DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART HOME CONTROL SYSTEMS USING POWER LINE COMMUNICATION

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Volume 115 No. 7 2017, 577-583 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu ijpam.

1 Volume 115 No , ISSN: (printed version); ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART HOME CONTROL SYSTEMS USING POWER LINE COMMUNICATION Sai Vishal 1,S.T. Aarthy 2,Tungala Sai Puneeth,Neelisetty Jagadeesh 4 1,2,3,4 B.Tech, Electronics and Communication, University, Chennai, India saipvishal@saimail.com, aarthy.s@ktr.srmuniv.ac.in, saipuneeth369@gmail.com, jagadeesh.neeeliseety@gmail.com Abstract: A smart home network uses a multitude of sensors and and all of them have to be connected to each other. Each set of sensors in a particular room is considered as a node. In traditional smart homes wireless sensor networks (WSN) are used. WSNs have a number of problems. Here we hope to over to overcome them using PLC. The sensors in the PLC based smart home network are connected using the electrical wiring running through the house. These cables have a phase and a neutral. The phase which is used to transmit electricity is also used to transmit the signals from the sensors. The sensors are connected to a PIC microcontroller which is then connected to a PLC modem. The PLC modem then either modulates or demodulates the signal from or to the PIC microcontroller in any of the nodes. The readings of each node can be read from the PIC microcontroller in the same node. In addition to this all the readings from all the nodes can be read on the PC. The modulation technique used in the PLC modem is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). Keywords: power line communication, smart homes, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 1. Introduction Every device in today's world is going smart, starting from mobile phones to TV's and even refrigerators and homes. Smart homes are still very uncommon but this will change in the coming years. A smart homes consists of multiple sensors and devices operating together to make the user as comfortable as possible. Most of the existing and even proposed architectures of smart homes use wireless sensor networks (WSN)[1].But wireless systems have multiple problems like range, interference, packet loss, scalability, etc., so they are not very efficient. These problems can be overcome by using wired solutions but, the reason we even use wireless solutions is that wires are incredibly messy and whatever you do to cover all the wires is time consuming, difficult and we might even end up drilling holes in our walls. An efficient and elegant solution is either a wireless system which does not succumb to the problems given above or a non messy wired system. In this work the latter is used. The question now is how to arrange a non messy wired system that also does not need an excessive amount of time to arrange. The answer is to use existing wiring in the house. By using the existing wiring there is no mess created compared to using new wiring. The cost is also kept pretty low. But how do you transmit and receive signals from and to the nodes, each of which is placed in a different room. There is a technology called power line communication (PLC) or power line carrier communication (PLCC)[1]. PLC allows us to send information through the electrical wiring. This technology has been in wide use since 1950 and was mainly used by the grid stations to transmit information at high speed. The information from the node is sent to a PLC modem. The modem then modulates the signal and sends it through the phase of the electrical wiring. PLC modems are connected to every node. So, every PLC modem can send and receive information from every other modem. A PC or laptop is connected to any of the nodes and it receives information from all the nodes. The modem that we are using is KQ330, but other modems can also be used. The KQ330 modem uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [2]. 577

2 2. Methodology A smart home requires multiple components to automate various things which would otherwise require manual operation. Given below is a block diagram of the the proposed system: Figure. 1. Block diagram a) PLC Modem prototype of The device used to send and receive information through the wiring is called the PLC modem. The modem that we use is the KQ330[3]. It is one of the components connected to the power supply. Therefore, the input of the modem is 230V AC. The modem modulates the information sent from and to the PIC microcontroller. By using modulation techniques, binary data stream is keyed on to a carrier signal and then coupled on to the power lines by the modem. At the receiver end another modem detects the signal and extracts the corresponding bit stream. Data is processed before transmission on power lines. First data is modulated and filtered and then by using couplers, it is sent over the power lines. Figure. 2. KQ330 PLC modemm module The modulation technique used by the KQ330 is Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [2]. b) Why OFDM? The characteristics of the power line channel continuously vary with time and load. So conventional modulation tech-niques like ASK, FSK or PSK cannot be employed with them. PLCC needs a technique that can deal with unpredictable Attenuation and phase shifts. Modulation techniques that can opt lower frequency ranges of 35KHz to 95KHz can perform better as compared to the whole available frequency band. OFDM [2] is the modulation technique that is used in home plug specification network appliances. In OFDM, information is modulated on to a multiple carrier, where each carrier occupies its own frequency ranging from 4.3 to 20.9MHz. Incoming bit stream is demultiplexed into N number of parallel bit streams each with 1/ /N of original bit rate which are modulated then on N orthogonal carriers. By using multiple carriers at a time, the OFDM uses the spectrum most efficiently. During the transmission, each frequency is monitored and if any interferences, noise or data loss occurs, the responsible frequency is ignored. However, this OFDM does not perform well when a large attenuation and jamming occurs in the communication channel, yet it can perform effectively when compared to other modulation techniques. c) PIC Microcontroller The microcontroller is quite literally the brains of each node. In our prototype, PIC microcontroller, specifically the PIC16F877A is used. The PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self-programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/pwm functions, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3- wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C) bus and a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these features make it ideal for more advanced level A/D applications in 578

3 automotive, industrial, appliances and consumer applications. Figure. 3.PIC16F877A d) Temperature sensor Temperature ( o C) = Vout * (100 o C/V) So if Vout is 1V, then, Temperature = 100 o C The output voltage varies linearly with temperature. e) Humidity Sensor Humidity Sensor is used to determine the humidity of the surrounding area. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Humidity indicates the probability of precipitation, dew or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. Humidity is calculated in a heat index table or humidex. The humidity sensor that is used here is DHT11. It measures the realtive humidity which is the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum for that temperature and is expressed in percentage. The temperature sensor used is LM35. It is an IC sensor that can be used to measure temperature (in o C) with an output voltage proportional to it. Figure. 5. Humidity Sensor f) Gas Sensor Figure. 4. Temperature sensorlm35 The scale factor is.01v/ o C. It does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 o C at room temperature and +/- 0.8 o C over a range of 0 o C to +100 o C. Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The output voltage is converted to temperature by a simple conversion factor. The sensitivity of the sensor is 10mV / o C. We use a conversion factor that is the reciprocal, that is 100 o C/V. To output voltage to temperature we use the following equation: A gas sensor is used to detectt the presence of gas in an area. It is used as a part of safety systems to detect gas leaks. Here we use an MQ6 electrochemical gas sensor. It has high sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane and low sensitivity to smoke and alcohol. It works by allowing gases to diffuse through a porous membrane to an electrode where it is either chemically oxidized or reduced. The amount of current produced is determined by how much of the gas is oxidized at the electrode indicating the concentrationn of the gas. We use electrochemical sensors because they are small and they tended to be more stable and reliable over the sensor's duration since the diffusion barrier is a physical/mechanical barrier. Manufactures can also customize electrochemical gas sensors by changing the porous barrier to allow for the detection of a certain gas concentration range. 579

4 A command is an instructionn given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. whereas the data comprises of the ASCII value of the characterr to be displayed on the LCD. Figure.6.Gas Sensor g) LDR A Light Dependent Resistor (aka LDR, photoconductor, or photocell) is a light controlled variable resistor. It has a resistance that varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface. It exhibits photoconductivity which means that its resistance decreases with increasing intensity of incident light. Light dependent resistors are a vital component in any electric circuit which is to be turned on and off automatically according to the level of ambient light. Figure.8. LCD i) Relay A relay is an electro-mechanical switch that is capable of being remotely actuated/controlled. The schematics involving relays could be very simple, or incredibly complex since they may employ the well-known "relay-logic". A relay contains two parts: a switch (or a system of switches) that controls the power/primary/analog circuits, and a digital (remote) control part. Figure.7.LDR h)lcd LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) a flat panel display module. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. LCD's are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LED's. The reasons being: LCD's are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD can display 2 lines, each consisting of16 characters. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD while the data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. Figure.9. Relay j) DC Motor A DC motor runs on DC electric power. It works on the principal that when a current carrying conductor is placed in Magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. The working principle of the DC motor is based on the fact that the interaction between magnetic field and electric field produces a mechanical force. 580

. 3. Implementation of the Proposed system The result of the implementation is the successful transfer of information between

DC Motor k) Cooling and Exhaust Fans These are basically small PC fans to stimulate the blower of an air conditioner and the

Cooling and Exhaust Fans l) Bulb The bulb or a tube switches on and off depending on the LDR value.

to the PLC modem and a 12V step down transformer.

Sensor, PLC modem and the relay. Node 2 has a similar setup with some differences.

5 . 3. Implementation of the Proposed system The result of the implementation is the successful transfer of information between the nodes and to view all the information on the PC or laptop. Figure.9.DC Motor k) Cooling and Exhaust Fans These are basically small PC fans to stimulate the blower of an air conditioner and the exhaust of a kitchen. Figure.13.Hardware Setup Figure.11. Cooling and Exhaust Fans l) Bulb The bulb or a tube switches on and off depending on the LDR value. Any bulb can be used since it is connected to the full 230V AC power supply In node 1, the 230V AC power supply is connected to the PLC modem and a 12V step down transformer. The 12V transformer is connected to the PIC microcontroller which is in turn connected to the Temperature Sensor, Humidity Sensor, PLC modem and the relay. Node 2 has a similar setup with some differences. The 230V AC power supply is also connected to a bulb in addition to the modem and transformer. LDR and Gas Sensor are used here and the relay switches on the bulb and exhaust fan in response to crossing the threshold value corresponding to them respectively. The information regarding the nodes can be viewed in the LCD display of the PIC microcontroller or on the laptop Figure.12. Bulb 581

Figure.14.Monitoring using PC 4. Real time smart home Architecture Smart home architecture using PLC would look like the figure given below: Figure.15.

6 Figure.14.Monitoring using PC 4. Real time smart home Architecture Smart home architecture using PLC would look like the figure given below: Figure.15. Proposed Smart Home Architecture There are multiple sensor nodes in each room connected to a PIC microcontroller. It is coded using MPLAB to fit the necessary requirements of the room. The PIC is then connected to the PLC modem which is connected to the electrical wiring running throughout the house. The power line would then go to the PLC gateway where it would connect to the computer. This is where this system differs from most existing systems where PIC is connected to wi-fi or ZigBee which connect wirelessly to the computer and are affected by problems like low range, packet loss and interference with other wireless systems, especially those operating in the 2,4 Ghz range like WLAN, microwave oven etc. Additional features can also be added to the proposed system like IOT through which you can control your home system from any part of the globe. 5. Conclusion This work has involved designing a complete PLC based smart home architecture. This proposed system was developed by keeping in mind problems facing WSNs. Here PLC is used both as the backbone and for data sensing. We have developed a prototype of the proposed system. It mitigates the problem of wireless interference and packet loss, all while increasing the range and scalability and even reducing power loss. Using PLC based systems also reduces the cost substantially and increases efficiency. [1] Ming Fu Li and Hung-Ju Lin Design and Implementation of Smart Home Control Systems Based on Wireless Sensor Networks and Power Line Communications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics Volume 62 Issue 7,December [2] Nisha S Police Patil, Abhilasha P, Narendra Kumar, RF Based Data Communication Between Industrial PLC S USING KQ330 Module, International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, September [3] Yin QUN, Zhang JIANBO, Design of Power Line Carrier Communication Systembased on FSK-KQ330 Module ELECTROTEHNICA ELECTRONICA, AUTOMATICA. vol.62(2014), Nr.3. [4] V Padmajothi, Ankit Rai, M Dastagiri Reddy, N Renu Kumar, Cost Effective Home Energy Monitoring System International Innovative Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2, March References 582

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