue.
More informationTransfer Function (TRF)
(TRF) Module of the KLIPPEL R&D SYSTEM S7 FEATURES Combines linear and nonlinear measurements Provides impulse response and energy-time curve (ETC) Measures linear transfer function and harmonic distortions
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationPolar Measurements of Harmonic and Multitone Distortion of Direct Radiating and Horn Loaded Transducers
Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper 8915 Presented at the 134th Convention 2013 May 4 7 Rome, Italy This paper was accepted as abstract/precis manuscript for presentation at this Convention. Additional
More informationAssessing Large Signal Performance of Transducers
Assessing Large Signal Performance of Transducers W. Klippel Klippel GmbH Germany www.klippel.de ABSTRACT Loudspeakers, headphones, shakers and other electromechanical and electroacoustical transducers
More informationSound engineering course
Sound engineering course 1.Acustics 2.Transducers Fundamentals of acoustics: nature of sound, physical quantities, propagation, point and line sources. Psychoacoustics: sound levels in db, sound perception,
More informationThe CVEN speakers were designed by the Vibe Research and Development team of UK and European engineers headed by company founder Carl Venables.
The CVEN speakers were designed by the Vibe Research and Development team of UK and European engineers headed by company founder Carl Venables. The design brief was to create both a two way and a three
More informationRoomMatch Utility Small-Format Loudspeakers. Award-winning RoomMatch sound for zone-fill/foreground music applications
RoomMatch Utility Small-Format Loudspeakers Award-winning RoomMatch sound for zone-fill/foreground music applications RoomMatch Utility small-format point-source loudspeakers RoomMatch sound quality now
More informationLinear parameters. Mechanical Parameters (using laser)
Linear parameters Name Value Unit Comment Electrical Parameters Re 3.68 Ohm electrical voice coil resistance at DC Le 0.834 mh frequency independent part of voice coil inductance L2 1.560 mh para-inductance
More informationReduce distortion by shifting Voice Coil AN 21
Reduce distortion by shifting Voice Coil AN 21 Application Note to the KLIPPEL R&D SYSTEM Asymmetric Bl(x) shapes cause critical, instable DC offsets at about twice the resonance frequency. High 2 nd order
More informationElectro-Voice S40. Full Range Compact Speaker System 160 Watts Power Handling Available is Black or White
Electro-Voice S40 Full Range Compact Speaker System 160 Watts Power Handling Available is Black or White NOTE: This data sheet refers to several graphs. In order to keep the size of this document reasonable
More informationONLINE TUTORIALS. Log on using your username & password. (same as your ) Choose a category from menu. (ie: audio)
ONLINE TUTORIALS Go to http://uacbt.arizona.edu Log on using your username & password. (same as your email) Choose a category from menu. (ie: audio) Choose what application. Choose which tutorial movie.
More informationProduction Analyzer Rev (USB + FireWire) Rev. 2.x (USB only)
Rev. 1.2-1.6 (USB + FireWire) Rev. 2.x (USB only) Hardware unit for Klippel QC System FEATURES Two channel speaker monitoring Voltage and current Sensors Two channel Microphone Input Built in IEPE Mic
More informationPA261 PA261 SPEAKER. Vision Series
Vision Series The is an extremely versatile wide-dispersion, low-profile, two-way loudspeaker system offering substantial power and value for a variety of professional applications that include primary
More informationNon-linear Digital Audio Processor for dedicated loudspeaker systems
Non-linear Digital Audio Processor for dedicated loudspeaker systems A. Bellini, G. Cibelli, E. Ugolotti, A. Farina, C. Morandi In this paper we describe a digital processor, which operates the audio signal
More informationMeasurement at defined terminal voltage AN 41
Measurement at defined terminal voltage AN 41 Application Note to the KLIPPEL ANALYZER SYSTEM (Document Revision 1.1) When a loudspeaker is operated via power amplifier, cables, connectors and clips the
More informationSSE S5 SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS SSE S5 Description Designed for use in professional permanent installation in churches, theaters, auditoriums, gyms, and theme parks, the SSE S5 is a two-way speaker system, which provides
More informationPerception of temporal response and resolution in the time domain
Perception of temporal response and resolution in the time domain Workshop & Panel Discussion 142nd AES Convention, Berlin 20th May 2017 Workshop: Time domain response of loudspeakers Berlin, May 2017
More informationProfessional Reference Monitors
Professional Reference Monitors INTRODUCTION Sonodyne Reference is a series of high quality active speakers meant for professional, residential, and commercial applications The range: SRP Series active
More informationSPECIFICATIONS QW -215
Box tuning frequency: 40 Hz Harmonic distortion: 1% rated power Second Harmonic: Hz:.58% 500 Hz:.33% Third Harmonic: Hz:.19% 500 Hz:.33% 10% rated power Second Harmonic: Hz: 1.90% 500 Hz: 1.30% Third Harmonic:
More informationNear Field Scanner 3D (NFS)
Near Field Scanner 3D (NFS) Hardware and Software Module of the KLIPPEL R&D SYSTEM (Document Revision 1.7) FEATURES BENEFITS SPL at any point in 3D space Directivity in near / far field High angular resolution
More informationFast Quality Control of Suspension Parts AN 53
Application Note for the KLIPPEL QC SYSTEM The performance and quality of loudspeaker drivers and complete audio systems is mainly determined by the quality of the single components. To ensure a consistent
More informationRM28ac. Self-Powered Dual 8 inch Coaxial Reference Monitor. product specification. Performance Specifications 1
RM28ac Self-Powered Dual 8 inch Coaxial Reference Monitor Performance Specifications 1 Operating Mode Self-Powered, w/ On-Board DSP Operating Range 2 40 Hz to 24 khz Nominal Beamwidth (rotatable) 90 x
More informationCrossover Design by Software
ALMA Europe 2009 Paper Presentation: Crossover Design by Software Peter Larsen The Purpose of the Crossover: 1. Protect midrange and tweeter from LF overload 2. Obtain smooth transition between drivers
More informationTBM - Tone Burst Measurement (CEA 2010)
TBM - Tone Burst Measurement (CEA 21) Software of the R&D and QC SYSTEM ( Document Revision 1.7) FEATURES CEA21 compliant measurement Variable burst cycles Flexible filtering for peak measurement Monitor
More informationUBL SOUND POWER M SERIES
UBL SOUND POWER M SERIES As the expertise expected of the working musician becomes more complex, and the performance standards demanded by audiences become ever more sophisticated, JBL is continuously
More informationViRAY. with DDP Dual Diaphragm Planar-wave-driver Technology. Compact 3-way symmetrical line array system. DDP Technology
1 1 with DDP Dual Diaphragm Planar-wave-driver Technology Whether it s for live touring applications or high-end fixed installations, has been created to surpass and excite the needs of both user and listener
More informationVQ 60. Product Description. Features. Applications
VQ 6 Product Description The VQ 6 is a full range, three-way loudspeaker system designed for applications which require very high output capability with class leading pattern control. The VQ 6 is perfectly
More informationFeatures: Description
Features: Peavey Exclusive Lo Max 18" Subwoofer Extended frequency response down to 33 Hz (half-space) 2400 watts of program power rating Full power low frequency response down to 38 Hz! Neutrik Speakon
More informationB&C Speaker SpA Bagno a Ripoli (FI), Italia
B&C Speaker SpA Bagno a Ripoli (FI), Italia +9 055 657 mail@bcspeakers.com B&C Speakers NA (USA & Canada) Pompton Plains, NJ + 97 8 0955 info.usa@bcspeakers.com B&C Speakers Brazil Porto Alegre, RS +55
More informationTHE ART EVOLUTION CONTINUES
ART 500 SERIES ART 500 SERIES THE ART EVOLUTION CONTINUES In 1998, the ART 500 Series was launched to provide systems for larger venues in both MI and Multimedia situations. This transition represented
More informationDESIGN OF VOICE ALARM SYSTEMS FOR TRAFFIC TUNNELS: OPTIMISATION OF SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY
DESIGN OF VOICE ALARM SYSTEMS FOR TRAFFIC TUNNELS: OPTIMISATION OF SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY Dr.ir. Evert Start Duran Audio BV, Zaltbommel, The Netherlands The design and optimisation of voice alarm (VA)
More informationAn Enclosure Design for TEBM35C10-4 BMR Loudspeaker Driver
An Enclosure Design for TEBM35C10-4 BMR Loudspeaker Driver Introduction BMR is a patented loudspeaker technology that delivers true full range audio and wide directivity from a single drive unit. This
More informationThe NEO8 and NEO8 PDR high performance wideband, planar-magnetic transducers
The NEO8 and NEO8 PDR high performance wideband, planar-magnetic transducers The NEO8 and Neo8 PDR are planar-magnetic (ribbon) transducers that use an innovative hightech diaphragm material called Kaladex
More informationZX1i-90. Electro-Voice ZX1i-90. Integrated QuickSAM Heavy-Duty Strong-Arm Mounting Bracket Included
Electro-Voice ZX1i-90 ZX1i-90 Integrated QuickSAM Heavy-Duty Strong-Arm Mounting Bracket Included Patented ASC (Automatic Saturation Compensation) on Transformer Versions EV8L 8 inch Weatherized Cone High-Output
More informationC7: Speaker Components
Reference this. 2 C7: Speaker Components The C7 project was directed by JL Audio s Chief Engineer and CEO, Lucio Proni, with a clear mission to create our finest-ever automotive component speakers. Challenging
More informationLinear Lumped Parameter Measurement
Hands-On Training 1 Linear Lumped Parameter Measurement 1 Objectives of the Hands-on Training - Understanding physical mechanis of electro-dynamic transducers - Applying lumped parameter modeling - Measuring
More informationAM404. architectual. Large format mid/high horn. features. applications
features! 40º x 40º large format horn! High SPL mid/high install system! Lightweight composite construction! Port assisted, large format 10" (250mm) mid horn! 1.4" (35mm) exit high frequency horn! Constant
More informationPACX81. 1 OF of 6 PAGES PACX81 SPEAKER. Vision Series
Vision Series The model (black) and W (white) are professional full-range, ultra-compact coaxial loudspeaker systems providing wide bandwidth and light weight in a low profile enclosure. The coaxial configuration
More informationRoomMatch RM9060 TECHNICAL DATA SHEET. array module loudspeaker. Key Features. Product Overview. Technical Specifications
Key Features Concert-quality sound New Bose patented technologies combine to provide audio quality equaling that of the best concert-sound systems, in a fixed-installation format RoomMatch waveguide technology
More informationLST - Linear Suspension Test
LST - Linear Suspension Test Module for the KLIPPEL ANALYZER SYSTEM (QC Ver. 6.1, db-lab Ver. 210) Document Revision 2.11 FEATURES Measure linear parameters like f0, Q- factor and stiffness k0 Measure
More informationA Tutorial on Acoustical Transducers: Microphones and Loudspeakers
A Tutorial on Acoustical Transducers: Microphones and Loudspeakers Robert C. Maher Montana State University EELE 217 Science of Sound Spring 2012 Test Sound Outline Introduction: What is sound? Microphones
More informationSonnet. we think differently!
Sonnet Sonnet T he completion of a new loudspeaker series from bottom to top is normally not a difficult task, instead it is a hard job the reverse the path, because the more you go away from the full
More informationLoudspeaker Design & Measurement
Loudspeaker Design & Measurement Keith Larson Smith & Larson Audio Presentation to the Lone Star Audio Fest 5/3/2008 Overview Bass Enclosure Design (WT2, ST or WTPro) Thiele Small Measurements Designing
More informationIntroduction Unique Electronics
Active Speakers EX Transcoil Driver Introduction At KV2 Audio building an active speaker goes beyond simply bolting a Class D amplifier to the back of a box. The EX range has evolved over the last decade
More informationDescription. 175 watts Test Voltages: 34.2 volts rms 68.3 volts peak R SR (1.15 R E. ): 6.67 ohms. Suspending the Xi-1082
Xi-1082 X-Array Install Two-Way, Full-Range, Sound-Reinforcement System 8-inch two-way 90 x 40 horn coverage 175-watts long term power capacity Ring-Mode Decoupling (RMD ) Full-range with internal passive
More informationFind your local distributor at
H.Q. B&C SPEAKERS SpA via Poggiomoro, Località Vallina 00 Bagno a Ripoli (Firenze) Italia tel +9 0 67 fax +9 0 67 mail@bcspeakers.com USA & CANADA B&C SPEAKERS NA LCC 0 W. Parkway Unit Pompton Plains,
More informationFast and Accurate Measurement of Linear Transducer Parameters
Fast and Accurate Measurement of Linear Transducer Parameters W. Klippel, U. Seidel GmbH Germany www.klippel.de ABSTACT A new measurement technique is presented for the estimation of the linear parameters
More informationLoudspeakers. Juan P Bello
Loudspeakers Juan P Bello Outline 1. Loudspeaker Types 2. Loudspeaker Enclosures 3. Multiple drivers, Crossover Networks 4. Performance Measurements Loudspeakers Microphone: acoustical sound energy electrical
More informationL1 Model I TECHNICAL DATA SHEET. portable line array system. AV-Concept - tlf web: Key Features.
Key Features High-performing, powered, portable two-way loudspeaker system with a 16 H x V nominal dispersion designed for the production and reproduction of live music, music playback, speeches and A/V
More informationFA28. Dual 8 inch Coaxial Loudspeaker. product specification. Performance Specifications 1
FA28 Dual 8 inch Coaxial Loudspeaker Performance Specifications 1 Operating Mode Single-amplified w/ DSP Operating Range 2 48 Hz to 20 khz Nominal Beamwidth (rotatable) 90 x 60 Transducers LF: 8.0 ceramic
More informationCLIO 10, by Audiomatica, is the new measurement software for the CLIO System. The CLIO System is the easiest and less expensive way to measure:
CLIO 10, by Audiomatica, is the new measurement software for the CLIO System. The CLIO System is the easiest and less expensive way to measure: electrical networks electronic equipment loudspeaker systems
More informationApplication Note 7. Digital Audio FIR Crossover. Highlights Importing Transducer Response Data FIR Window Functions FIR Approximation Methods
Application Note 7 App Note Application Note 7 Highlights Importing Transducer Response Data FIR Window Functions FIR Approximation Methods n Design Objective 3-Way Active Crossover 200Hz/2kHz Crossover
More informationDELTA PRO Professional series. SPL vs Freq. Specification. Materials of Construction
Professional series DELTA PRO 1-450-4 The Delta Pro 1-450 is a lighter weight version of the Delta Pro 1. Recommended as a woofer or midbass in vented enclosures. Also makes a perfect replacement in many
More informationProgressive Transition TM (PT) Waveguides
Technical Notes Volume, Number 3 Progressive Transition TM (PT) Waveguides Background: The modern constant-directivity horn has evolved slowly since its introduction over 25 years ago. Advances in horn
More informationA C T I V E P A E N C L O S U R E S
A C T I V E P A E N C L O S U R E S P R O F E S S I O N A L P E R F O R M A N C E A N D P O W E R L 6 1 2 L 6 1 2 M L 6 1 5 L 1 2 1 2 L 1 2 1 5 A C T I V E P A E N C L O S U R E S LIVE! ACTIVE PA MONITORS
More information