1. LTE Overview. Contents of Various books written. Surya Patar Munda

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1 Contents of Various books written Surya Patar Munda 1. LTE Overview 1.1 Introduction to Mobile Networks PLMN and its Core & Access Network Mobile Area Definitions Subscription Zones Definitions Service Areas Definitions Core Network Elements Location Register Entities Packet Network Entities SMS Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC) Mobile-services Switching Centre (MSC) Media Gateway Function (CS-MGW) Gateway MSC (GMSC) SGSN and GGSN MME (Mobility Management Entity) Gateways Non 3GPP Servers Access Network E-UTRAN, MS & UE LCS Entities CAMEL Entities CBS-entities - Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC) Mobile Number Portability (MNP) IMS Entities and Interface GPP/WLAN Interworking MBMS (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service) entities Policy and Charging Functions Home NodeB Entities Service Centralization and Continuity Evolution of LTE Introduction Motivation for Long Term Evolution LTE Performance Requirements Deployment Cost and Interoperability Technologies for the Long Term Evolution Major New Features Basic LTE Network Architecture Core Network (CN) Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Procedures Overall Protocol Architecture Bearer Establishment Procedure S1 Interface X2 Interface between enb s E-UTRAN Architecture Part-I LTE Entities and Functions 47

2 1.3.2 HeNB Architecture Relay Architecture OFDMA Principles OFDM Transmitter OFDM Receiver OFDMA - Parameter Dimensioning Transmission Resource Structure SC-FDMA Transmission DFT-S-OFDM Principles SC-FDMA Design parameters in LTE E-UTRA Physical Channels Downlink Transmission UL Transmission Scheme Transport Channel- TrCH Layer 2 Protocol Stack MAC Sublayer RLC SubLayer PDCP SubLayer RRC Functions UE and Network Entities Mobility Intra RAT-Handover Inter RAT Handover Scheduling and Rate Control E-RAB QoS Security Overview and Principles RRM Aspects UE capabilities NAS protocol states & state transitions E-UTRAN Architecture Part-II S1 Interface User Plane (enb - S-GW) S1 Functions X2- Protocol MBMS Architecture Support for self-configuration and self-optimisation Automatic Neighbour Relation(ANR) Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) Interference Reduction (ICIC) Support for real time IMS services ETWS Warning System Protocol Stack Summary NAS Non-Access-Stratum RRC L2-Data Link Layer Physical Layer IMS Architecture Underlying Concepts of the IMS Architecture Layers of the IMS IMS and SIP IMS Entities IMS Terminal CSCF (Call State Control Function) 128

3 P-CSCF (Proxy Call Session Control Function) I-CSCF (Interrogating Call Session Control Function) S-CSCF (Serving Call Session Control Function) MGCF, IMS-MGW and T-SGW : Interworking with PSTN/LTE MRF (Media Resource Function) BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control Function) IBCF (Interconnect Border Control Function) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) SIP AS IM-SSF Deployment of an IMS Services IMS Service Architecture Entities of the IMS Service Architecture Native SIP Services Legacy IN services Third party services TISPAN Evolution of IMS IMS Call Scenario IMS Registration Scenarios IMS Session Setup Scenario IMS Additional Scenario Miscellaneous Basic Call Flow Attach Procedure Basic Call Flow Incoming Call with Handover Call Flow example from tool LTE Overview Entry Level Certification Questions References LTE-Physical Layer 1. Downlink Physical Layer OFDMA Principles OFDM - Orthogonal Multiplexing Principle Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and Sensitivity Timing Offset and Cyclic Prefix Dimensioning OFDMA Parameter Dimensioning Physical Layer Parameters for LTE Transmission Resource Structure Synchronization and Cell Search Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE Zadoff Chu Sequences Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) Sequences PSS Generation Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) Sequences Cell Search Performance Reference Signals and Channel Estimation Design of Reference Signals in LTE Cell-Specific Reference Signals (CRS) UE-Specific Reference Signals(URS) RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation Frequency Domain Channel Estimation 22

4 Time-Domain Channel Estimation Spatial Domain Channel Estimation(SD-MMSE) Phy Data and Control Channels - DL Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) Downlink Control Channels Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) PDCCH Candidate Selection Formats for Downlink Control Information (DCI) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) Resource Allocation DL Resource Allocation Rules Resource Allocation Bitmap examples Uplink Grant PDCCH Transmission and Blind Decoding Enhanced PDCCH (EPDCCH) 41 EPDCCH assignment procedure41 Mapping to resource elements 42 Resource mapping parameters for EPDCCH 43 EPDCCH formats Scheduling Process - Control Channel Viewpoint Physical Layer Processing - DL Link Adaptation and Feedback Computation CQI Feedback in LTE Channel Coding Viterbi Algorithm (VA) (Example): LTE Contention-Free Interleaver Rate-Matching HARQ in LTE Coding for Control Channels in LTE General structure for downlink physical channels Scrambling Modulation Layer mapping Precoding Mapping to resource elements MIMO Techniques Introduction to MIMO Single-User (SU-) MIMO Techniques Multi-User Techniques MIMO Schemes in LTE Single-User Schemes Beamforming Schemes What is Spatial Multiplexing? Precoding Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) Multi-User Schemes Physical-Layer MIMO Performance Uplink Physical Layer SC-FDMA Principles 71

5 SC-FDMA Signal Generation (DFT-S-OFDM) SC-FDMA Design parameters in LTE UL Physical Channel Structure Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure Scheduling in LTE SC-FDMA Uplink Uplink Control Channel Design Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) Multiplexing of UEs within a PUCCH Region Control Signalling Information Carried on PUCCH CQI Transmission on PUCCH (Format 2) Multiplexing CQI and ACK/NACK on PUCCH CQI and ACK/NACK in Same RB (Mixed PUCCH RB) Scheduling Request (SR) on PUCCH (Format 1) Control Signalling and UL-SCH multiplexing on PUSCH Multiple-Antenna Techniques PUSCH UE Antenna Selection Indication Multi-User Virtual MIMO or SDMA Uplink Reference Signal UL RS Signal Sequence Generation Base RS Sequences and Sequence Grouping Orthogonal RS via Cyclic Time-Shifts of a Base Sequence Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning Cyclic Shift Hopping Demodulation Reference Signals (DM RS) Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) Uplink Capacity and Coverage Uplink Capacity - Factors Affecting Uplink Capacity Uplink Power Control and Interference Management Uplink Control Channel Overhead Modulation and Number of HARQ Transmissions Delay Constraints and VoIP Number of enodeb Receive Antennas Minimum Size of Resource Allocation LTE Uplink Capacity Evaluation LTE Uplink Coverage and Link Budget Random Access Random Access Procedure Contention-Based Random Access Procedure Physical Random Access Channel Design Preamble Sequence Theory and Design PRACH Implementation Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH Uplink Timing Control Timing Advance Procedure Power Control Miscellaneous Evaluation LTE Physical Layer Questions LTE MAC-RLC-PDCP 1. Data Link Layer- L2 5

6 1.1. MAC Medium Access Controller MAC Architecture Logical Channels Transport Channels Multiplexing and Mapping between Channels Scheduling HARQ Algorithms DL HARQ Entity DL HARQ process UL HARQ entity UL HARQ process MAC Data Transfer Scheduling Information Transfer DL-SCH Assignment reception (on PDCCH) Scheduling Request (SR) UL Grant reception Multiplexing and Scheduling Random Access (RA) Procedure in MAC Random Access Procedure initialization RA Resource selection MAC PDU (Random Access Response) Contention Resolution (C-RNTI on PDCCH or DL-SCH) Uplink Timing Alignment (TA) Discontinuous Reception (DRX) Discontinuous Reception (DRX) Algorithm In DRX UE action in each subframe: Multiplexing and Logical Channel Prioritization MAC Priritization algorithm Activation/Deactivation of SCells MAC Configuration and Reset Power Headroom (PH) Reporting MAC PDU Formats RNTI Values and Usage User Plane RLC RLC Introduction Radio Link Control (RLC) Architecture Transparent Mode (TM) RLC Entity Unacknowledged Mode (UM) RLC Entity RLC data structure UM Segmentation and concatenation UM Reordering, duplicate detection, and reassembly UM data transfer Algorithm Acknowledged Mode (AM) RLC Entity AM Retransmission and resegmentation AM Polling, status report and status prohibit RLC PDU Formats RLC ARQ Algorithm AM Transmit operations AM Receive operations Retransmission User Plane - PDCP PDCP - Functions and Architecture 33

7 1.3.2 Header Compression Security Handover Seamless and Lossless Discard of Data Packets PDCP PDU Formats PDCP Variables PDCP Procedures RRC- Radio Resource Controller 1. Access Stratum RRC L Radio Resource Controller Idle PLMN and Cell Selection PLMN Selection Cell Selection Cell Reselection Cell Access Restrictions Closed Subscriber Group (CSG) Neighbour Monitoring and Cell Reselection Paging RRC Messages and Controls System Information Broadcast (SI) Cell ReSelection & PLMN Selection Design-Development Cell Re-Selection (CRS) Description CRS Actions: CRS Process Inputs: Internal Messages Design CRS Outputs Message(Internal): IPC-Design Diagram: Cell_Selection_Function() Cell_Re-Selection_Function() PLMN Selection Process Design PLMN Selection Actions PLMN Selection Inputs PLMN SelectionOutputs(Internal) PLMN Selection IPC-Design Measurement and Reporting LTE Measurements Measurement Objects and Management NON-LTE Measurements Measurement Report Triggering Measurement Reporting Measurements when Camped on LTE LTE Mobility in RRC_CONNECTED Radio Resource Controller Connected Connection Control within LTE Security KeyManagement Connection Establishment and Release RRC_CONNECTED Messages Mobility Control in RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED Message sequence for handover within LTE 35

8 Connection Re-Establishment Procedure Connected Mode Inter-RAT Mobility Handover to LTE Major HANDOVER Steps (Intra-LTE) Handover to UMTS Handover to GSM Other RRC Signalling Aspects Radio Resource Management UE Mobility Activities Overview LTE Cell Search UMTS Cell Search GSM Cell Search MU-Scheduling & Interference Coordination Resource Allocation Strategies Scheduling Algorithms Performance of Scheduling Strategies Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse Sample Call Flows Basic Call Flow Attach Procedure Basic Call Flow Incoming Call with Handover Call Flow example from tool LTE Non-Access Stratum 1. NAS- Non Access Stratum NAS Introduction SAE Architecture & EPC Entities MME (Mobility Management Entity) SGW (Serving Gateway) PGW (PDN Gateway) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) ANDSF (Access Network Discovery and Selection Function) epdg (Evolved Packet Data Gateway) NAS Protocol Modules EPS Mobility Management (EMM) EPS Session Management (ESM) MME (Mobility Management Entity) protocols SGW (Serving Gateway) protocols PGW (Packet Data Network Gateway) protocols Support of voice services and SMS Multiple access networks NAS States and Data Structure UE mode of operation EMM States EMM sublayer states: EMM-REGISTERED Substates EPS update status Actions at Various States Selection of the substate after power on Actions Once UE comes to De-Registered state 18

9 Actions Once UE comes to Registered state EMM attaches ESM during Attach Establishment of NAS signalling connection Release of NAS signalling connection (initiated by NW) NAS MM Congestion control Lists of forbidden tracking areas Equivalent PLMNs list Handling of the Local Emergency Numbers List Periodic TAU timer and ISR timer (S1 mode only) NAS Security Establishment of security Change of security keys Handling of NAS COUNT and NAS sequence number Integrity Protection Integrity protection and verification NAS COUNT wrap around Integrity checking of NAS signalling messages in the UE Integrity checking of NAS signalling messages in the MME Message Process when Integrity fails Ciphering and deciphering Ciphering of NAS signalling messages EMM Specific Procedures Attach procedure EMM common procedure initiation during Attach Attach for emergency not accepted by NW Attach accepted by the network ATTACH REJECT causes to UE Abnormal cases in the UE Abnormal cases on the network side Combined attach Detach procedure UE initiated detach UE initiated EPS detach UE initiated combined detach Abnormal Detach in UE Abnormal detach on NW side Network initiated detach procedure Network initiated detach completion by UE Network initiated detach completion by NW Abnormal Detach Accept on NW Tracking Area Update (TAU) procedure TAU Attempt Counter Management Normal and Periodic TAU procedure EMM common procedure initiation on TAU TAU Processing in NW (When Accepted) TAU Processing in NW (when not accepted by NW) TAU for initiating a PDN connection for emergency not accepted by NW TAU Abnormal cases in the UE Abnormal cases on the network side Combined TAU EMM Common Procedures GUTI Re-Allocation 39

10 1. GUTI Reallocation initiation by NW Abnormal cases on the network side Authentication procedure Authentication Response from the UE Authentication completion by the network Authentication not accepted by the UE Authentication not accepted by the network (RES not valid) Abnormal Authentication Failure cases Security mode control procedure NAS security mode control Steps NAS Security mode command accepted by the UE Security Failure and Abnormal cases Abnormal Cases of Security Mode Command Abnormal cases in the UE Abnormal cases on the network side Identification procedure EMM information procedure by NW (Optional) NAS Connection Management Service Request (SR) Procedure Service request procedure initiation Service request accepted by NW SR not accepted by NW SR Abnormal cases in the UE SR Abnormal cases on NW Paging procedure Paging through E-UTRAN using S-TMSI Paging through E-UTRAN using IMSI Paging for CS fallback to A/Gb/Iu mode Paging for SMS Transport of NAS messages procedure Generic Transport of NAS messages procedure EMM STATUS NAS Session Management Introduction to Session Management Categories of ESM Procedures ESM states in the UE ESM states in UE ESM EBI states in the MME ESM PTI states in the MME Coordination between ESM and SM IP address allocation IP address allocation via NAS signalling in UE Address handling for ESM procedures Abnormal Addressing cases in the UE Handling of APN based congestion control Default B-context activation Default B-context activation by network Default B-context activation accepted by UE Default B-context activation NOT accepted by UE Abnormal B-Context Activation in UE Abnormal cases on the network side Dedicated EPS bearer context activation 56

11 1. Dedicated EPS bearer context activation accepted by the UE Dedicated B-context activation not accepted by UE UE checks TFT for errors as follows: Abnormal Cases of Dedicated B-Context Activation EPS bearer context modification procedure B-context modification initiated by NW B-context modification accepted by UE B-context modification not accepted by UE Abnormal cases on the network side B-context deactivation procedure B-context deactivation by NW B-context deactivation accepted by UE Abnormal cases on NW side UE requested PDN connectivity UE requested PDN connectivity accepted by NW PDN connectivity not accepted by NW Handling Max active EPS bearer contexts Abnormal cases in the UE Abnormal cases on NW UE requested PDN disconnect Request Accepted by NW Not accepted by NW Abnormal cases in UE Abnormal cases on the network side UE requested Bearer Resource Allocation UE requested bearer resource allocation accepted by NW Bearer Resource Allocation procedure not accepted by NW Maximum number of active EPS bearer contexts Abnormal cases of Bearer Resource Allocation in UE Abnormal Allocation request cases on NW UE requested bearer resource modification UE requested bearer resource modification - initiation UE Bearer resource modification procedure accepted by NW Bearer resource modification not accepted by NW Bearer resource modification TFT Errors & not accepted by NW Abnormal cases in the UE Abnormal cases on NW side ESM information request ESM information request completion by UE ESM information request completion by NW Abnormal cases on the network side Notification procedure ESM STATUS by ESM entity (UE or MME) Exchange of protocol configuration options in other messages LTE- RF Optimization 1. RF Optimization Self Organizing Network (SON)- Bullets SON Introduction SON Classifications 5

12 Automatic Neighbour Relations Coverage Capacity Enhancement Energy Saving PCI Selection Algorithm Interference Reduction (ICIC) Heterogeneous Networks Mobility Robust Optimization (MRO) Mobility Load Balancing RACH Optimization Sample Random Access Optimization Why Random Access Optimization? Definitions of PRACH Parameters and Value Ranges RACH-Config Common information element (from 3GPP) Network Selected Parameters TDD LTE SIB2 and SIB3 Parameters RRC Connection Reconfiguration (with RACH Info) PRACH Config Index for TDD PRACH Config Index for TDD-Sa Delta Preamble values ZeroCorrelationZone Config RACH Parameters Measurement Data Parameters used in HO in Cells Covering Marthalli Analysis, Optimization & Recommendations RACH Parameter Analysis and Recommendations RA Optimization Report Summary (Highlights) Sample PCI Optimization Why PCI Optimization PSS Generation SSS Generation Cell-Specific RS Generation PCI allocation effect of Signals in DL and UL Understanding m0 and m What else should I plan different (unique)? Parameters in PCI planning Analysis, Optimization & Recommendations PCI Optimization Steps (Algorithms) Implementation of the new PCI Plan: Optimization Report Summary (Highlights) Data Collection & Report Drop Call Optimization RSRP definition and calculation RSRQ Definition RSRQ Measurement Example Why not RSRQ based handover? Drop Call Analysis Radio Link in-synch? Radio Link out of Synch? What if no Reestablishment support in enodeb? enodeb supports RRC Connection Reestablishment RRC connection reestablishment fails RLC DL Failure UL Failure at the Physical layer 55

13 Timers to watch Handover Optimization A3 Triggering event A3offset and hysterisisa TimetoTrigger Event a L3 Filtering for A Filter Coefficient for Event a A3 Parameter Setting Example situations of A3 trigger and ceasing A3 Parameter Recommendation LTE Conformance Test 1. Conformance Testing Common test environment Setup Common requirements of test equipment Minimum functional requirements Test mapping of the physical Channels list: Mapping of DL Channels to RE for Single SS Tx Ant and 5/20 MHz (TDD) Default Downlink power levels Simulated network scenarios Simulated cells parameters setting System information EUTRAN RSRQ Calculations 13 Assumptions 13 The Ideal Calculation 13 Additional RSRQ Calc For Fixing Boundary Values Measurement accuracy and side conditions E-UTRAN cell identity Cell configurations Timer Tolerances and Restrictions Procedure delays in PUCCH synchronized state DL CCCH Message and Contention Resolution Connected Mode DRX RLC/PDCP test method 18 Integrity and ciphering not yet activated 18 Integrity and/or ciphering already activated IP packets for Loopback Mode Messages and IE Contents check Handover Sequences 19 Sequence of inter-cell handover 19 Sequence of intra-cell handover 20 UL Grants used in RA procedure during handover rrcconnectionreconfig Sequence (Meas. Control) RRC Connection Release Sequence Normal Error Indication Race Conditions Radio Link Failure Call Scenarios Testing Generic Test procedures UE Registration, UE Test Mode Activated (state 1 to State 2A) 23

14 UE Registration (state 1 to State 2) Generic Radio Bearer Establishment (state 2 to State 3) Dedicated Bearer Establishment Tracking area updating procedure EUTRA/EPS signalling for IMS MO speech call EUTRA/EPS signaling for IMS MT speech call EUTRA/EPS signalling for IMS MO video call EUTRA/EPS signalling for IMS MT video call Procedure for loopback activation check RRC_IDLE state Check RRC_CONNECTED state Check for no response to paging (for NAS testing) check that a dedicated EPS bearer context is active (for NAS testing) UE triggered establishment of a dedicated EPS bearer context UE triggered establishment of a default B- context associated with an additional PDN UE triggered CS call UE triggered MO SMS over SGs CS fallback to UTRAN with redirection / MT call (PS bearer established) CS fallback to UTRAN with redirection / MO call (PS bearer established) SRVCC Handover to UTRA Reference default EPS bearer contexts UE Conformance Test Listing Physical Layer Testing L1-RRM E-UTRAN Mobility (4,5,6) UE Measurements Procedures (7,8) MAC (7.1) RLC (Sec 7.2) PDCP (Sec 7.1) L3 Idle Mode Testing (6) L3 RRC Connection Testing L3 NAS Testing General Tests SMS and IMS (11) ETWS and Dual Stack MIP Miscellaneous - MBMS Testing Test Automation by TTCN Introduction to TTCN TTCN-3 Test architecture Module Definitions Module Control TTCN-3 Core Presentation Graphical Presentation Tabular Presentation RTI (Real Time Interface) TCI Interface TRI Interface A TTCN-3 example ATS Matching Mechanism Parameterization MAC test model RLC test model PDCP test model RRC test model 77

15 NAS Test Model E-UTRAN-UTRAN Inter RAT Test Model E-UTRAN-GERAN Inter RAT Test Model ASP (Abstract Service Primitive) Specification E-UTRAN ASP Definitions Sample Conformance Testing Introduction to Conformance Testing Development Stage(TTCN-3 Test) Integrated Manual or Automated test Sample Test example for test case : Conformance requirements Sample Test description Testing A3 Meas Reporting Test Sample Report LTE S1 and X2 Interface 1. LTE Interface Protocols S1-Interface and S1-AP Protocol E-UTRAN architecture and S1-Interface S1-General Functions S1 Protocol Structure S1 Transport Layer S1AP Functions E-RAB Setup/Modify/Release UE Context Setup/Modify/Release Handover Process Paging NAS Transport Management Procedures S1 CDMA2000 Tunneling Trace Operations Warning Message enb/mme Direct Info Transfer enb/mme Config Transfer Location Reporting LPPa Transport Transparent containers content S1 Data Link Layer U-Plane X2-AP PROTOCOL X2 Protocol Structure X2AP Services Handover Preparation SN Status Transfer (S-eNB to T-eNB) UE Context Release (T-eNB to S-eNB) HANDOVER CANCEL (S-eNB to T-eNB) LOAD INDICATION (enb1 to enb2) Error Indication (enb1 to enb2) X2 Setup Request RESET enb Configuration Update Resource Status Reporting Initiation 28

16 Mobility Settings Change (enb1 to enb2) Radio Link Failure Indication Handover Report Cell Activation (enb1 to enb2) Message and IE ASN Standard Constants & Timers 30